High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
u HSDPA Background & Basics

u Principles: Adaptive Modulation, Coding, HARQ
u Channels/ UTRAN Architecture
u Principles: Fast scheduling, Mobility
u Performance Results
Motivation (as of 2000)
GSM/GPRS No Multimedia, Limited QOS

Voice, low speed packet data
Medium rate Packet data Theoretical 2 Mbps but ~384 kbps

UMTS Rel. 99 subjected to practical constraints
u As the UMTS networks are rolled out, the demand for high
bandwidth services is expected to grow rapidly.
u By 2010, 66% of the revenues will come from data services
(source: UMTS forum).
u Release 99/4 systems alone will not be capable to meet these
demands. (Realistic outdoor data rates will be limited to
384kbps).
u A more spectral efficient way of using DL resources is required.
u Competition with CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO/DV
Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 2

HSDPA Background
u Initial goals
u Establish a more spectral efficient way of using DL resources providing
data rates beyond 2 Mbps, (up to a maximum theoretical limit of
14.4 Mbps)
u Optimize interactive & background packet data traffic, support streaming
service
u Design for low mobility environment, but not restricted
u Techniques compatible with advanced multi-antenna and receivers
u Standardization started in June 2000

u Broad forum of companies
u Major feature of Release 5
u Enhancements in R7 à HSPA+
u Advanced transmission to increase data throughput
u Signaling enhancements to save resources

HSDPA Basics
u Evolution from R99/ R4
u 5MHz BW
u Same spreading by OVSF and scrambling codes
u Turbo coding
u New concepts in R5
u Adaptive modulation (QPSK vs. 16QAM), coding and multicodes
(fixed SF = 16)
u Fast scheduling in NodeB (TTI = 2ms)
u Hybrid ARQ
u Enhancements in R7 à HSPA+
u Signaling enhancements
u 64QAM
u MIMO techniques, increase of the bandwidth

HSDPA Techniques
u Adaptive modulation and coding
(AMC)
u Modulation can be switched
between QPSK and 16QAM
u Adaptation of FEC coding rate
u Fast feedback from UE about

channel quality (CQI)
u Hybrid ARQ
u Fast retransmission in MAC-
layer (S&W protocol)
u Retransmitted packets
combined with original ones
u Adaptive redundancy
u Fast scheduling
u Allocate resources to users
with good channel quality
® Multi-user diversity gain

HS-DSCH Principle I
u Channelization codes at a fixed spreading factor of SF = 16
u Up to 15 codes in parallel
SF=2
SF=4
SF=8
C16,15 C16,0
SF=16
Physical channels (codes) to which HS-DSCH is mapped CPICH, etc.
u OVSF channelization code tree allocated by CRNC

u HSDPA codes autonomously managed by NodeB MAC-hs scheduler
u Example: 12 consecutive codes reserved for HS-DSCH, starting at C16,4

u Additionally, HS-SCCH codes with SF = 128 (number equal to simult. UE)

HS-DSCH Principle II
u Resource sharing in code as well as time domain:

u Multi-code transmission, UE is assigned to multiple codes in the same TTI
u Multiple UEs may be assigned channelization codes in the same TTI
Code
Time (per TTI)
Data to UE #1 Data to UE #2 Data to UE #3 not used
u Example: 5 codes are reserved for HSDPA, 1 or 2 UEs are active within
one TTI

UMTS Channels with HSDPA
Cell 1 Cell 2
= Serving
HS-DSCH cell
UE
Rel-5 HS-DSCH R99 DCH (in SHO)

§ DL PS service u UL/DL signalling (DCCH)
u UL PS service
§ (Rel-6: DL DCCH) u UL/DL CS voice/ data

HSDPA Channels
u HS-PDSCH
u Carries the data traffic
u Fixed SF = 16; up to 15 parallel channels
u QPSK: 480 kbps/code, 16QAM: 960 kbps/code
u HS-SCCH
u Signals the configuration to be used next: HS-PDSCH codes, modulation
format, TB information
u Fixed SF = 128
u Sent two slots (~1.3msec) in advance of HS-PDSCH
u HS-DPCCH
u Feedbacks ACK/NACK and channel quality indicator (CQI)
u Fixed SF = 256, code multiplexed to UL DPCCH
u Feedback sent ~5msec after received data

