SERVICES

ISSUE : SEPTEMBER'92

NATIONAL COMMON
CHANNEL SIGNALLING PLAN

REPORT
NO. SD/NSP-01/01. SEP92
(OLD NO. 23-330/91-TEC)

TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING CENTRE

KHURSHIDLAL BHAWAN, JANPATH
NEW DELHI - 110 001
INDIA
 ABBRVIATIOES

ACM - Address Complete Message.

BER - Bit Error Ratio.

DPC - Destination Point Code.

FISU - Fill-in Signal Unit.

HSRC - Hypothetical Signalling Reference Connection.

TAM - Initial Address Message.

INAP - Intelligent Network Application Part.

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network.

ISUP - ISDN User Part.

LSSU - Link Status Signal Unit.

MAP - Mobile Application Part.

MSU - Message Signal. Unit.

MTP - Message Transfer Part.

CPC - Originating Point Code.

SAM - Subsequent Address Message.

SCCP - Signalling Connection Control Part.

SES - Severely Errored Seconds.

SLS Signalling Link Selection code.

SP - Signalling Point.

STP - Signalling Transfer Point.

SU - Signal Unit.

TCAP - Transaction Capabilities Application Part.

TUP - Telephone User Part.

2
 NATIONAL COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING PLAN

1. General

Common Channel Signalling System No. 7 (CCS 7) i s n o t

currently used in the Indian Telecom Network. CCS 7 is nec es s ar y
for provision of new services and for providing a powerful
and r e l i a b l e signalling s y s t e m . The National Common
Channel S i g n a l l i n g Plan deals with the i s s u e s
i n v o l v e d in t h e introduction and growth of CCS 7 in
the n et w or k. T h es e ar e d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l i n A n n e x u r e I .

2. Recommendations :

2.1 The maximum number of Signalling Points (SP)

a nd S i g n a l l i n g T r a n s f e r P o i n t s ( S T P s ) f or t he nat i onal
net wor k s houl d b e r e s t r i c t e d t o 3 SPs and 3 STPs in 50% of
the connections and 4 SPs and 4 STPs for 95% of the connections.

2.2 Maximum one way signalling delays for the

national n et wo r k should not exceed 390 to 600 ms f or
50% of the c o n n e c t i o n s a n d 520 to 800 ms for
95% of the connections.

2.3 Only 64 kb/s di gi t al l i n ks s h oul d be us e d f or

CCS7 s i g n a l l i n g .

2. 4 Satellite c ha n n el s s ho ul d not , n or m al l y, b e us ed f or
CCS7 signalling links.

2. 5 While determining the link sets between SPs, as far

a s p o s s i b l e d i v e r s i t y ( r o ut e or t ec h n ol og y ) should be
employed.
2.6 Synchronisation of the network should be
implemented u r g e n t l y to avoid excessive retransmission
of s i g n a l l i n g mess ages.

2.7 CCS 7 should be implemented based on ISUP ( ISDN

User Part ) only, as ISUP covers the telephony applications
also. In future, additional services requiring other user parts
will be needed such as INAP, TCAP, MAP etc.

2.8 ' B a s i c m e t h o d ' ( Q. 7 0 3 , para 1.4 ) will be

normally used for error correction. However, it is
desirable that p rovis ion to support both 'Basic method' and
'Preventive Cyclic Retransmission method' exists in the
exchange.

2.9 Basic signalling link management procedures (

Q . 7 0 4 , p a r a 1 2 . 2 ) s h o u l d b e u s e d.

2. 10 O v er l a p mo d e of s e ndi n g ad d r es s s i g nal s ho ul d be
us ed, t o r e d u c e t h e s i gn al l i n g t i m e.

3
2.11 14 bits each should be used for OPC (Originating Point
Code) and DPC (D e s t i n a t i o n Po i n t C o d e ) in the routing label. The
encoding followed is linear in order to make a provision for
16,384 CCS7 capable exchanges.

2.12 Initially integrated STPs should be used in the Indian

network. T h i s a r r a n g e m e n t w o u l d m e e t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t o f p re s e n t
day signalling. When Intelligent Network services pick up on a
larger scale, stand-alone STPs may be used i n a d di t i on , to
provide f l e x ib i l it y an d re l ia b i li t y. Th is a p p r oac h w ou l d r e p re se nt
a n e e d b a s e d g ra c e fu l a u g me n t a t i o n o f C C S7 h a n d l i n g c a p a b i l i t y .

2.13 CCS7 should be implemented in the TAXs and Tandem

exchanges initially. Priority should be to introduce CCS7 in
level 1 and level 2 TAXs followed by level 3 TAXs. Also CCS7
should be introduced selectively in local exchanges where the
requirements for services arise.

2.14 All the level 1, and some of the level 2 TAXs and
tandem exchanges will have integrated SP and STP functions. Level
3 TAXs and local exchanges will not function as STPs.

2.15 CCS7 software version in various switches in the

network should be such that there is no inter -working problem
between them.

2.16 The normal signalling traffic between adjacent

signalling points will be carried on signalling links on load
s h a ri n g b a s i s , u si n g a s s o c i a t e d mo d e . Fo r t h e s a k e o f re d u n d a n c y , a
minimum of two signalling links will be provided. Adequate
number of signalling links will be provided in the signalling
link set to cater for failures. If the complete link set fails or
gets congested, • q u a s i - a s s o c i a t e d signalling will be used to
restore the traffic.

3.0 Other Issues :

3.1 Measurements of transmission quality parameters on

2048 kb/s digital links carrying the signalling channel should
be done systematically to ensure conformance with CCITT
recommendation G.821.

3.2 Recognising that i n t ro d u c t i o n of CCS 7 will represent a

new protocol based network, it is recommended that test and
validation tools be procured by TEC for validation of new
technology switches with CCS 7 capabilities, resolution of inter -
working issues and field support . The equipment and software
packages recommended for procurement are lis ted at Appendix-4.

4. Implementation Strategy :

4.1 The following strategy is recommended for

i m p l e me n t a t i o n :

4
 a. Establish CCS capable exchanges for the
level 1 and
selected level 2 TAXs and tandem
exchanges.

b. Convert the existing E-10B TAXs to

local exchanges.

c. Provide at least one CCS 7 local

exchange ( or
provide local lines from the CCS7 TAX

) in all those locations where CCS7

TAX is installed.

d. The SPC analog TAXs in four Metros

may continue to
work as TAXs until their useful life
period is over.

4.2 The Net work Manageme nt Cen tre s hou ld

be ca pable o f managing CCS7 network also, for its
optimum perfo rmance.

5
 A N N E X U R E I

(National Common Channel Signalling Plan )

6
 Contents

1. Introduction

2. Issues in for mul ation of the Nat ional Common

Channel
Signalling Plan

3. Main elements of CCS 7 network

3.1 Signalling modes

3. 2 Hypothetical Signalling Reference Connection

( HS R C )

4. Performance objectives of the CCS7 network

4.1 Availability of signalling network

4. 2 Signalling delay

5. Quantitative objectives

6. Services

7. Improved POTS

8. Implementation tools

8.1 Switching systems

8.1.1 CCS 7 not implemented, not upgradable to CCS

7 capability

8.1.2 CCS 7 not implemented , upgradable to

function as
Signalling Point only (S P)

8.1.3 SP functionality only

8.1.4 I nt e g r a t e d SP and STP functionality

8. 2 D i g i t al t r a n s m i s s i o n media and network

synchronisation plan

9. Standardisation

10. Planning considerations

10.1 General

10.2 Address Sending Sequences

10.3 C a l c u l at i o n s for dimensioning of signalling t r af f i c

10.4 Routing label

7
10.5 Error Correction

10.6 Link Management

11. CCS 7 Implementation Aspects

11.1 Gener al R ul es

11.2 S i gn al l i n g b et w e e n L ev el 1 TAXs

1 1. 2. 1 Normal case

1 1. 2 . 2 Failure case

11.3 S i g n a l l i n g b e t w e e n L e v e l 2 TAXs w i t h d i r e c t t r a f f i c l i n k s

between them

1 1. 3 . 1 Normal case

11.3. 2 Failure case

1 1. 4 Signalling between Level 2 TAXs without direct

t r a f f i c links between them

11.4. 1 Normal case

11.4. 2 Failure case

11.5 Signalling between level 3 TAX

11.5. 1 Normal case

11.5. 2 Failure case

11. 6 Signalling between a l e v e l 1 TAX and a level 2

TAX

1 1 . 6 . 1 Normal case

11.6.2 Failure case

11.7 Signalling between a level

1 1 . 7 . 1 Normal Case

11.7.2 Failure case

11.8 Signalling between lo cal exchanges in a multi

exchange loc al area

12. Growth of CCS 7 network - Projections

12.1 Scenario by 92-93

12.1.1 Digital Transmission media availability

8
12.1.2 Digital TAXs by 92-93

12.2 Scenario by the end of eighth plan period -1997

12.2.1 Digital transmission media availability

12. 2_2 Di git al T AXs by 1997

13. Commercial field trial

14. Quality of transmission links

15. Test and validat ion of CC5 7 network

FIGURES and APPENDICES

9
 NATIONAL COMMON CHANNEL SIGNALLING PLAN

1. I nt r od u ct i o n
The national telecom. network can be visualised as
a hierarchy of successive layers. At the base are the
switching and trans mission layers whi ch provide the basic
telecom f u n c t i o n s . Abo ve t hes e, t he Synch ro ni sat i on
net wor k l ayer , t he Si gnal l i ng net wo rk l aye r and t h e
Intelligent network l a y e r add new c a p a b i l i t i e s a n d s e r v i c e
possibilities. The various layers h a v e to be planned and
implemented in a c o h e r e nt manner and there is s i g n i f i c a n t
interdependence between them. For instance, to finalise
the National Common Chann el Signalling Plan, the
digitalisation of the transmission network, the
c ap a biliti es of the switching nodes and the synchronisation
plan must be taken into consideration. At the top of
these layers is the Net work management layer which
should also include capabilities for managing the
signalling network. A graphical representation of
the hi er ar chy is shown i n Fi gure 1.

