Solution Manual for B.P. Lathi LINEAR SYSTEMS AND SIGNALSChapter 1 ee 1.4-1 From Newton's law web [some 43.2.2 If /(t) and y(t) ave the inpat and output, rxpectively, of an ideal integrator, then i= 00) and seers [ rove= yo) + [noe 112-1 Only (b) and (f) ase lincas. All the remaining are aonlinens, This can be verifed by asing the procedue discussed in Example 2. 1.2:1 The loop equation for the citcut in an) + Dutt) =F) oF (D+3)n(9 = 10) o Alo Dult) = nl) =n) = ZnO) @ Substitution of (2) in (0) yields Prd yess) ce (D42nl)= DMO) o 13-2 The currents in the resistor, eapacitor and inductor are 2y:(t), Dyo(t) and (2/D)ra(t, respectively. Therefore (o424 Bint) = 10) (0420+ 2)n(t) = DIC) w Alea nl = Dw) or w(t) = 5ml) @ Sswbatitatng of (2) in (1) yields DP+2D+2, Patra ve) (P+2D+2)n(6) = D4) i 113-8 The fecbody dingram for the mass M is shown in Fig. S1.-3. From this diagram it follows that Mj = BU - 9) + K(e—9) (MD? + BD + K)y(t) = (BD + K)=(8) 1Bue Kor”? Fig. S133 (a(t) -ao(g}ar= aan ‘ ig) = Flas) ~ wl) But eo(0) = RAW) Difleeatiation of (2) yields (= RO = ad R (03) (D+aett= ant ad alt= subetitating this in (2) yields ae) 15 The loop equation forthe ld cil it me me (hy + Rid = 0) ICT) isthe torque generated, then Ti) = K,i,(t) = (0? + BD) svbtiatng (1) i (2) vind pita M0 = 0? + BOM) (00? + BD\ DL, + RM) = KK) 14-1 ‘The loop equation forthe network in Fig. Piet are (5+ §) nto-snt = 10 SHB -2 [nto] _ 70) veavoimaee 7 Ee oeelloal“[* ‘Application ofthe Cramer's rule yields w nid) = Ps) and wl) = epee (S0" 48D 46)n(1)=DD+3)F() and (SD? 8D + O)ne¢) = D400) 2 aw @ e w a a a142 asa Ler “The loop equations for this network are @ They are expressed in mats form as sg Lee -¥ Gri+pllaol” | o ‘Apnlcation ofthe Cramer's ral yields 3420436 w= sora) 4 n= pe (D+ 40+ 40)n(0) = YD? +2D436 71 and (DEAD + 40)n(0) = FO) (D43)n(2)= (D410 = 1) “(D+ 1)nl) + (D424 Fyn =0 D+s D4 | [ney]. [10 -biey wre) [me] [0 Cramer's ue yells (D 4204) = HOAs NM) aad (WP 420-4 1IM(H) = FLO? + DO. ‘The capacitor curtent Cis = fis is #1 ~ #2. Therefore 1 = 22 ‘The two loop equations are dite tea feted e west bites ete betes tte e ‘Equations (1), (2) and (8) are the state equations For the 29 resistor: carcent in #1, voltage it 21 For the 1H inductor: curren in 21, voltage ia £1 = f(t) ~ 221 —#3- For the capacitor: current is #3 ~ P2, voltage ists For the PH inductor, cerzent is 2, voltage is bin = —2a +, For the 19 resistor: curreat is z2 and voltage is #3 A treiastant {21 25,321, 29 =2and f = 10, Subetituting these values in the above results yields ‘2 resiator: carrent SA, voltage JOA. 43H capacitor: current SA, voltage 10 ~ 10 —2 = -2V. ‘The capacitor. current 5—1= 4A, woltage 2V. ‘The 4H inductor: current 1A, voltage -1 +2 = 1V. ‘The 10 resistor: carrent 1A, voltage 1V.Chapter 2 ear 22-1 The characteristic polynomial i 47 +54++6. The characteristic equation is 1? +5A+6 = 0, Also X* +54+6 (15 2)0°43), Theres the characte oot are My = ~2 and 2a = ~3, Th chraceritie mods ae € tnd e™, Therefore w(t) =e Heae™ and inl) = tae = Sexe" Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting intial conditions yo(0) = 2, o(0) = 1 ia this equation yields atee?y_, ass wta = 3692-1 ° Therefore s(t) = 807% =e 2.2-2 The characteristic polynomial is 1? 