Timing Relations (DL)
Tslot (2560 chips)
Downlink DPCH
3 ´ Tslot (2 msec)
HS-SCCH ch. code & mod TB size & HARQ Info
HS-DSCH TTI = 3 ´ Tslot (2 msec)
HS-PDSCH DATA
tHS-DSCH-control = 2 ´ Tslot
u NodeB Tx view
u Fixed time offset between the HS-SCCH information and the start of the
corresponding HS-DSCH TTI: tHS-DSCH-control (2 ´ Tslot= 1.33msec)
u HS-DSCH and associated DL DPCH not time-aligned

Timing Relations (UL)
Tslot (0.67 ms)
Uplink DPCCH
3 ´ Tslot (2ms)
HS-PDSCH DATA
0-255 chips
tUEP = 7.5 ´ Tslot (5ms)
HS-DPCCH CQI A/N CQI A/N CQI A/N CQI A/N
m ´ 256 chips
u UE Rx view
u Alignment to m ´ 256 to preserve orthogonality to UL DPCCH
u HS-PDSCH and associated UL DPCH not time-aligned
(but “quasi synch”)

HSDPA Architecture
Evolution from R99/R4 SRNC RRC PDCP
• HSDPA functionality is RLC

intended for transport of DCCH
Logical Channels
dedicated logical channels DTCH BCCH
• Takes into account the MAC-d

impact on R.99 networks
DCH
CRNC
w/o MAC-c/sh
Upper phy
HSDPA in R5
• Additions in RRC to handle MAC-c/sh
HSDPA
• RLC nearly unchanged
(UM & AM) NodeB
MAC-hs MAC-b
• Modified MAC-d with link to
MAC-hs entity Transport Channels HS-DSCH
DSCH
FACH BCH
• New MAC-hs entity located

in the Node B

MAC-hs in NodeB
MAC-d flows
MAC-hs Functions
MAC-hs UE #N u Priority handling
UE #2
u Flow Control
UE #1
Priority Queue u To RNC
distribution
u To UE
Priority Priority Priority u Scheduling
Queue Queue Queue MAC – Control
u Select which user/queue
to transmit
u Assign TFRC & Tx
power
u HARQ handling
Scheduling
u Service measurements
u e.g. HSDPA provided
bitrate
HS-DSCH
TFRC: Transport Format and Resource Combination

MAC-hs in UE
To MAC-d
MAC-hs Functions
MAC – Control
MAC-hs
u HARQ handling
Disassembly Disassembly
u ACK/ NACK generation
Reordering Reordering
u Reordering buffer handling
Re-ordering queue distribution u Associated to priority
queues
HARQ u Flow control per
reordering buffer
u Memory can be shared
HS-DSCH
with AM RLC
Associated Downlink Signalling Associated Uplink Signalling u Disassembly unit
HS-SCCH HS-DPCCH

Data Flow through Layer 2
Higher Layer PDU Higher Layer PDU Higher Layer
RLC SDU RLC SDU

Reassembly
… L2 RLC
Segmentation (non-transparent)
&
Concatenation RLC
header … RLC
header
MAC-d MAC-d MAC-d SDU

header
MAC-d SDU
… header
L2 MAC-d
(non-transparent)
MAC-d PDU … MAC-d PDU
MAC-hs MAC-hs SDU

header
MAC-hs SDU
… L2 MAC-hs
(non-transparent)
Transport Block (MAC-hs PDU)
CRC
…
L1

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request
u HARQ is a stop-and-wait ARQ

u Up to 8 HARQ processes per UE
u Retransmissions are done at MAC-hs layer, i.e. in the Node B

u Triggered by NACKs sent on the HS-DPCCH
u The mother code is a R = 1/3 Turbo code

u Code rate adaptation done via rate matching, i.e. by puncturing and
repeating bits of the encoded data
u Two types of retransmission
u Incremental Redundancy
u Additional parity bits are sent when decoding errors occured
u Gain due to reducing the code rate
u Chase Combining
u The same bits are retransmitted when decoding errors occured
u Gain due to maximum ratio combining
u HSDPA uses a mixture of both types

HARQ Processes
RTTHARQ
Data
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3
HS-PDSCH
ACK/NACK
1 2 3 4 5
HS-DPCCH
u HARQ is a simple stop-and-wait ARQ

u Example
u RTTmin = 5 TTI
u Synchronous retransmissions (MAC-hs decides on transmission)
u UE support up to 8 HARQ processes (configured by NodeB)
u Min. number: to support continuous reception
u Max. number: limit of HARQ soft buffer
u Number of HARQ processes configured specifically for each UE category

HSDPA UE Categories
u The specification allows some freedom to the UE vendors
u 12 different UE categories for HSDPA with different capabilities