CCITT Common Channel Signalling System No. 7 (CCS 7) i s n o t

currently supported by the Indian telecom network. CCS
7 is n e c e s s a r y for provision of new services and for
providing a po w er f ul an d r el i abl e s i gnal l i ng s yst e m. At t h e
s ame t i me t he CCS 7 signalling must interwork with the
existing signalling systems.

The Nat i on al C om m on C ha nnel S i gnal l i ng P l an deal s wi t h

t he i s s u e s involved in the introduction and growth of
C C S 7 signalling system in the n et w o r k. T h e s p e c i f i c
r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s i n t his r egar d have been summar is ed in t he
E xecuti ve S umm ar y pl aced wi th thi s R eport.

2. Issues in formulation of the National Common

Channel Signalling Plan :

The main issues involved in formulation of the National

Common Channel S i g n a l l i n g P l a n a r e d e s cr i b e d p i ct o r i a l l y in
F i g u r e 2. T h es e may be cat egori s ed as u n d e r :

- Requir ements in t er ms of

- P er f or m a n c e a n d Q u a nt i t at i ve O bj e ct i v es ( R ef e r par as
4 and 5 )

- S er vi ces ( R ef e r par a 6 )

- Improved POTS ( Ref er par a 7 )

- Implementation Tools for CCS 7 in terms of

- E xc h a n ge c a p a bi l i t y ( Para 8. 1 )

10
 - Supporting transmission media and synchronisation
( Para 8.2 )
- Standardisation ( Para 9 )

Based on these factors the National Common Channel

Signalling Plan has been drawn up.

3. Main elements of CCS 7 network :

The CCS 7 network can be visualised as a graph consisting of
nodes and links interconnecting these nodes.

The nodes are of two types : S i gn al l i n g P oi n t s ( S P s ), whi ch

generat e and receive the signalling messages and Signal
Transfer P o i n t s ( S T P s ) , t h at w or k as t r an poi nt f or
r o ut i n g the m e s s a g es . P hys i c al l y, the Signalling Points
( S P ' s ) a r e implemented in CCS 7 capable digital
exchanges while for i m p l e m e n t i n g STPs two
p o s s i b i l i t i e s e x i s t . STPs may be implemented in the
digital exchange itself or may be a s epar at e equi pm ent .
W h en t he STP f unct i on is als o avai l abl e in t he
e xc h a n ge, t h e n, i n eff ect, the exchange has an
int egr at ed c a p a b i l i t y (SP + STP ). T he s epar at e equi p me nt
f unct i oni ng as STP is referred to as Stand alone STP.

The Common Channel Signalling system uses s i g n a l l i n g l i n k s to

convey the signalling messages between two signalling
points. W h e n digital media is used to interconnect
signalling points, s i g n a l l i n g link will b e a 64 Kb/sec
channel. A number of s i g n a l l i n g l i n k s t h a t d i r e c t l y i n t er
connect two SPs constitute a signalling link set. All the
s i g n a l l i n g r o u t e s t h a t m a y b e u s e d between an originating
point and a destination point by a message traversing the
signalling network form a signalling route set.

3.1 Signalling modes :

There are two possibilities of working : Associated mode
and Q ua si - as s oci at ed mod e . I n - t he ass oci at ed mo de,
si gnal l i ng and t h e related traffic between two adjacent
signalling points are conveyed on the links
interconnecting these points. In quasi -
associated mode the path followed for signalling is
different from the path followed -for the traffic. The
t r a f f i c f o l l o w s t h e direct path between the two SPs, while
the signalling is conveyed o n a d i f f e r e n t r o u t e - t h r o u g h t h e
S T P ( s) .

3.2 Hypothetical Si gnalling Reference - Connection ( H S R C )

The signalling network is defined in terms of a

'Hypotheti cal Signalling Reference Connection (HSRC) ‘defined
in CCITT Q.709. The HSRC _defines a s i g n a l l i n g connection
f o r i n t e r n a t i o n a l w o r k i n g . I t w o u l d t h e r e f or e include two
national components and one i n t er n a t i o n a l component.
The n a t i o n a l c o m p o n e n t c o n s i s t s o f a l l e x c h a n g e s (SPs) i n
the n a t i o n a l n e t wor k i n vol v e d i n t h e c o n ne ct i o n a n d al l
STPs, but not the International Switching Centre in the country.
The international

11
component incl udes all int er nati onal S Ps and the S T Ps bet wee n
them.

4. Performance objectives of the CCS7 network :

The performance objectives are related to

- Availability of the signalling connection
- Max. per missible signalling delay in the net work.

4.1 Avai l abili t y of si gnall i ng net work :

The non availability of a signalling route set has to
be limited t o 10 minutes per year (CCITT Q.706). This
corresponds to a n availability o f 0.99998. These figures
should hold for every s i g n a l l i n g r o u t e s e t i n t h e s i g n a l l i n g
network, irrespective o f the number of signalling links in
t a n d e m o f w h i c h t h i s s i g n a l l i n g r out e s et is compos ed.

4.2 Signalling delay :

The max. permissible signalling delay in the network
is a functi on of several parameters, s u c h a s , no. of SPs
and STPs i n v o l v e d , d e l a y a t S P s ( ha nd l i n g t i m es at SPs,
q ue ui n g d el a ys e t c . ) a n d s i g n a l l i n g p r o p a g a t i o n t i m e .

The max. permissible signalling delay in the national and

international components of the network for a large sized
c o u n t r y ( a country with total subscribers more than n x 10 -7
the distance of remotest subs. is greater than 1500 kms. from
an Int ernational switching Centre, the value of n under study)
has been specified as follows : ( CCITT Q.709 )

Maxi mum signal ling del ays f or i nt er nat i onal co m pon ent

For 50% of connecti ons 390-600 ms

For 95% of connecti ons 410-620 ms

Maxi mum signal ling del ays for each national component

F or 50% of connecti ons 390-600 ms

F or 95% of connecti ons 520-800 ms

5. Quantitative objecti ves :

The quantitative objectives are linked with the spread
o f CCS 7 network. One factor is the locations where CCS 7
based s e r v i c e s w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d . In order to facilitate the
s p r e a d o f CCS 7, it i s r eco m m end ed t hat i ni t i all y, CCS 7 be
implemented in T A X s and tandem exchanges. The priority
should be to i n t r o d u c e CCS 7 in level 1 and level 2 TAXs.
followed by level 3 TAXs. Also, CCS 7 should be introduced
selectively in local exchanges where

12
T he requirements for services arise .

6. Services :
Examples of services rendered possible after the
introduction of CCS 7 are:

- ISDN Services

- Intelligent Net work Servi ces

- Digital Mobile Network Services

7. Improved POTS :

Apart from lower requirement of signalling links compared

to channel associated signalling, CCS 7 wi ll i mpr ove t he
rel iabilit y o f t h e s i g n a l l i n g n e t w o r k . Further, there will be
s i g n i f i c a n t r edu c ti on i n cal l co m pl et i on t i me, par t i cul ar l y f or
l ong di st anc e c al l s .

8. Implementation tools :

8.1 Switching systems :

The central tool for CCS 7 i m pl e m e nt at i on i s t h e Di gi t al
Exchange. The implementation and spread of CCS 7 network must
t h er ef or e ne c es s ar i l y b e l i nk e d wi t h t h e i ns t al l at i on of CCS 7
c a p a b l e di gi t al s wi t c h es , as also wit h t he poss i bili ty of
p r o v i d i n g STP function through t he s wit ch. It may be not ed t hat
none of the existing exchanges in the DOT network have CCS
c ap a bi l i t y.

