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CELLULAR
RESPIRATION

WHAT’S THE POINT?

❑Our need for oxygen is
absolute; we lose consciousness
after just a few minutes without it.
❑We can extract it only from air,
which explains why swimmers must
emerge to breathe every few
moments, and why scuba divers
carry tanks filled with compressed
air.

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CELLS USE ENERGY IN FOOD TO

MAKE ATP

❑ATP is essential because it powers nearly every activity that

requires energy input in the cell: synthesis of DNA, RNA,
proteins, carbohydrates and lipids; active transport across
membranes; separation of duplicated chromosomes during
cell division; muscle contraction, and many others.
❑This constant need for ATP explains the need for a steady
food supply. All organisms, from trees to whales to bacteria, use
the potential energy stored in food to make ATP.

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WHERE DOES THE FOOD COME FROM IN THE

FIRST PLACE?
❑In most ecosystems, plants & other
autotrophs use photosynthesis to make
organic molecules such as glucose (C6H12O6)
out of carbon dioxide (CO2) & water (H2O).
❑Light supplies the energy.
❑The carbohydrates produced in
photosynthesis feed not only autotrophs but
also all of the animals, fungi, & microbes
that share the ecosystem.

All cells need ATP, but they don’t all produce it

in the same way.
❑In aerobic respiration, a cell uses
oxygen gas (O2) & glucose to generate
ATP.
❑Plants, animals & most microbes,
especially those in O2-rich
environments, use aerobic respiration.
❑Other pathways, include
fermentation, generate ATP from
glucose without using O2.

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❑This equation reveals that aerobic cellular respiration requires

organisms to acquire O2 and get rid of CO2.
❑In humans and many other animals, the circulatory system carries
inhaled O2 to cells.
❑O2 diffuses into the cell’s mitochondria, the sites of respiration.
❑Meanwhile, CO2 diffuses out of the cells & into the bloodstream to
be exhaled at the lungs.

Many people mistakenly believe that plants do not

use cellular respiration because they are
photosynthetic.
❑In fact, plants use O2 to respire about half of the glucose they
produce.
❑Why do plants have a reputation for producing O2, if they also consume
it?
❑The reason is that plants incorporate much of the remaining glucose
into cellulose, starch, & other stored organic molecules. Therefore, they
absorb much more CO2 in photosynthesis than they release in
respiration, & they release much more O2 than they consume.

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AEROBIC & ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATION
❑Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell.
❑Both split the 6-carbon glucose into two molecules of
pyruvate, the three-carbon molecule.
❑Both involve a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that take
place in the cytoplasm.
❑Both use NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a redox coenzyme
that accepts two electrons plus a hydrogen (H+) that becomes NADH.
❑Both performed by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑Maximum yield of 36 to 38 ❑Maximum yield of 2 ATP molecules
ATP molecules per glucose per glucose for obligate anaerobes

❑Complete breakdown of ❑Partial degradation of glucose

glucose to carbon dioxide and without the use of oxygen (obligate
water with the use of oxygen anaerobes)

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AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑Multiple metabolic pathways ❑Single metabolic pathway (in
fermentation)

❑Pyruvate proceeds to acetyl ❑Pyruvate is broken down to ethanol

formation in the mitochondrion and carbon dioxide or lactate (in
fermentation)

AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑Presence of enough ATP makes the ❑Cause burning sensation in the muscle
cell perform its job smoothly without during strenuous exercise (in fermentation)
burning sensation
❑Less efficient in harvesting energy from
❑More efficient in harvesting energy glucose with 2% energy efficiency (for
from glucose with estimated 39%
energy efficiency (36-38 ATP) in obligate anaerobes)
eukaryotic organisms but much higher
ATP production (38-40 ATP) in
prokaryotic organisms

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AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑Outputs are carbon dioxide,
water and ATP
❑Products produced are for
biochemical cycling and for the
cellular processes that require
energy
AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑Slow glucose breakdown
❑Electrons in NADH are
transferred to electron transport
chain
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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑Outputs are lactate, alcohol and
carbon dioxide (in fermentation); but
reduced inorganic compound in
anaerobic respiration
❑Produce numerous products with
economic and industrial importance
through fermentation
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑Rapid breakdown of glucose
❑In fermentation electrons in NADH are
transferred to organic molecule
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AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑Mechanism of ATP synthesis is by
substrate-level and oxidative
phosphorylation/chemiosmosis
AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC
RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑O2 is the final electron acceptor
of the electron transport system
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ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑In fermentation substrate-level
phosphorylation only during glycolysis
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑In anaerobic respiration, inorganic
substances like NO3- or SO42- are the
final acceptor of the electron transport
system; but in fermentation, there is no
electron acceptor because it has no
electron transport system
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AEROBIC VS. ANAEROBIC

RESPIRATION
AEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑Brain cells in the human body can
only live aerobically. They die if
molecular oxygen is absent.
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
❑Some organisms like yeasts
(eukaryotic), many bacteria
(prokaryotic) and the human muscle
cells (eukaryotic) can make enough ATP
to survive; in facultative anaerobes (can
live in the absence or presence of
oxygen). But under anaerobic conditions
lactic acid fermentation occurs.

SUMMARY AND/OR CONCLUSION

Aerobic respiration requires molecular oxygen to happen in the cells of most
eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Here, nutrients are split into a series of enzyme-controlled
reactions producing an estimated 36 to 38 ATP per glucose complete breakdown. Molecular
oxygen is the final acceptor of the low-energy level electron at the end of the electron
transport system that results in the production of water. In anaerobic respiration on the other
hand, does not require oxygen in splitting nutrients. Some prokaryotes that live in oxygen-
free environments such as water logged soil, in ponds where water does not flow, and in the
intestines of animals transfer glucose to NADH and then pass the electrons down the electron
transport chain that is joined to ATP synthesis by chemiosmosis. Nitrate and sulfate are the
final acceptors of electrons. The end products are carbon dioxide, reduced inorganic
substances and ATP. In fermentation (as type of anaerobic respiration) there is no electron
acceptor because it has no electron transport chain. Its products are either alcohol (and
carbon dioxide) or lactate.

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LIST THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ATPS AND HYDROGEN-

CARRYING MOLECULES PRODUCED IN GLYCOLYSIS &
KREBS CYCLE
Process ATP NADH FADH2
Glycolysis
Transition Step
Krebs (1st pyruvic acid)
Krebs (2nd pyruvic acid)

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TOTAL AMOUNT OF ATP PRODUCED FROM THE

BREAKDOWN F EACH MOLECULE DURING THE THREE
STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Number of H-carriers produced from one
Number of ATP
glucose molecule
produced from one
glucose molecule NADH FADH2
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
ETC
Total ATP produced
Grand Total ATP Produced (add all three columns)

WRITE AT WHICH STAGE OF THE CELLULAR RESPIRATION

PROCESS EACH MOLECULE IS USED OR PRODUCED
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

Used in Used in Produced in Produced in Produced in

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END OF LESSON: AEROBIC VS

ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

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