(Rel.5)
u The UE capabilities differ in

u Max. transport block size (data rate)
u Max. number of codes per HS-DSCH
u Modulation alphabet (QPSK only)
u Inter TTI distance (no decoding of HS-DSCH in each TTI)
u Soft buffer size
u The MAC-hs scheduler needs to take these restrictions into account

HSDPA – UE Physical Layer Capabilities
HS-DSCH Maximum Minimum inter- Maximum Total number of Theoretical

Category number of TTI interval MAC-hs TB size soft channel maximum data
HS-DSCH bits rate (Mbit/s)
multi-codes
Category 1 5 3 7298 19200 1.2
Category 2 5 3 7298 28800 1.2
Category 3 5 2 7298 28800 1.8
Category 4 5 2 7298 38400 1.8
Category 5 5 1 7298 57600 3.6
Category 6 5 1 7298 67200 3.6
Category 7 10 1 14411 115200 7.2
Category 8 10 1 14411 134400 7.2
Category 9 15 1 20251 172800 10.1
Category 10 15 1 27952 172800 14.0
Category 11* 5 2 3630 14400 0.9

Category 12* 5 1 3630 28800 1.8
Note: UEs of Categories 11 and 12 support QPSK only

cf. TS 25.306

Channel Quality Indicator (CQI)
u Signalled to the Node B in UL each 2ms on HS-DPCCH
u Integer number from 0 to 30 corresponds to a Transport Format Resource

Combination (TFRC) given by
u Modulation
u Number of channelisation codes
u Transport block size
u For the given conditions the BLER for this TFRC shall not exceed 10%
u Mapping defined in TS 25.214 for each UE category

CQI – Mapping Table
Transport Number of Reference power NIR XRV

CQI value
Block Size HS-PDSCH
Modulation adjustment D u Tables specified in TS
25.214
0 N/A Out of range u For each UE category
1 137 1 QPSK 0 28800 0 u Condition:
BLER £ 10%
¼
u Example for
6 461 1 QPSK 0 UE category 10
7 650 2 QPSK 0
¼
15 3319 5 QPSK 0
16 3565 5 16-QAM 0
¼
23 9719 7 16-QAM 0
24 11418 8 16-QAM 0
25 14411 10 16-QAM 0
26 17237 12 16-QAM 0
27 21754 15 16-QAM 0
28 23370 15 16-QAM 0
29 24222 15 16-QAM 0
30 25558 15 16-QAM 0

HSDPA Fast Scheduling
3G (Rel.99) 3G with high speed feedback/scheduling

with dedicated channels on shared channels
2 TTI 2 TTI 7 TTI 1 TTI

Note: No fast channel quality feedback @1.2M @76k @614k @1.2M
64k
64k CQI
64k
CQI
CQI
C/I
C/I
C/I

HSDPA Resource Allocation
UE service metrics
QoS & Subscriber Profile
Throughput, Buffer Status
QoS: guar. bitrate, max. delay
GoS: gold/ silver/ bronze Radio resources
Power, OVSF codes
Feedback from UL UE capabilities

CQI, ACK/NACK Scheduler max. TFRC
Scheduler Output
• Scheduled Users
• TFRC: Mod., TB size, # codes, etc.
• HS-PDSCH power
• Scheduling targets
- Maximize network throughput
- Satisfy QoS/ GoS constraints
- Maintain fairness across UEs and traffic streams

Scheduling Disciplines
u Task
u Select UEs (and associated priority queues) to transmit within next TTI
u Usually this is done by means of ranking lists
u Depending on the ranking criterion it can be distinguished between three

major categories
u Round Robin: allocate each user equal amount of time
u Proportional Fair: equalise the channel rate / throughput ratio
u Max C/I: prefer the users with good channel conditions
u To provide GoS/ QoS additional inputs are to be used

u Additional scheduling weights and rate constraints based on the
requested GoS/ QoS
u This can be traded-off with channel conditions
u Special scheduling schemes are needed for providing delay critical

services, e.g. VoIP

Comparison of Schedulers
user pe rceiv ed throughput aggregate d cell throughput

100% 2500
Round Robin
average throughput [kbps]

80% Proportional Fair 2000
receiving throughput
Percentage of users
QoS aw are
60% 1500
40% 1000
20% 500
0% 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 Round Robin Proportional Fair QoS aw are
average throughput [kbps]
u Simple Round Robin doesn’t care about actual channel rate

u Proportional Fair offers higher cell throughput
u QoS aware algorithm offers significantly higher user perceived throughput than
PF with similar cell throughput

Mobility Procedures I
u HS-DSCH for a given UE belongs to only one of the radio links assigned to
the UE (serving HS-DSCH cell)
u The UE uses soft handover for the uplink, the downlink DCCH and any
simultaneous CS voice or data
u Using existing triggers and procedures for the active set update
(events 1A, 1B, 1C)
u Hard handover for the HS-DSCH, i.e.