Since the implementation of CCS 7 w i l l b e l a r g e l y g o v e r n e d

by the type of s w i t c h i n g equipment, it is essential that a
strategy regarding the type of digital switches to be
commissioned in the network is finalised considering the
requirements imposed-by CCS 7.

The l i k el y s c e nar i o in t hi s fi el d was ex a mi n e d a nd

t h e f oll owi ng cat egoris ati on can be arri ved at :

8.1.1 CCS_7 not implemented, not upgradable to CCS 7 c a p a b i l i t y

* Electro-mechanical exchanges

* SPC Analog Exchanges e.g. FETEX-100, ND-10 etc.

* Digital ILT and MILT of ITI

* CDOT 128 P RAX, 256 P RAX, CDOT SBM and CDOT MAX
digital Exchanges ( 100,000 and 130,000 BHCA c a p a c i t y )

13
 None of these switches can form part of -the CCS 7 network.
T he el ect r o - m ec hani c al ex cha ng es ar e bei ng ph as ed out and no
significant expansion of SPC analog exchanges are planned. These
factors shall aid spread of CCS 7 network.

In small/medium size indigenous digital exchanges, the

implementation of CCS 7 may not be practical. I n r ur al ar eas ,
where a requirement of CCS 7 is found to exist , remote digital
concentrators / s wit chi ng uni ts may be pl anned. This strat egy
would enable extension of CCS 7 network in rural areas based on
site specific requirements.

8.1.2 CCS7 not implemented, upgradable to function as

Signalling Point only (SP)

*Existing E10B ( P8 ed 4 software version)

A decision has been taken not to upgrade the existing E10B

exchanges for CCS7 capability, since new technologies with CCS7
are expected to be available.

8.1.3 SP functionality only

* E 10B - OCB283

8.1.4 Integrated SP and STP functionality e.g.,

* 5 ESS
* AXE-10
* EWSD
* Fetex-150
* NEAX-61
* SYSTEM-X

These can serve as versatile tools for the implementation of

the CCS 7 network. -However the selection of one or more systems
would depend on techno -economic suitability in the
I n d i a n network.

8. 2 Di gi t al t r a n s mi s s i o n m e di a a n d n et w or k s y n c hr oni s at i o n pl a n

Although CCS 7 can be carried at 4.8 kb/s on analog media

also, it is not a preferred option. The analog media was used
in some countries during initial introduction of CCS 7 as
sufficient digital links were not available. It is recommended
t h a t o n l y 64 Kb/s digital links be used for CCS 7 s ignalli ng
in t he Indi an network.

To avoid excessive retransmission and reduction in

thr oughput of t he signal li ng channel, net wor k s ynchr onis at i on is
essential. S y n c h r o ni s a t i o n plan has al r e a d y been dr a w n up
and s e v e r a l activities as stated in the pla n are
u n d e r w a y . S i nce di git al tr ans mi ss i on m edi a and s ynchr oni s at i on
hav e alr ead y b e e n i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e D O T n e t w o r k , t h e y ar e
n o t e x p e c t e d t o b e c o n s t r a i n t s i n C C S 7 implementation.

14
9. Standardisation :

The CCS 7 system has been modelled in terms of a 4 level

s t r u ct ur e. T h e f i r s t t hr e e l e v el s vi z. P h ys i c al , Dat a link
a nd N et wor k l evel s ar e co m m on "t o al l appl i cat i ons of
C C S 7. I m pl e me nt at i on of t hes e l evel s in t he S P s ens ur e s
err or f r ee transfer of signalling messages through the networ k
from one SP to another. These levels are, therefore collectively
called the 'Message Transfer Part (MTP)'. The fourth level known
as User Part is the application level and depends on the
application for which the CCS7 is used.

Different User Parts are listed at Appendix -1.

T he s peci f i cat i ons i n t hes e ar ea s have r each ed a s uff i ci ent

level of maturity. Some of the earlier implementations of CCS 7
were based on Telephone User Part (TUP) ( o r its upgradation
TUP+). It is recommended that CCS 7 implementation be based on
ISUP only, as this also covers the telephony application. ISUP is
essential for ISDN and implementation of TUP at this stage
would create interworking issues between TUP and ISUP later on.

In future additional services requiring other User Parts

will be needed, such as Intelligent Network Application
Part (INAP) and Transaction Capabilities Application Part
(TCAP) for i n t e l l i g e n t n e t w o r k s e r v i c e s . These application
parts will b e implementable on switches with ISUP as
and when these are introduced.

In Mobile telephony application, the Mobile Application

P a r t (MAP) c o n s t i t u t e s the fourth level. However, this
need b e implemented in the Mobile Switching Centres (MSCs)
only, which a r e n o t p a r t o f t h e f i x e d n e t w o r k. The MSCs will
i nt e r w o r k w i t h the fixed network with ISUP ( modified R2 may
also be used until I S U P i s a v a i l a b l e ) . T h e r e f o r e , introduction
o f m o b i l e t e l e p h o n y i s n ot l i k el y t o ha v e an y i m p act o n t h e
N at i o n al C o m m o n C h a n n el
S i gnal l i ng P l an.

Depending on the service the switch is offering,

appropriate ver s i on of t he C C S 7 soft war e woul d be r equir ed.
In vi ew of d i f f e r e n t new technologies to be introduc ed in
DOT's network, interworking issues will assume important
dimensions. CCS 7 software version in various switches
s h o u l d b e s u c h t h a t t h e r e i s no inter worki ng problem bet ween
them.

10. Planning considerations :

10.1 General:

To achieve the high availability figure the signalling

network must have sufficient redundancy. Network
redundancy is r e a l i s e d b y p l a n n i n g a n u m b e r o f a l t e r n a t i v e
s i g n a l l i n g r o u t e s between the originating and the destination
signalling points.

To restrict the signalling delay within the maximum

15
permitted values, the maximum number of SPs and STPs involved
in a call must be restricted within a specified value. The number
of SPs will depend on the exchanges ( l ocal and tr ans i t) i nvol ve d
i n the call which in turn depends on the routing plan of
the network. The maximum number of STPs will depend on the
mode ( as s o ci at e d or quas i as s o ci at e d) of si g n al l i ng bet w e e n
t h e S P s during the set up of the call.

The maxi mum number of SPs and STPs in international

component have been restricted to 3 SPs and 3 STPs in 50% of the
connections and 3 SPs and 4 STPs for 95% of the connections
(Q.709). Further, not more than 2 STPs will exist between two
adjacent SPs.

The maximum number of SPs and STPs in a national component

have been restricted to 3 SPs and 3 STPs in 50% of the
connections and 4 SPs and 4 STPs for 95% of the connections
(Q.709).

10.2 Address Sending Sequences:

Two methods of sending address sequences were considered,

viz., Enbloc and Overlap.

These methods are described in Appendix - 2.

The call completion time in overlap mode will be faster

and t h i s would be particularly so for long distance calls
passing through hierarchical network structures, as is the
c a s e i n t h e Indian network. Also, in calls involving both CCS 7
and modified R 2 signalling, overlap mode will provide
faster s i g n a l l i n g b e c aus e t he R 2 s i g nal l i n g c an be i ni t i at e d
at the b ou n d a r y e x c h a n g e immediately after receiving the
r e q u i r e d n u m b e r o f digits packed in IAM. But, i f enbloc
signalling is us e d , modified R2 signalling will begin only
after receipt of all the digits. The situations, where both
C C S 7 and modified R2 signall ing are required are expected to
be quite numerous during the early stages of CCS 7
implementation and in all these cases, overlap met hod will
provi de faster signalling.

It is recommended that the overlap mode of sending

address signal over the CCS 7 be employed.

10.3 Calculations for dimensioning of signalling traffic :

It is recommended that the occupancy of the signalling

links i s ke pt qui t e l o w f or t he n or m al f aul t free
c on di t i o ns . T h e figure may be taken as 10% occupancy ( 0 . 1
Erl). This will provide enough reserve capacity to cater to
fault condi ti on s, when failures in other links occur and
signalling traffic of the failed links has be carried by the
fault-free link in addition to its own signalling traffic.

Appendix - 3 d et a i l s the calculation f or finding the number

16
of t r a f f i c c i r c u i t s ( wi t h 0. 8 E rl tr af fi c and cal l mi x as
defined in DOT s p e c i f i c a t i o n s ) t hat ca n be s er ve d by on e
signalling link with an occupancy o f 10% ( 0. 1 E r l ). As
recommended in Para 9, ISUP is proposed to be used. Accordingly,
the calculations are based on ISUP messages. The calculations
are shown separately for Enbloc and Overlap modes of sending
address messages.