4444 4. The characteristic equation is 4? 444-44 = 0, Also A? +414 ao that the characteristic roote are ~2 and ~7 (repeated twice). The characteristic modes ars e“™" and ‘Therefore salt) = ere" ente oll) = Bese — Bate tere Setsing t= 0 and aubstitating initial conditions yields aaa ae 42 tate, oat Therefore welt) = (042) 22:8. The characteristic polynomial is (+1) = 2°-+2. The characteristic equation is A(A+1) = 0, The chasscteristic roots ate O and =I. The characteristic modes are 1 and e'. Therefore wit) sa tee and inl) = ae Setting 1 = 0, and subestatng initial conditions yields leate ae? iT}. oth ‘Therefore w(t) =2- 2.24 ‘The characterntc polynomial is +9, The characteristic equation is? 49 = 0 oF (2 +33)(A~ 33) =0. The characteristic roots are 33. The characteristic modes are e" and e~?™*, Therefore w(t) = coonlat +8) and in(t) = ~Senin(at +8) Selting ¢ = 0, and substitting initial condition yields once? \_. ‘ x/2 ‘Thesefore228 226 227 21 232 w(t) = 2eoe(at ~ Z) = Daina ‘The characteristic polynomial is X74 4A-+13. The characteritic equation is 1? +4413 2-453) = 0. The characteristic roots are ~2 33. The characteristic modes are ¢1¢ “Therefore oF (A +2-23)0+ 2 aad cael elt) = ce" eon 3+ 8) and Slt) = Dee cant +6) ~ See nin(at +0) Setting t= 0, and substituting intial conditions yields contes | _, onio J ictab o ‘Theretore n(t) = 1067 coe( se 9) i “The characteristic polynomial i 27+ 1) of A842. The characteratic equation e X14 1) = 0, The horacteratie rots are 6, and ~1 (Oi repeated twice). Therefore Ea w(t) Sa batt ae” inl!) =e int) = ee" Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields “Therefore s(t) = 54 2t— ‘The characteristic polynomial is (A-+1)(2? +54+ 6). The characteriatic equation i (A+ 1)(3? +52 +8) (0b 1) 2)0.4 3) 50. The characteraic roots ate —1, ~2 and 3. The characteristic modes are ¢ and e~*. Therefore oor w(t) sae tae t+ ee and = tone — dese" tee +800 elt) = 0 felt) =e Setting t = 0, and substitting inital conditions yields leatate | 8 alena—2a-ta p= a Sacto +90 aes ‘Therefore pelt) = Gert = Te + 30 Using the fact that (2)6(2) = f(0)(=), we have (a) 0 (b) $64) Ce) $8(H) (4) —H6CE~2) (0) sAp hl +9) He) (wee Lt Hopital ole) In thete problema remembcr that impulse 6() ie leated at «= 0, Thus, as impulse 6(¢~r) is ocated at r= and #0 08 (G) The impulse is located at r= t and f(r) abr = tis f(t) Therefore [Cree nara so (0) The impute) eat 7 O and f(t) a r= Oia f(D. Therefore 5aad 238 236 231 [aore-ne=s0 Using silar arguments, we obtain 1 @o (ee (CS I) M-F Changing the variable to —2, we obtain L [Ceosna= [7 xon-ne= oo dtcantayde =f” H-aisle)ee = 40) [Ceon-ne= ‘Thin shows that ‘Therefore 50) = 6-8) Letsing at we obtain (for a > 0) J owenern [7 a8 Similarly for «<0, we ahow that thin integral in ~4(0)- Therefore (ote 240) £ ‘H(8)8(a8) dt = eo * i o(t)(t) at Therefore Han) = ee) @ [boa oe [sone [aonas 4) ‘The characteristic equation it A? 44X43 = (24 1)(A+3) = 0. The characterinic modes are e~' and e-* ‘Therefore wo(t) =e in(t) = ene = tae Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting ¥(0) = 0, i(0) = 1, we obtain 1 orate asa ale 2 2 ‘Taerefore wl) = Het) A(e) = [P(DywotI}o(t) = [(D + S)v( 8) (6) = fot) + Seo }a() = (26 — YH) ‘The characteristic equation a 0? + 5A46= (A +42)(A43)=0. and welt) =e te elt) = 2e1e-* = Bee Setting t= 0, and subtitating 9(0) = 0, (0) =1, we obtain228 230 2310 I= 2a -34, ‘Therefore w(t) and [PCD) ve )}e(0 = bil) + Tho t) + Lav tI}a(t) = (M+ CO Hence (A) = bad) + [P(D)as( u(t) = 6(0) + (6 + elt) ‘The characteratic equation is +1 =0 and w(t) = ee" In this case the inital condition is x2~(0) = yo(0) = 1. Setting # = 0, and using yo(0) = 1, we obssin c= 1 and wi P(D)ye( 8) = (~do(®) + vl t)]a(t) = 2e*a(t) Heace ‘(t) = buble) + [PCD}vn(t}a(e) = ~6(t) + 260) (a) The characteristic equation is 3? 45246 = (0+2)(A+43) = 0. Therefore Therefore in(O) = 207" 430% aad a) = [P(D)po (elo) = Lilt) + 290(D() = a(t) (b) The characteristic equation is A+3= 0. Therefore w(t) = Setting t= 0, and substiteting jo(0) = 1 [see Ba. (242), we obtain © = 1, and (a) = [PD)vo( at) = welale) = (8) ‘The characteristic equation is 2? 4 6A 4.9 = (A+ 3)? =0. Therefore w(t) = (6 Feat" alt) = Sl tat) +a) Setting t= 0, and substituting yo(0) = 1, io(0) = 1, we obtain ay cheyatene ss a w(t) = te 1Hence Ae) = [P(D)wti}o(t) = (aint) + 9p0(0D] ule) = (2-4 3800) ‘sit The characteristic equation ip 37410434 = (A+ 5— j2)(A +543) = 0. Therefore a(t) = ce" con(3t +8) felt) = —Soe“" con(at +4) —See™*xin(3¢+ 8) ‘Setting ¢ = 0, and substitating (0) = 0, o(0) = 1, we obtain iDeeecicael cs ‘Therefore w(t)= and a= oy) = + Ae = cnt + fainage ae) = Serene e838) 2-12 The characteratc equation i (A-+1)(A-+2)(A 4) = 0. Therefore eet at Sexe 480 ‘Setting €= 0, and substituting yo(0) = fo(0) = 0, fo(0) = 2, we obtain veatata Onn 2ada pee ant lee ttes $800 ‘Therefore 242 (i) yesna [seme-nirs [[arai[ ne wuze we ree Peta u(t) o a(t) = tu)(Gi) Becanae both functions aze causal etal) eet) and a(t) 4 eal) = teat) (Git) Because both functions are causal u(t) 0(0) = [ yale ar ‘The cange of integration in 0 Sr $ . Therefore 7 > 0 and r—t> 0-0 that u(r) = e(r—4) = 1 aed wien [ref ae ta(t) outs) = HP00 aamneann (f'sereinae-nes) s(t) = 1 (see explanation in solotion 2.42) satatpeut)= (['anrar) a9 = 0 -enot (i) Similarly sateen (fomrts) ey eaet 244 In this problem, we ase Table 2.1 to find the desired convolution. (a) vt) = A(t) # $0) = eMC) 9 4(8) = (= Ia) {b) v6) = Me) #2) = efa(t) «eal t) = tea) fe) we) =e =e alt) (2) ¥(¢) = sin Bia(0) hat) ‘Here we use pair 12 (Table 2.1) with a = 0, 8 =3, @-=—00° and A=—t. This yields oot ana sindtu(t)ee tal = “= 8.486¢~* — con 3+ (eet IE a 245 (3) a(t) = (26-2 =e )ut) out) = 2e*alt) elt) — fa(n— en) _ da e™™ = pa-Ee] ie 3) a0)@ a(t) ae) | (0) (0) = 26 Malt) eat) — Ef i ( = (eu) © Ho) = 2 eal we Mal) 2 Mo) PHL — MID LD bs eS ie | a) alee 20 nae 1 = 28)e-u(t w(t) = eat) w(t) ~ 2te ale) # HCO) = | a(t) = teMu(t) DAT (a) For y(t) = Ae-™ coustult)s w(t), We ue pair 12 with o-= 2, #3, #0, 2= 0, Therefore bese [3] = sear voms[™ 56.31") — e483] uy = loses et anor estar a0 (b) For y(t) = 40 con tule) « e“fu(t), we ase pair 12 with o = 2, 8= 2 0,and A= -1. Therefore pane [3] = rae aa ons [eneuseae =z uy = sg latte cater 6) Spas wafer= yet anaes x0 BAS (0) vt) = ee) eal = (t= a egy eat, and a) =e [eat 4M] =ACet —eMHLO (eyelet) = e-4e-¥Dt-3) Now from the rnin pat (a ad the hilt propery ofthe ceaolton (Ea. (2.83) a(t) set [eM ale) — CA] oft) (2) f(d)= s(t) ut 1), Now y(t) the system rexponse to w@) i given by alt) =e) om = 0-0) “The system response to w(t —1) it y(t) becanse of timeinvariance property. Therefore the reepoase y(t) to §{8) = u(t) — w(t—1) a given by v(t) = nl) nlt=1) = 0 10‘The response is shown in Fig $2.48. 