Change of Serving HS-DSCH Cell within active set
u Using RRC procedures, which are triggered by event 1D

Mobility Procedures II
CRNC CRNC
Source HS- Target HS-

DSCH Node B DSCH Node B
MAC-hs MAC-hs
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
s t
Serving Serving
HS-DSCH HS-DSCH
radio link radio link
u Inter-Node B serving HS-DSCH cell change

u Note: MAC-hs needs to be transferred to new NodeB !

HS-DSCH Serving Cell Change
Measurement
quantity
CPICH 1 Hysteresis
CPICH 2
CPICH3
Time to
trigger
Reporting Time
event 1D
u Event 1D: change of best cell within the active set

u Hysteresis and time to trigger to avoid ping-pong
(HS-DSCH: 1…2 dB, 0.5 sec)

Handover Procedure
SRNC
UE Target Source =
HS-DSCH cell HS-DSCH cell DRNC
Serving HS-DSCH
RL Reconfiguration Prepare cell change decision
i.e. event 1D
RL Reconfiguration Ready
ALCAP Iub HS-DSCH Data Transport Bearer Setup If new NodeB
RL Reconfiguration Prepare
RL Reconfiguration Ready
Synchronous
Reconfiguration
RL Reconfiguration Commit with Tactivation
Radio Bearer Reconfiguration RL Reconfiguration Commit
Radio Bearer Reconfiguration Complete Reset MAC-

hs entity
DATA
ALCAP Iub HS-DSCH Data
Transport Bearer Release
u Example: HS-DSCH hard handover (synchronized serving cell change)

HSDPA – Managed Resources
a) OVSF Code Tree

Border adjusted by CRNC
SF=2
SF=4
SF=8
C16,15 C16,0
SF=16
Codes reserved for HS-PDSCH/ HS-SCCH Codes available for DCH/
common channels
b) Transmit Power
Border adjusted by CRNC
Tx power available for HS-PDSCH/ HS-SCCH Tx power available for DCH/

common channels
u Note: CRNC assigns resources to Node B on a cell basis

Cell and User Throughput vs. Load
u 36 cells network
Load Impact u UMTS composite channel model
2500
Mean User Throughput u FTP traffic model (2 Mbyte
Aggregated Cell Throughput download, 30 sec thinking time)
2000
Throughput [kbit/s]
1500
u The user throughput is decreased
when increasing load due to the
reduced service time
1000
500 u The cell throughput increases

with the load because overall
0
more bytes are transferred in the
4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 same time
Number of Users/ Cell

HSDPA Performance per Category
u 36 cells network
Cat 6 - Cat 8 Comparison
u UMTS composite channel model
2500 Mean User Throughput u FTP traffic model (2 Mbyte
Peak User Throughput
Aggregated Cell Throughput download, 30 sec thinking time)
2000
u Higher category offers higher

throughput (kbps)
1500
max. throughput limit
u Cat.6: 3.6 MBit/sec
u Cat.8: 7.2 MBit/sec

1000
500
u Max. user perceived performance
increased at low loading
0
Cat 6/ 10 users Cat 8/ 10 users Cat 6/ 20 users Cat 8/ 20 users u Cell performance slightly better

Impact from Higher Layers
u Maximum MAC-hs throughput is

Higher Layer Impact
determined by the MAC-d PDU
14000 size and the max. number of
Max. RLC Throughput, RTT = 120msec
12000
MAC-d PDUs, which fit into the
Max. RLC Throughput, RTT = 80msec
max. MAC-hs PDU
Throughput [kbit/s]
10000 Max. MAC-hs Throughput
8000
u Maximum RLC throughput is
further limited by
6000 u The RLC window size, which
is limited to 2047 PDUs
4000
u Round-trip time RTT
2000
0
Cat.6 – 336bit Cat.8 – 336bit Cat.8 – 656bit Cat.10 – 336bit Cat.10 – 656bit

Coverage Prediction with HSDPA
u Example Scenario
u 15 users/cell
u Pedestrian A channel
model
u Plot generated with field
prediction tool
HSDPA Throughput
depends on location