The nu m b er of t r af f i c ci r c ui t s t h at c an be s e r v ed by a
si gnal l i ng l i nk i s as f oll o ws :

- F or enbl oc signall i ng : 1216 cir cuits

- F or overl ap si gnall i ng : 957 cir cuits

Though the number of traffic circuits that can be served by

a signalling link is more for enbloc signalling, in
p r a c t i c a l s it uat i o n, t he nu mb er of s i gnal l i ng li nks s aved ar e
exp ect ed t o be negligible in view of the low traffic bet ween
the transit switches and low occupancy of the signalling links
( c a l c u l a t i o n s are based on 0. 1 Erlang signalling t r a f f i c) In
most of t he ca s es , onl y on e s i g nal l i n g l i nk w i l l be j us t i f i e d
a nd f or t he s a k e of r e d u n d a n c y, two signalling l i n k s wi l l b e
actually u s e d. Therefore, the overlap signalling method has been
recommended for r e as o n s m e n t i o n e d i n p a r a 1 0. 2 a b o v e.

10.4 Routing label:

In the MTP, the label contained in a signalling message

that i s us e d f or r o u t i n g is called the routing label and it
c o n t a i ns t h e information necessary to deliver the
message to i t s destination point. The routing label structure
as recommended in CCITT Q.704 is shown in Figure 3. It contains
three fields, viz.,

- Or i gi nat i ng P oi nt C ode (OPC), w h i c h identifies the

S i gn al l i n g P oi nt or i gi n at i n g t he m es s a g e. This is a 14
bit field.

- D es t i nat i o n P oi n t C o de ( D P C ) , w h i c h identifies the

Si gnal li ng P oi nt to whi ch t he mess age is dest ined. This i s
a 1 4 bi t f i el d .

- Signalling Link S e l e c t i o n (SLS), w h i c h identifies a

particular signalling l i n k ( wi t h i n a l i nk s et o r l i nk s e t s )
through which the message is to be sent. This is a 4 b i t
field.

The coding of OPC and DPC is pure binary and using 1 4 bi t s

Linear encoding, it is possible to identify 16,384 exchanges.

It is also possible to form sub fields with.in t h e 14

bit field e.g.

Sub field 1 : For level 1 TAXs, 5 bits

17
 S ub f i el d 2 : For lower level TAXs , 4 bits

S ub f i el d 3 : F or l ocal ex cha nges , 5 bits

This option would mean that there may be a max. of 32

level 1 TAXs; a max of 16 lower level TAXs under each level 1
TAX and max. of 32 local exchanges under each lower level TAX.

Various such permutations can be envisaged, but the

central point i s t h at a l t h o u g h s u c h e n c o d i n g m a y p r o v i d e a
l o gi c a l f r a m e w o r k for exchange identification, t h e 14 bi t
fi el d ma y not be - o p t i m a l l y u t i l i s e d . A situation may arise,
w h e r e i n a s u b - f i e l d may become saturated before the number of
CCS 7 capable exchanges r e a c h 1 6, 3 8 4.

It is therefore recommended to utilise linear encoding

method. Since the number of exchanges in DOT network having
CCS 7 c a p a b i l i t y is expected to be within this limit it is
p r o p o s e d t o keep OPC and DPC as 14 bit s each as r ecom mended
in C CI T T. It is n o t a d v i s a b l e t o u s e m o r e t h a n 14 bits for OPC
and DPC, since s o f t w a r e adaptation will be required for
all new t e c h n o l o g y switches that may be inducted in DOT
network and also in the I nt er national Gat eway S wit ch.

F or t he Int er nati onal Gat eway E xchanges, C CI TT has

specif i ed t h e format for the International Signalling Point
C o d e (ISPC) of 14 bits ( R e c . Q . 7 0 8, A n n e x u r e A ) . This has
t hr e e f i e l d s vi z . , Z o n e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n (3 b i t s ), A r e a / Network
identification (8 bits) and Signalling Point
i d e n t i f i c a t i o n (3 b i t s ) ISPC allocated to India is 4-008,
where 4 is the zone identification an d 008 refers to
ar ea/ net wor k i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . 3 l e a s t significant bits are left
for allocation of signalling point identification among
various gateway exchanges in India.

10.5 Error Correction :

'B asi c met hod' (Q.703, para 1.4) w i l l b e n o r m a l l y us e d f o r

error correction. However, it is desirable that provision
t o s up p or t b ot h ' B as i c met h o d' a nd ' P r e ve nt i v e C y cl i c
R e t r a ns m i s s i o n m et hod' exi s ts i n t he ex cha ng e.

10.6 Link Management :

Basic signalling link management p r o c e d u r e s (Q.704,

para 12.2) should be used.

11. CCS7 Implementation Aspects :

The application of above guidelines, taking into account

the proposed switching and routing pl a n s , would lead to
the C C S 7 n et w o r k d es c r i b e d i n t h e p a r as b e l o w .

Two types of CCS 7 signalling network structures can

b e e n v i s a g e d : wit h i nt egr at ed S T Ps and wit h stand al one S T P s.

18
 T he i nt egr at ed S T P is i m pl e m ent ed as par t of t he di gi t al
s wi t ch and do es not r equi r e any s epar at e har d war e and
s epar at e t r a n s m i s s i o n links; as such no major expenditure
for STP functionality is expected. The change in
functionality f r o m purel y SP wor king to that incl udi ng
integr ated ST P function can be performed simply by a man-
machine command.

On the other hand, stand -alone STP is a separate equipment

and apart from additional investments in this equipment,
addit ional tr ans missi on l i nks may als o be needed t o connect
the SPs to the stand-alone STPs. Moreover, there would be a
need to operate and maintain a new type of equipment in the
network whose a v a i l a b i l i t y requirements will be extremely
stringent since the overall availability of th e signalling
network w i l l g r e a t l y depend on the availability of the stand
alone STPs.

The signalling traffic is quite low for telephony since CCS 7 m e s s a g e s

are short for this application. The typical number of octets
involved in a Message Signal Unit for telephony
a p p l i c a t i o n i s c a l c u l a t e d to be about 2 7 o c t e t s . C o n s i d e r i n g t h a t t he
li nk l oadi ng i s kept l o w and F I S U a r e t r a ns m i t t e d m o s t of t h e
t i me, w h os e l e ngt h i s o nl y 6 o ct e t s , t h e a v e r a g e l e n g t h of
S i g n a l l i n g u n i t c a n b e t a k e n a s 10 octets. (Refer Appendix - 8) T h e
integrated STPs would be able to take care of the
R equi r e me nt s ar i si ng out of t el epho ny f unct i ons vi z; P OT S
and ISDN. However, when Intelligent Network services pickup on a
lar g e s c a l e, t h e s i g n a l l i n g t r a f f i c m a y i n c r e a s e s u f f i ci e n t l y,
t o jus tif y St and - al one ST P s. At that poi nt i n ti me, i ntr oducti on
of stand-alone STPs may be considered, as a layer above the
existing network. This approach would not disturb the existing
arrangement and would represent a need based graceful
augmentation of CCS 7 handl i n g cap abi l i t y. It is t her ef or e
r eco m me nde d t h at i nt egr at ed STPs be used in the Indian
network during the early years of introduction of CCS 7.

As per t he above consi der at ions, we may plan f or al l t he

level 1 and level 2 TAXs to have STP functions associated
with them. All the Tandem exchanges should also -have a STP
function associated with them. However, Level 3 TAXs and local
exchanges will not function as STPs. The CCS7 network proposed
below is aimed to balance the signal processing load at each
STP, so that long queues of signal messages causing del ays
does not occur at the STPs. Another objective kept in view is
the requirement of h i g h availability of s ignalling links so
that s ignalling is not disrupted by signalling link failures.

I n t he f or egoi ng des cr i pti on, t he rol e of di ff er e nt s wi t ch es

in the CCS 7 net wor k is i dent ifi ed : as SPs or as Integrated SP
and STP.

In order to cope with f ailure conditions that may

arise, e a c h signalling point has alternate routing
information whi ch specifies, for each normal link set,
alternative link set to b e used when the former becomes
unavailabl e.

19
 'Normal signalling links' carry signalling traffic on
load sharing basis in the absence of failures and
' a l t e r n a t i v e signalling links' are used for signalling traffic
when all normal signalling links become unavailable due to
faulty condition(s) )

11.1 General Rules :

Rule 1 :

The number of signalling links between adjacent Signalling

Points will be determined by the signalling traffic
calculations given at par a 10.3. Signalling load will be
e ve nl y di s t r i b ut e d a m o n g t h e m. H o w e v er , f or the s a ke of
redundancy, a mi ni mum of two nor mal signalling links will be
pr ovi ded.

Rule 2 :
In case of alternate routing due to traffic link failure or
traffic overflow, the signalling traffic will follow the
alternate route in associated mode using normal signalling
links in the alternate route.

Rule 3 :

I n t h e c a s e o f f ai l u r e o f t h e o n e o f t h e n o r m a l s i g n a l l i n g
links, the signalling load of the failed link will be
redistributed among the other normal signalling links. This
will continue until atleast one normal signalling link
remains fault free.