248 H(0) = [-8(0) + 26e(0] veal) 2410 aren Fig 52410 shows hy ad) (he et ol he conrltin) he * — ars a t= T cued ew Fee) ol t ts 24-11 Fort < 2x (see Fig. 82-411) o(t) = 110) a(t For # 2, the ares of one cycle is sero and unFig S241 fe og(=0 122e and <0 2ae12 For 0S ¢S 2x (eee Fig. 824124) Noeut)= [enrtrmt—ont— ostsie For 2r <1 < 4x (Fig: 824126) sinrdrmcet-1 0 2eStS4r For t> 4x (also for <0), f(t)s () = 0. Figure $2.4-12¢ shows c(t). J) 96) t72T 4 att e ant ©) pig sane aes (@) eee ae dom fan ostsos aye favre aza-9 ossegn d= [" apirn amiss) -0sstse dino 121 or t<-08 » don [anim anny osesi dye [ apern Best) -18¢80 imo tor 2a © j= [aes on a asf dretee -12t2-4 2Ie rset” Yh De 2 * C2 @ £ \ t= rn a) or ra ead YY (4) 7 ty tzo | “Qe e ~ Fig. $2413 13dyno 1st @ coe [renee nose 120 2 [rear eraser 2a ages @) am fo" pigeons est com fU gpeemet| 27 2 wo doe [ota ostsa Taree et 428 a= no tg0 (q) This probiess is mote conveniently selved by inverting f(t) rather than fs(4) a= [“e-oed ze a= duo fer t20 Niece) = rade iF) ODI @) A= Om don fi temtare a= | ei [\ frereie a= ff owe ay=0 ts. 2-14 An cement of length Be at point aZir has a charge {(ndir)Ar (Fig. $24-14). The elecsic feld due to thie aout abe sacar “Te oa ld it the charge long he aie gto Be Be, Attar # [pots “ are fete] ests oy oRtR A xen) 1212-2TOTaTATR TPR TATA ATA] SABEEEReOO Mig 92.51 24-18 The aysiem response to w(t) ia g(t) and the response to step a(t 1) is s(t~ 1). The inpat {(#) ia made up of step componeats, The step component at r has a height Af which can be expressed as ap= Share fener ‘The step component at mAr has a height /(wAr)&r and it can be expromed as [f(adr)Orja(t— nr). Ite response y(t) is x(t) = i(narydrig(t-n0r) ‘The total reaponse due to all component in 16) fim, 3 Madrist-aanar = [tern nerm toner ‘2A-16 Indicating the yat and corresponding response graphically by an arrow, we have 4) — vt) Kt—T)—alt-T) (by Tnnniarsiance) 1 - 10-T)— O-Ht=T) (by Himeasity) ‘Therefore BH - 16-7) — fy FH -- ‘The let haad side ia f(t) andthe ight-hand sein). Therefore fo Next we recone that ; noeuge [ remenerm f sorer o “Tia lows from the fac that a(t r) = 1 becuse 0.5 7S Now the rngons to ff f(r) be (0+ (0) Mt) = LH = Me} 0) = 9 60) Bat a shown in Ea (1) x(0) +0) in ff v(r) dr. Therefore the respomoe to input {5 f(r) dria J, ule) 2.5: The figne shows jsf] and fs{—m] tapes. To had gf], we maltply the sample rae a the ajuceat los, ad Slthe prodoctn and aahiply it by 7. This yn yoiet (Jasesns+ tas) =ersasr a ccmsasSicy wad ft] (be pour ot 1) we hea, in| ar roe de and pms ‘procedure oa ilar (Jas saans Las) osnsr moses ‘To obtain gfe], wv Hightahif fm] tape by ¥ slots and repeat the procedure. For negative 1, the tape is letvebiied by r dots, Using this procedare, we obtain g(i] = @ for b < ~6 and h > 1, which corresponds to (rg 0.6 and ¢2 11, Similny, we Sad gt] = SABT = 0-5AB foe km 1, 2, 3, and 4, rfl] = OATSAB for k= 0 And 6, Yl] = O025AB for ba 6 and 10(C = ~048, and 1). Figure 52.51 shows the responce v(t). 