HSDPA References
u Papers:
u Arnab Das et al: “Evolution of UMTS Toward High-Speed Downlink Packet
Access,” Bell Labs Technical Journal, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 47 – 68, June
2003
u A. Toskala et al: “High-speed Downlink Packet Access,” Chapter 12 in
Holma/ Toskala: WCDMA for UMTS, Wiley 2010
u T. Kolding et al: “High Speed Downlink Packet Access: WCDMA
Evolution,” IEEE Veh. Techn. Society News, pp. 4 – 10, February 2003
u H. Holma/ A. Toskala (Ed.): “HSDPA/ HSUPA for UMTS,” Wiley 2006
u Standards
u TS 25.xxx series: RAN Aspects
u TR 25.858 “HSDPA PHY Aspects”
u TR 25.308 “HSDPA: UTRAN Overall Description (Stage 2)”
u TR 25.877 “Iub/Iur protocol aspects”

Abbreviations
ACK (positive) Acknowledgement IE Information Element

ALCAP Access Link Control Application MAC-d dedicated Medium Access Control
Protocol MAC-hs high-speed Medium Access Control
AM Acknowledged (RLC) Mode Mux Multiplexing
AMC Adaptive Modulation & Coding NACK Negative Acknowledgement
CAC Call Admission Control NBAP NodeB Application Part
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access OVSF Orthogonal Variable SF (code)
CQI Channel Quality Indicator PDU Protocol Data Unit
DBC Dynamic Bearer Control PHY Physical Layer
DCH Dedicated Channel QoS Quality of Service
DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
FDD Frequency Division Duplex RB Radio Bearer
FEC Forward Error Correction RL Radio Link
FIFO First In First Out RLC Radio Link Control
GoS Grade of Service RRC Radio Resource Control
HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request RRM Radio Resource Management
H-RNTI HSDPA Radio Network Temporary SDU Service Data Unit
Identifier SF Spreading Factor
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access TB Transport Block
HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical Control TFRC Transport Format & Resource
Channel Combination
HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared Channel TFRI TFRC Indicator
HS-PDSCH High Speed Physical Downlink Shared TTI Transmission Time Interval
Channel
UM Unacknowledged (RLC) Mode
HS-SCCH High Speed Signaling Control Channel
16QAM 16 (state) Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

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High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)

u HSDPA Background & Basics

GSM/GPRS No Multimedia, Limited QOS

Medium rate Packet data Theoretical 2 Mbps but ~384 kbps

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 2

u Techniques compatible with advanced multi-antenna and receivers

u Standardization started in June 2000

u Major feature of Release 5

u Signaling enhancements to save resources

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 3

u Same spreading by OVSF and scrambling codes

u MIMO techniques, increase of the bandwidth

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 4

u Fast feedback from UE about

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 5

u OVSF channelization code tree allocated by CRNC

u Example: 12 consecutive codes reserved for HS-DSCH, starting at C16,4

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 6

u Resource sharing in code as well as time domain:

Time (per TTI)

Data to UE #1 Data to UE #2 Data to UE #3 not used

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 7

Rel-5 HS-DSCH R99 DCH (in SHO)

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 8

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 9

Tslot (2560 chips)

HS-SCCH ch. code & mod TB size & HARQ Info

HS-DSCH TTI = 3 ´ Tslot (2 msec)

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 10

Tslot (0.67 ms)

HS-DPCCH CQI A/N CQI A/N CQI A/N CQI A/N

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 11

Evolution from R99/R4 SRNC RRC PDCP

• HSDPA functionality is RLC

• Takes into account the MAC-d

• New MAC-hs entity located

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 12

TFRC: Transport Format and Resource Combination

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 13

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 14

Higher Layer PDU Higher Layer PDU Higher Layer

RLC SDU RLC SDU

MAC-d MAC-d MAC-d SDU

MAC-hs MAC-hs SDU

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 15

u HARQ is a stop-and-wait ARQ

u Retransmissions are done at MAC-hs layer, i.e. in the Node B

u The mother code is a R = 1/3 Turbo code

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 16

u HARQ is a simple stop-and-wait ARQ

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 17

u The specification allows some freedom to the UE vendors

u 12 different UE categories for HSDPA with different capabilities

u The UE capabilities differ in

u Max. number of codes per HS-DSCH

u Modulation alphabet (QPSK only)

u Inter TTI distance (no decoding of HS-DSCH in each TTI)

u Soft buffer size

u The MAC-hs scheduler needs to take these restrictions into account

Cellular Communication Networks Andreas Mitschele-Thiel, Jens Mueckenheim Nov. 2014 18

HS-DSCH Maximum Minimum inter- Maximum Total number of Theoretical

Category 2 5 3 7298 28800 1.2

Category 3 5 2 7298 28800 1.8