When all the normal signalling links fail , quasi

associated signalling using alternative signalling links will
be used by shifting the whole signalling load to the
alternative signalling links.

Rule4 :
D i gi t al t r ans m i s s i o n m e di a wi l l be us e d f or C C S 7 s i g n a l l i n g
links. While determining the link sets between SPs as far a s
p o s s i b l e d i v e r s i t y ( r o u t e o r t e c h n o l o g y ) s h o u l d b e e m pl o ye d.
H o w e v er , s at el l i t e ch an n el s s ho ul d n ot , nor m a l l y, b e u s e d f o r
CCS7 signalling links.

In the paras.11.2 to -11.9, s ignalling betwe en various

exchanges has been described. Illustrative diagrams have
b e e n included, with references to the relevant paras (Fig.4 to
Fig.9).

20
T h e V a r i o us s c e n a r i o s a n d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g - e f f e ct on the
n e t w o r k ar e d es c r i b e d i n t h e T a b l e 1 :

Table 1

Possible scenarios E f f e ct on the n et w or k

( bet ween adj acent S Ps)

1. Traffic normal and A s p e r p a r a s 1 1 . 2 . 1 , 1 1. 3. 1,

Signalling link normal 1 1 . 4 . 1 , 1 1 . 5 . 1 , 11. 6. 1, 11.7.1,
and 11.8.1

2. Traffic failure (partial)/ Traffic may follow

Traffic overflow and alternate route. Signalling
Signalling link normal for this overflow traffic
w i l l b e i n associated mode
on the same r o u t e a s
t r a f f i c . (Rule 2)

3. Traffic failure and FISU messages will be

Signalling link normal transmitted on the
signalling link

4. Traffic normal and As per paras 1 1 . 2 . 2 , 1 1 . 3 . 2 ,

Signalling link failure 1 1 . 4 . 2 , 1 1 . 5 . 2 , 1 1. 6. 2, 11.7.2,
and 1 1 . 8 . 2

5. Traffic failure(partial) Same as above

Signalling link failure

6. Traffic failure and As per Rule 2

Signalling link failure

11.2 Signalling between Level 1 TAXs:

11.2.1 Normal case :

T h e 21 level 1 T A Xs w hi ch ar e m es h co nne ct ed wi l l
w or k as S P s i n a s s o c i a t e d s i g n a l l i n g mode in the normal
c o n d i t i o n . ( R ef er Fi gur e 5 (a) )

11.2 .2 F ai l ur e cas e :

For normal link failure as defined in Rule 3,

alter native signalling links via STP functions provided by
Delhi, Bombay, Calcutt a and Madras TAXs will be
used. These alternative signalling links will be physically
same as the existing nor m al signalling link(s) for the
integrated STP exchange. This is made possible due to the
dimensioning of s i g n a l l i n g l i n k s w h i c h i s kept at 0.1 erlang
in the normal working.

(Refer Figures 5 (b) & 5 (c))

21
11.3 Signalling between Level 2 TAXs with direct traffic links
between them :

11.3.1 Normal case :

Exchanges working as l e v e l 2 TAXs whi ch have PC M

traffic trunks bet ween them will function in associat ed signalling
mode w i t h n o r m a l s i g n a l l i n g l i n k s . ( R e f e r F i g . 6 ( a ) )

11.3.2 Fail ure case :

For normal link failure as defined in Rule 3 ,

alternative signalling links will be provided through
quasi ass ociat ed signalling path by the STP function of the
l e v e l 1 TAX to which o n e o f t h e l e v e l 2 T A X s are parented
u s i n g t h e e x i s t i n g n o r m a l links for the STP. ( R e f e r F i g u r e 6 ( b ) )

, -
11.4 Signalling between Level 2 TAXs wi t ho ut di re ct t raf f i c
li nk between them :

11.4.1 Normal case :

The signalling will be in associated mode using SP

f u n c t i o n of level 1 T A X w hi c h is t r a ns i t i n g the t r af f i c .
The s i g nal l i n g l i n k s involved are normal links.(Refer Fig.7)

11.4.2 Fail ure case :

A l t e r n a t i v e l i n k ( s ) t h r o u g h S T P o f a n o t h e r l e v e l 1 TAX to
w h i c h b o t h t h e l e v e l 2 TAXs are connected, will be used. This
is bas ed on t he as s u mpt i on t hat the L evel 2 TAX is connected
to t w o L e v e l 1 TAXs. Other w i s e, a l t e r n a t i v e links will not
b e a p p l i c a b l e . ( R e f er F i g. 7)

11.5 Signalling between level 3 TAXs :

11.5.1 Normal case :

T h e s i g n a l l i n g w i l l b e i n as s o c i at e d m o d e u s i n g S P
f u n ct i o n of l e ve l 2 T A X w h i c h - i s t r a n s i t i n g t h e t r a f f i c. T h e
s i g n a l l i n g l i n k s i n v o l v e d a r e n o r m a l l i n k s . ( R e f e r F i g . 8( a ) )

11.5.2 Failure case :

Alternative link(s) through STP of another l e v e l 2 TAX
will b e u s e d . T h i s i s b a s e d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e L e v e l 3
TAX is c o n n e c t e d t o t w o l e v e l 2 T A X s . Otherwise,alternative
l i n k s w i l l n o t b e a p p l i c a b l e. ( R e f er F i g. 8 ( b) )

22
11.6 Signalling between a level 1 TAX and a level 2 TAX:

11.6.1 Normal case :

A s s o c i at e d m o d e using normal links between level 1 and

level2 TAXs.

11.6.2 Failure case :

Quasi-associated mode through STP function of another

L e v e l 1 TAX to which level 2 T A X is connect ed. (Where such a
con nect i on i s ava il abl e )

11.7 Signalling between a level 2 TAX and a level 3 TAX :

11.7.1 Normal case :

Associated mode using normal links between level 2 and

Level 3 TAXs.

11.7.2 Failure case :

Quasi-associated mode through STP function of another

L evel 2 TAX to which level 3 TAX is connected. (Where
such a connection is availabl e).

11.8 Si gnalli ng bet ween l ocal exchanges in a mul ti - exchange

local net work :

11.8.1 Normal case :

Signalling between local exchanges will be through normal

li nks . ( Ref er Fig.9 )

11.8.2 Failure case :

At least one exchange, usually the tandem exchange must have

integrated SP and STP capability. The tandem exchange
will provide quasi associated signalling path using the STP
function with alternative links. (Refer Fig.9 )

11.9 T a b l e _ 2 summarises different cases explained above.

23
 Table 2

A l t er n at i v e s i n t h e c a s e of f ai l ur e s

S i gnal l i ng Nor mal Case Failure Case

Between Level 1 Associated mode Quasi-associated mode

TAXs using normal links using STP function
provided by Delhi/Bombay/
Calcutta/ Madras TAXs

Between level 2 Associated mode Through STP function of

TAXs with direct using normal links level 1 TAX to which level
traffic links 2 TAX are parented

Between level 2 Associated mode Through STP function of

TAXs without using SP function of level 1 TAX to which level
direct traffic links level 1 TAX 2 TAX (subject to the
availability of links)

Between level 3 Associated mode Quasi-associated mode

TAXs using SP function of using STP of another level
level 2 2 TAX

Between Level 1 Associated mode Through STP function of

and Level 2 TAXs using normal links level 1 TAX to which level
2 TAX is connected

Between Level 2 Associated mode Through STP function of

and Level 3 TAXs using normal links level 2 TAX to which level
3 TAX is connected

Between local Associated mode Through STP function

exchanges in multi- using normal links provided by a tandem
exchange local exchange.
network

12. Growth of CCS 7 network- Projections :

As the growth plan for CCS 7 network has to be

linked e s s e n t i a l l y with the growth of digital
transmission i n t h e net wor k , t h e p r o j e c t i o n s f o r C C S 7 have
been worked out on the b a s i s of existing plans for digital
media provisioning. T h e analysis is done for the most
immediate scenario, viz, at the end of '92-'93 and for the
scenario expected at the end of eighth

24
plan period,viz, by 1997. In addit ion, the r e q u i r e m e n t of C C S 7
cap abl e T A X e xch ang es has b ee n pr oj ect e d f or t he abo ve t i m e
f r a m es .

12.1 Scenario for 92-93 :

12. 1. 1 Di gi t al tr ans mi s s i on me di a avai l abi l it y :

T he di git al tr ans miss ion li nks to be avail abl e by 9 2 - 9 3

ar e s h o w n diagramatically in A p p e n d i x - 5. F o r ex a mi ni n g the
pos si bl e ut il i s ati on of t hes e li nk s f or C C S 7 network growth, it
is neces s ar y to cons i der t he conn ect i vi t y of l evel 1 TAXs
through digital links. An additional parameter to b e cons i der ed i s
di ver si t y ( r out e or t echn ol og y )

Connectivity with diversity would exist, for example

between Del hi - B o m b a y, D el hi - C al c ut t a, B o m b a y - C al c ut t a,
D el hi - J ai p ur , Delhi-Lucknow, Delhi-Ambala etc.