25:2 We follow the peocedare ia Prob. 25-1. We obtain g{0] = 9SABT = 0.9648, and iti] = 9ABT = 0.948 (corvepoading tot = 20.1), ai) = O2SABT m 0.625AB (corrnponding to ¢ = 1). Similarly We obtain Sfej= 0 for [> 11 which corrrponds to [i 1.1. Figure $2.52 shows the plot of]. Me 252 ob Using the procedure in Prob. 25-1, we fad g(0] © 307 = 3. Figure $2.5: shows the plot of y(t], Obeerve that id] = 0 for tS Al which corrpponds to 1 $ —4.1. -20 -10 ° 10 20 a + we Fig. 9253 201 @) Pease asaase ' Both roots are in LHP. The system ia aeymptotically stable. (b) AQ? + 3.42) = 41)042) Roots are asin and nome in REP. The system ia marginally stable. ©) 20842) 20+ iV ‘Roots are 0 (repented twice) and 3/2. Mablple roous on imaginary aia. The eywtem ia unstable. (2) 40'- 048) =A400-1A-3) Roots are —1, 1 and §. Two nts in REP. The aytem is uaetable, 202 @) Q4)Q742045? @Q4nAs1- 7041427 Roota =I, —1-4j2 (ropoated tien) azv al ia LHP. The eyetem in arrmptoticaly table () G40" +9) 2 04004s90- 3) Roots are —1, 3. Tio (eimpla) root on imaginary axis, nome in REP. The ayotem ia marginally stable © O+G +02 OFA +O aP Rota are =I asd trie. Malkipla root sie, The stam is unstable, (a) O24 1908 + a +9) = 4 19 — FI + 52K = 3290+ JHA = 32) ‘Tie roota are jl, 432 and 432 All mou are imple and om imaginary axis. None in REP. The system is marginally stable, 263 (a) Bocaase o(t) = ol), the charactaitic root fo Taree the imaginary azi, and the ayotem is marginally stable. 16264 2a 272 2 ‘The system ia BIBO unstable, . (4) The integral of 6() ia w(. The aystem response to 5(t) i w(t). Clearly, the system is an idea! integrator. ‘Avsume that a system exists that violates Eq, (2.8) and yet produces a bounded outpet for every bounded input. The expanse at ¢ = nay= [Moree nar Consider « bounded input f(t) such that at some instant t1 1 tae) >0 mona-{l anoee In this case Moga =7)= OO) ae w09= [mene nee ‘i te the samo ® ‘The mate of pulse communication < ye (ey Testun tthe uaa ‘time-constant (rise-time) of the system is T, = 10°*. 0" pulecr/oec, The channel cannot transmit million pulses/second. =10Hs ‘The chansel can transmit andio signal of bandwidth 16 Aifs readily. 1 Rego ‘The received palae width = (0.5-+0.3) = 0.6 ms. Each pulse tales up 0.6 ms interval. The maximam pul rate (o avoid interference between succeaive pales) ia 1 SER TES = 100 pac ee 4TH DS A+A+H) ‘The natural response is alt) = Hae + Kee (Por f= (yee w(t) = Kye + Kae +} 50) = 3 = Ake Setting ¢ = 0 and enbetituting initial conditions, we obtain orkemett Ket LB = 4K, Ke asd oe -tote &) 1) =e, v= A = EYE 120 (0) = Kio + Kae + Fe Ht) = 3K Ae = bet WwSetting t = 0, and substiteting inital conditions yids ormetat da De -3K — 4K b aad w= pet pete 120 © u(t), volt) = A(-2) = 0 w(t) = Rie + Kae it) = aK — Ge Setting # = 0, and subatitating iniil conditions yields oeKth Yi mat La 3K = 485, Keo wma RO 2d 460425 = (A+ —JH)(A +34 54) charactrintic