To begin with, a CCS7 signall i ng net wor k can be

br ought into operation during 1993-94, covering the three level 1
metro TAXs namely Delhi, Bombay and Calcutta, provided the
existing TAXs in the chosen locations are replaced with CCS7
capable TAXs. Along with these, it would be possible to extend
CCS7 to a f e w more stations satisfying the diversity
requirement. A st r at egy t o unde rt ake t hi s exer ci s e is des cr i bed i n
t he f ol l owi n g pa r a.

12.1.2 Digital TAXs by 92-93:

The availability of Level 1 TAXs indicating the capacity and

technology are summarised in Appendix - 6. None of these TAXs
would support CCS7 ( Refer para 8.1.1 and 8.1.2) The following
strategy is recommended to provide CCS7 capable exchanges in
the level 1 TAXs and to provide a fast and economic
spread of CCS 7 network in the country.

- Establish CCS 7 capable exchanges as per para 11. Only one

TAX of suitable capacitj, can be planned in each city,
to replace the existing TAXs.

- T o uti l is e t he exis ti ng E 10B TAXs, these may be converted

to local exchanges by addition of subscriber interfaces.
The capacity of DE Ls so made availabl e should be taken
into consideration while planning for new local exchanges
in the network.

The cost of converting an El0 B DTAX to a local

exchange is only about 35%-- of the cost of installing an
equivalent E10 B local exchange. Therefore, there will be
economic utilisation of existing ElOB TAXs.

- To provide at least one CCS 7 local exchange ( or provide

local lines from the CCS 7 TAX) in all those locations where
CCS7 TAX is installed.

25
 T he i mpl ement at ion of this pr ogram me can be t aken up
duri ng 1 99 3 - 9 4 a nd t h e pr o gr a m m e c a n b e f ur t h er ext e n d ed t o
c ov er m or e l e v e l 1 T A X s f or w h i c h d i gi t a l c o n n e c t i v i t y i s
m a d e a v a i l a b l e i n 1993-94

The SPC a nal o g . T A Xs in l e v el 1 T A X L o c at i o ns ar e as f ol l o ws

D el hi - 8k
Bombay • 8k
C a l c ut t a : 4k
M a dr as - 4k

These exchanges will continue to work as TAXs

u n t i l t h e i r u s ef u l life is over.

12.2 Scenario by the end of eighth plan - 1997 :

12.2.1 Digital Transmission Media A v a i l a b i l i t y :

T h e di gi t al co n n ect i vi t y b et w e e n l e v el 1 TAXs by 1997 is

s h o w n d i a g r a m m a t i c a l l y i n A p p e n d i x -7. F ul l di ve r s i t y m a y s t i l l n o t
be available, though the situation would be significantly
improved.

12.2.2 Digital TAXs by 1997:

It is r eco m m en ded t hat by 1 9 9 7 or even e a r l i er , al l
t h e l e v e l 1 TAXs be replaced by new technology exchanges with
CCS 7 c a p a b i l i t y , a s d e s c r i b e d e a r l i e r .

Existing E 10B TAXs can be converted to local exchanges.

These steps would lead to establishing a wi des pread CC S

13. Commercial Field Trial :

As discussed in para 12.1.1, the initial CCS7

s i g n a l l i n g network can be established covering Delhi, Bombay
and Calcutta. T h i s network should form the basis of
commercial field trial of CCS7, During the trial, useful
data should be obtained on the a v a i l a b i l i t y of signalling
links, the signalling traffic c a r r i e d on these links and
also on interworking problems. As far as possible, a mix
of technology in the switching equipment should b e u s e d i n
the field trial, so that interworking problems, i f a n y,
a r e a d e q u a t e l y a d d r e s s e d.

14. Quality of t ransmissi on links:

The quality of transmission links has obvious bearing

on the availability of CCS 7 network, as this constitutes
level 1 ( Physical ) of t h e s i g n a l l i n g n e t w o r k . S i n c e l e v e l 2 of
CCS7 p e r f o r m s continuous error checks to initiate change-
over of

26
s i g nal l i n g l i n ks , i t is r e c o m m e n de d t h at m eas u r e m e nt s of
tr ans mi ss i on qua li t y par amet er s on di git al 2 Mb/s links carr yi ng
the si gnall ing channel should be done s yst ema ticall y to ens ur e
conformance to G.821 CCITT recommendations. In Appendix - 8, the
ti me for change over of si gnall ing li nks i niti at ed by l evel
error monitori ng is calculated for different values of BE R.

25. Test and validation of CCS 7 network:

Si nce intr oducti on of C C S 7 will r e p r e s e n t new protocol

based network, many of the present tools and testers will
no l o n g e r remain applicable. Moreover the protocols involved
a r e f airl y complex, i mposi ng a need f or strong t echni cal
support t o fi el d units dur ing t he earl y years of CCS7
introduction. Because of the compl exi ty i nvol ved the t esti ng and
vali dat i on equi pment c u r r e n t l y available in the market is
expensive a n d r e q u i r e s ex per t is e i n us e.

It is, therefore, recommended that the test and v a l i d a t i o n

tools be procured by TEC that would meet the requirement
of validation of new technology switches with CCS 7
capabilities, resolve inter working issues that would arise (
many of these pr o bl e ms w o ul d r eq ui r e r es ol ut i on bas e d on
pr ot o c ol anal ys i s ) a n d also meet the field support
requirements. The equipment and software packages
recommended for procurement are listed at Appendix - 4.

27
 DIGITAL
NETWORK

(SW+TRANS
PLANS)

F1G.1 : HIERARCHICAL LAYERS OF A TELECOM NETWORK.

28
REQUIRMENTS STANDARDISATION IMPLEMENTATION TOOL

GROWTH 1. NON-UPGRADABLE
DECAY
ELECTRO-MECH
 PERFORMANCE PROFILE
SPC ANALOG
 QUANTATIVE
NATIONAL CDOT DIGITAL
ITI DIGITAL
NEW COMMON
ISDN 2. UPGRADABLE AS SPs ONLY
SERVICES NO
CHANNEL UPGRADABLE
PLAN
E 10 B
IN IMP. 3. SP FUNCTION ONLY
SIGNALLING PLANS
OCB 283
MOBILE IMP.
4. INTEGRATED SP+STP
PLAN PLANS
FETEX-150, AXE-10
NEAX-61, EWSD, 5ESS
IMPROVED POTS SYSTEM-X
IMP.
PLANS
5. NO UPGRADATION NEEDED
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION
NETWORK

RECOMMENDATIONS

29
 SLS OPC DPC

4 BITS 14 BITS 14 BIT

Routing Label

SLS : Signalling Link Selection

OPC : ORIGINATING POINT CODE

DPC : DESTINATION POINT CODE

FIG-3 : ROUTING LABEL

30
 : NODE WITH INTEGRATED SP &
STP FUNCTIONALITY, WORKING AS
n SP & STP . n = LEVEL OF TAX .

: NODE WITH FUNCTIONALITY AS

ABOVE BUT WORKING AS SP
n IN THE PRESENT CONTEXT.
n = LEVEL OF TAX

n : SP FUNCTIONALITY ONLY.
n= LEVEL OF TAX
L L = LOCAL

NORMAL SIGNALLING LINK

ALTERNATE LINK-I

X X FAILURE OF NORMAL SIGNALLING LINK

ALTERNATE LINK- 2

FIG. 4 — LEGENDS TO DIAGRAMS

31
 DELHI
1

JAIPUR 1

CALCUTTA

BOMBAY 1

MADRAS

FIG 5 (a): NORMAL OPERATION: ALL LEVEL 1 TAXs ACT AS SPs

IN ASSOCIATED MODE

32
 DELHI

X
X
X
BOMBAY 1 . 1 CALCUTTA
X
X
X

MADRAS

FIG 5 (b): DIRECT LINK FAILURE BETWEEN METRO LEVEL 1 TAXs

(Para 11.2.2)

33
 1

JAIPUR 1

X
X ONE OF THESE LINKS

X WILL BE USED AS

ALTERNATIVE LINKS
X

X
X

AHMEDABAD

1 BOMBAY

FIG 5 (C): DIRECT LINK FAILURE BETWEEN NON-METRO

LEVEL 1 TAXs
(Para 11.2.2)

34
 2 2

BAREILLY DEHRADUN

FIG. 6 (a ): NORMAL CASE ; LEVEL 2 TAXs WITH DIRECT

LINKS

BETWEEN THEM ASSOCIATED MODE

(Para 11.3.1)

35
 ONE OF THESE LINKS

WILL BE USED AS

ALTERNATIVE LINKS

AGRA DELHI

1 1

2 X X X X 2

BAREILLY DEHRADUN

FIG 6 (b): LEVEL 2 TAX FAILURE CASE : ST P FUNCTION BY

ONE OF THE LEVEL I TAXs

(Para 11.3.2)

36
 DELHI BOMBAY
DELHI
1 1

NORMAL LINKS
ALTERNATIVE FOR
LINKS FAUL FREE
FAILURE CASE CASE

NO LINK
2 2

DEHRADUN PUNE

FIG 7 : NORMAL CASE : LEVEL 2 TAXs WITHOUT DIRECT LINK :

ASSOCIATED MODE (PARA 11.4.1)

FAILURE CASE : LEVEL 2 TAXs WITHOUT DIRECT LINK :

QUASI - ASSOCIATED MODE (PARA 11.4.2)

(Para 11.3.2)

37
 (SP) (STP)
2
2 2

X
ALTERNATIVE
X LINKS

X
3 3

3 3

FIG 8 (a)
LEVEL 3 TAXs: NORMAL CASE: FIG 8 (b)
LEVEL 3 TAX:
ASSOCIATED MODE (PARA 11.5.1)
FAILURE CASE:

(PARA 11.5.2)

TANDEM EXCHANGE

WORKING AS STP

ALTERNATE

LINKS

L L
NORMAL LINKS

FIG. 9 : SIGNALLING BETWEEN LOCAL EXCHANGES

38
 APPENDIX - 1

CCS 7 User Parts :

The CCS 7 is modelled as 4 l e v e l s t r u c t ur e w h e r e i n t h e

lower t h r e e l e v e l s , vi z, t h e P h ys i c al , S i gn al l i n g l i nk an d
N et w o r k ar e c o l l e c t i v e l y known as Message Transfer Part (
MTP ) and ensure e r r o r free delivery of signalling
messages from one SP t o another. The fourth level
which includes formatting of m e s s a g e s bas ed o n the
application is called the User Part.

A variety of User Parts are envisaged depending on

the application.

For only telephony application the user part is known

a s T el ep hon e Us er P ar t ( T UP) , f or I S DN - appli cat i on it is
known as ISDN User Part (ISUP) F o r m o b i l e telephony the
u s er part i s c a l l e d M o b i l e A p p l i c a t i o n P a r t (MAP)., These
user parts interface as the fourth level, directly with the MTP. -

For Intelligent Network application, Intelligent

N e t w o r k A p p l i c a t i o n P a r t (INAP) and T r a n s a c t i o n Capabilities
Application Part (TCAP) is used. These User Parts
collectively constitute l e v e l 4, but they cannot interface
with the MTP as in other cases. The Signalling Connection
C o n t r o l P a r t ( SCCP ) forms the i n t e r f a c e between the
MTP and the fourth l e v e l . SCCP is c o n s i d e r e d part of
l e v e l 3.

39
 APPENDIX - 2
Address Sending Methods :

In enbloc mode the originating exchange collects

all t h e subscriber dialled digits and forms an address
message containing all the digits. This message called the
I n i t i a l A d d r e s s M e s s a g e (IAM) , is sent to the
destination exchange via all t h e intermediate transit
exchanges. On receipt of the I A M , t h e des t i nat i on
exc han ge s ends t he Ad dr es s C o mp l et e M es s age (ACM).

In the overlap mode, on receipt of a specified

number of digits, the origination exchange sends an Initial
address message (IAM) through the various transit
e x c h a n g e s t o t h e d e s t i n a t i o n ex c h an g e (IAM s houl d cont ai n
mi ni mu m nu m ber of di git s s ay 5 d i g i t s to reach the
destination exchange). This I A M i s s h o r t e r than t he IAM
sent in t he enbl oc mode, si nce l ess er numb er of d i g i t s a r e
involved in this case. When all the digits have been
received the remaining digits are also sent as Subsequent
A d d r e s s Message ( S A M ) , through the intermediate transit
exchanges to the destination exchange. The processing
involved for SAM is much less than that involved for IAM
in the enbloc mode, since l e s s e r number of digits are
invol ved in S AM.

40
 APPENDIX - 3
CALCULATION OF SIGNALLING LINK TRAFFIC

1.1. General information parameters :

1.1.1 The SSN7 is loaded to 0.1 E traffic under normal

conditions.

1 Erl = 64 kbit/s = 8000 octets/s

0.1 Erl = 800 oct/s = 2,880,000 oct/hr

1.1.2 For a call 3 p ar a m e t er s are to be co ns i d er ed.

(i) Mean value of the number of o ct e t s to be transmitted

per c a l l p e r d i r e c t i o n .

(ii) Mean val u e of the d ur at i o n of a c al l .

(iii) Distribution between effective and non- effective

calls.

1.1.3 The speech circuits are considered to have 80 %

occupancy.

1 . 2 . Mean dur ati on of a call : 3 5 % o f t h e t o t a l c a l l s a r e

considered to be effective. The average holding time of a
call is taken as 45 sec.

1. 3. N u m b er of c al l s p er ho ur per ci r c ui t :

3600
--------- x 0.8 = 64 call/hr
45

1.4. SS7 information transfer per call : The following calculation

are for ISUP working without any options.

1.4.1. En-bloc signalling : 9 digit number length is assumed.

1.4.1.1. Successful calls :

message direction octets probability

IAM 29
ACM 17 32 0.9
ANM 15
OR
CON 17 0.5
OR
ACM 17 48 0.5
CPG 18

41
 ANM 15
REL 19
RLC 15

T ot al i nf or mat i on :
29 + ( 0.9 x 32 ) + ( 0.05 x 17 ) + ( 0.05 x 48 ) + 19 + 15
= 95.0 5 ( 95 octets)

Octets per direction = 47.5

1 . 4. 1 .2 . U n s u c c e s sf ul c al l s :

Message direction octets probability

IAM 29
REL 19
RLC 15
Total information = 63 octets

Octets per d i r e c t i o n = 31.5

1.4.1.3. Mean value :

With c a l l s u c c e s s r a t e o f 35% the number of o c t e t s of

information passed in the signalling channel per Call
per d i r e c tio n i s

(0.35 x 47.5 ) + ( 0.65 x 31.5 ) = 37.1 ( 3 7 octets )

Octets per direction per c a l l = 37

1.4.2. Overlap signalling : I t i s as s u m e d t h a t 5 d i g i t s w i l l be

initially sent and 4 digits subsequently in overlapping.

1.4.1.2.1. S u c ces s f u l calls :

Message direction octets probability

IAM 27
SAM 21

Subsequent messages starting from ACM

are s a m e a s f o r e n - b l o c s i g n a l l i n g .

Total information :

27 + 21 + (0.9 x 32) + (0.05 x 17 ) + (0 . 0 5 x 48) + 19 + 15

= 114.05 ( 1 1 4 octets )

Octets per d i r e c t i o n = 57

42
 1.4. 2.2. U ns ucc es sf ul cal l s :

Message direction octets probability

IAM 27
SAM 21
REL 19
RLC 15

T o t al i n f or m a t i o n = 82 oct et s

Octets per di r e c t i o n = 41

1.4.2.3. Mean value :

W i t h c a l l s u c c e s s r at e of 3 5 % the number o f o c t e t s o f
i nf or m at i o n p as s e d i n t h e s i gn al l i n g c h an n el p er ca l l per d i r e c t i on is

(0. 35 x 57) + (0. 65 x 4 1 ) = 4 6 . 6 (4 7 o ct et s )

O ct et s p er di r e c t i o n per c al l = 47

1 . 5 . S S 7 i n f o r m a t i o n t r a n s f e r f o r 1 ci r cu i t pe r h o u r : T h e
i n f o r m a t i o n t r a ns f er i s d ef i n e d a s t h e n u m b er o f o c t e t s p a s s e d
t hr ou g h t h e s i g n al l i ng l i n k i n o ne h o ur .

N u m b e r of c al l s p er h o ur p er ci r c ui t = 64 (from p ar a 1. 3)

I nf or m at i o n t r an s f er per ci r c ui t in o ct e t s per h o ur

( a) E n - bl oc s i g n al l i n g = 64 x 37 = 2368 (see par a 1 . 4 . 1 . 3 )

( b) O v er l a p s i g n al l i ng = 64 x 47 = 3008 (see p ar a 1 . 4 . 2 . 3 )

1.6. Number of telephone circuits that can be served :

T he c a p a b i l i t y of t h e s i g nal l i n g l i n k f or i nf or m a t i o n t r ans f er at
0 . 1 E l oa d i s 2, 8 8 0, 0 0 0 o c t e t s / h o u r ( s ee p ar a 1. 1 )

Number speech circuits that can be served by one signalling link

at 0.1 E load

En-bloc signalling = 2,880,000/2368 = 1216 (see para 1.5 (a))

Overlap signalling = 2,880,000/3008 = 957 (see para 1.5 (b))

Note : IAM : Initial Address Message

ACM : Address Complete Message
ANM : Answer Message
SAM : Subsequent Address Message
REL : Release
RLC : Release Complete
CPG : Call progress
CON : Connected

43
 APPENDIX - 4

List of testers :

1. Protocol analysers with facility of emulation

and u s e r programmability feature - 2 Nos.

2. Protocol analyser for monitoring the links - 4 Nos.

3. Equipment for simulation of STP function - 2 Nos.

4. CCS 7 traffic generator - 4 Nos.

5. CCS 7 network modelling software package - 1 No.

Note: Equipment at Sl. No 1 to 4 must be equipped with

relevant software supporting MTP and IS UP (Blue Book
version).

44
 APPENDIX – 5
DIGITAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN LEVEL 1 TAXs BY 92-93

JALLANDHAR
DTAX – 4.5K
AMBALA
COAX. DTAX – 2K
M/W
COAX.

NEW DELHI M/W

DTAX 1- 9K
2 – 8K
M/W SPC - 8K
O/F
LUCKNOW
O/F

DTAX – 3.5K

AGRA O/F
JAIPUR
DTAX – 4.5K DTAX – 2 K

PATNA
O/F

DTAX – 2.0K

AHMEDABAD BHOPAL
DTAX – 6K O/F
DTAX – 3.5K
COAX.
O/F

O/F CALCUTTA
RAJKOT M/W DTAX 1- 4 K
DTAX – 3.5K M/W 2–5K
RAIPUR
O/F + DTAX – 1.5K SPC - 4K
NEW DELHI
M/W
DTAX 1-9K
2 – 8K NAGPUR
SPC - 8K DTAX – 4 K

M/W

BANGALORE M/W
DTAX – 8K NEW DELHI
DTAX 1-9K
2 – 8K
SPC - 8K
45
 APPENDIX - 6

Digital TAXs In India (by 92-93)

S.No. Location Digital TAX Others ,Capacity

(E10-B)

1. CALCUTTA SPC 4K
DTAX-1 -- 4K
DTAX-2 -- 5K

2. CUTTAK DTAX -- 2K

3. GUWAHATI --- L/T 0.5K

DTAX(92-93) -- 1.5K

4. PATNA DTAX -- 2.0K

L/T 1.5K

5. AGRA DTAX 2.0K

6. AMBALA DTAX(92-93) 2.0K

7. JAIPUR DTAX 2.5+1K

DTAX(92-93) 1K

8. JALLANDHAR DTAX 3.5K

DTAX(92-93) 1K

9. LUCKNOW DTAX 2.5K

DTAX(92-93) 1K

10. NEW DELHI DTAX-1 9K

DTAX-2 8K
SPC 8K

11. BANGLORE DTAX 6K

DTAX(92-93) 2K

12. COIMBATORE DTAX (92-93) 0.5K

L/T 1.5K

13. ERNAKULAM DTAX 4K

DTAX(92-93) 1K

14. HYDERABAD DTAX 4.5K

UNIT-2 DTAX(92-93) 1.5K
UNIT-3 DTAX(92-93) 4K

15. MADRAS DTAX 5K

SPC 4K
DTAX(92-93) 1K

46
 Digital TAXs In India (by 92-93)
(contd..)

DTAX 6K
16 AHMEDABAD
DTAX 1.5K+1K
17 BHOPAL
DTAX(92-93) 1K

SPC 8K
18 BOMBAY
DTAX 1 8K
DTAX 2 8K
DTAX 3 6K
DTAX(92-93) 2K

DTAX 2K+1K
19 NAGPUR
DTAX(92-93) 1K

DTAX 1K
20 RAIPUR
DTAX(92-93) 0.5K

DTAX 3.5K
21 RAJKOT

47
 APPENDIX – 7
DIGITAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN LEVEL-1 TAXs BY 97

JALANDHAR
DTAX – 6K
AMBALA GUWAHATI
DTAX – 4K DTAX – 2K
L/T - 0.5K

NEW DELHI LUCKNOW

DTAX – 5K
M/W DTAX – 19K
PATNA
SPC – 8K DTAX – 3.5K
OFC L/T – 1.5K

JAIPUR
DTAX – 9.5K

AGRA
DTAX – 4K
AHMEDABAD
DTAX – 15K

BHOPAL
DTAX – 5K CALCUTTA

RAJKOT DTAX – 9K
DTAX – 6K SPC – 4K

BOMBAY
DTAX – 26K RAIPUR
SPC – 8K DTAX – 3K
NAGPUR
DTAX – 6.5K
CUTTACK
DTAX – 3K

BANGLORE HYDRABAD
DTAX –13K DTAX –14K

MADRAS
DTAX – 8K
SPC – 4K
ERNAKULAM OFC
DTAX – 9.5K COIMBATURE
DTAX – 7K COAX
L/T - 2K
M/W
48
 APPENDIX - 8

Signalling Link Failure

1. A l i n k f a i l u r e i n d i c a t i o n i s o b t a i n e d f r o m l e v e l 2. T h e
i n d i c a t i o n m ay b e ca us e d by ' i n t ol er a bl y hi g h s i g nal u n i t e r r o r
r a t e ' . ( Q.704 para 3 . 2 . 2 )

2. T h e p a r a m e t e r s w h i c h determine the signal unit error rate

A r e : ( Q. 7 0 3, p ar a 1 0 )

1/D - the lowest signal unit error rate.

T - The number of consecutive signal units received in

e r r o r t h a t w i l l c a u s e a n e r r o r i n d i c a t i o n t o l e v e l 3.

3. For 6 4 Kbits/s link

D = 25G
T = G4 signal units

4. Average length of a SU :

(i) Constant length of MSU = 7 o c t e t s ( 6 o c t e t s + 1 f l ag)

(ii) Variable length is calculated as the average
length of the following messages :

Message Octets

IAM 29
SAM 21
ACM 17
ANM 15
REL 19
RLC 15
CPC 16
CON 17

Total 147 Aver age 20 octets

iii) Length of one FISU = 6 octets (5 octets + 1 flag)

iv) Average length of one SU in octets = (20+7)*0.2 + 6*0.8

(Assuming link occupancy of 20%)
- 80 bits

5. Lowest BER tolerable :

a) Lowest BER tolerable = 1/256*80 = 5 x 10 - 5

when MSUs and FISUs transmitted

b) Lowest BER tolerable = 1/256*6*8 = 8 x 10-5

when FISUs are transmitted (No traffic)

49
 6 In case of 64 cons ecut i ve s i gna l uni t s r ec ei ved in er r or :

BER = 64/64x80 = 1.25 x 10-2

In t his cas e li nk' is decl ar ed fault y aft er 64 SU (80 ms )

7 The following taple shows the time taken for

initiating a changeover for different signal unit error
rates.

Signal unit error BER Time for changeover

RATE (N/256) N 64 X 256 X 80
------------ ------------------- sec.
‘N’ 256 X 80 (N-1) X 64000
1 5X10E-5 Infinity
2 1X10E-4 20 sec.
10 5X10E-4 2.3 sec.
21 1X10E-3 1024 msec.
64 3X10E-3 320 msec.
256 1.2X10E-2 80 msec.

The above table gives an idea about the BER r e q ui r e m e n t

of t h e signalling link. The first and the last entry
c o r r e s p o n d t o p o i n t 5 (a) and 6 of this Appendix .

As long as the BER does n ot fall below 5 x 1 0 E - 5

the signalling link is likely to remain stable. It may be
noted that the l o w e s t B E R t o l e r a bl e w o u l d b e 8x10E-5, when
only FISUs are t r a n s m i t t e d ( N o t r a f f i c ) .

A BER of lx10E -3 persisting for about a second will

r e s u l t i n change - over. T his cor r es ponds t o an S E S

7. Error performance objective for India

a) SES (Severely Errored Seconds ) for High grade circuit :

SES for M/W SES for Optic Fibre

Performance objective 0.0054% 0.004%

24 X 60 X 60 X 0.004
SES in 24 Hrs. = ----------------------------- = 4
(optics Fiber) 100

50
 24 x 60 x 60 x 0.0054
SES in 24 hrs = ---------------------------------- = 5
(M/W) 100

Change-over of signalling link may occur during these Severely

errored Seconds.

b) SES for Medium grade circuits

SES for M/W SES for Optic Fibre

Performance objective 0.004% 0.015%

24 X 60 X 60 X 0.015
SES for O/F in 24 Hrs. = ----------------------------- = 13
100

24 X 60 X 60 X 0.04
SES for M/W in 24 Hrs. = ----------------------------- = 35
100

C h a n g e - o v e r of s i g nal l i n g link may o c c ur dur i n g t h e s e S e v e r e l y

E rr or ed S e con ds .

***********************

51