root are —3 34 galt) = Ke conltt +) For f(0) = al, yolt) = H(0)™ fy v0 that w{t) = Ke“ cont +0) + HO) = -aKer* cal tt +8) — ARE conltt +8) K=oat = -1063 ad Hl) = 04Te™ coat 1063") 43 120 ‘28-3. Charuclerintic polypomba a 314404 4 (A42)?, The rots are ~2 repented twice. alt) = (Ki + Kathe (a) Por ft) eat), ol) = H(-3) = 20 vt) = (Ma + Kathe™™ = 26% it) = —2(Ks + Kathe + Kae +6" Seting¢ = 0, and enbtiatng inal conditions yields pemi-2 Kat wormed ot wd wi) = (+ Baye — 2 420 (b) fl) emule), volt) = H(-t)ert 0 10 = (K+ Ket (0) = ~2(K + Kat) Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields 1824 268 tek } a Bet S= 2K. + Ks Kae wa wO=e Hoe" 120 Because (A?+2A) = (A+), the characteristic roots are 0 and —2. a(t) = Ki + Kae In thin cane f(t) = lt). The inpat ite aw characteritic mode. Therefore volt) = Bt Bat go(t) eatiaed the system equation (DP Dynal) = (D+ AWD) = Hol0) + PHU) = 14 IO Subetitating J(0) = wt) and volt) Bt, we obtain osnmo41 me fat w= Ket Kae +t i) = 2k +b Setting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields Dek tks K a2 +h Ke and mata jemage 120 the antaral response y(t) is fond in Prob. 2.61 (= Ke + Kee ‘The inpat f(t) = 67" ia a characerintc mode, Therefore w(t) = pe ‘so welt) sien the system equation: (0414 sl = (D420) ) + Toll) + Naot) = HO) +240) Sabesnstng f(0) =e and got) = Ble i thin equation yiede (9pt— 6B)e7** + 16-284 + Ber + 128te me —3e* + 26 Beene me fed ‘Therefore a0) = Rie + Kae te (0) = eM Ket te Selting ¢ = 0, and substituting initial conditions yields Kat Kyat #20 #20 0Chapter 3 aat ‘Therefore wii] alt - 1) = 18) Realiaation of this equation is shown in Fig. 2.1-1 $LeI ¥CRI YLR1d Fig. $3.11 3.1.2. The net gromth rate of the native population is 23— 1.3 = 2% per year. Assuming the immigrants enter at 2 uniform rate th the year, ther birth and death rate willbe (3.3/2)% and (.3/2)%, respectively of the immigraats at the end of the year, The popalation p(t) at the begianing of the hth year is p(k ~ 1) plus the fet increase in the native population plus sé ~ 1], the immigrants entering daring (& — 1)st year plus the net increane in the immigrant population for the year (k~ 1) UR] = of — 1) + iggpia — 1) + ate — 1) + GRATE — a = 1.079fk 114+ Long = 3] He) = L0n9fe = 1} = Lowe - 1) e+] Lage = 10048) aaa ib) = afk + 79M = 1) Seen TEUS__ Tike BERTH sete TELRT Fly yley FER THOR ‘ cy MOT Ow Sept pat eal Digit Tategoniee eal gition ee Piernate realigition using « single deygrk-2} ytkt3S yred + 4 4 ss RA R Figure S14 S.i-4 At the instant k, money which is for 2 or more years is y{4— 2) Money which is for 1 year is »{ —1]—s1#-2} Hee sf8) = 0nty(h—2} +0228 — = aka += 1+ 8 a) = 22[e 3} - 0.06yfk ~2} = 118) “This cam be alternatively expromed a alt +2) Laayle + 1]- 0.069} = 08 +2) aa8 a8) = HUH) + fe = 1) + fle ah + se - a) + fe - ) ‘The realisation in shown in Fig. $3.15. Fig. S35 ‘3.46 ‘The node equation at the bth node is in +in-+is = 0, oF f= 1] ofl) of ta) olt] B z Therefore (elk — 114 oft +1)- 18D — Wil = 0 sth t)— a+ Delt + t= 11 =0 hatin fk +3] — (2+ L)olk +1] + ft] = 0 [er- (+5) 243) m= o,anasio (£-0.5)(E - 2)of4] = 0 321 vik +1] = 0.594] a Setting E = —1 and snbetitating o[-1] = 10, yields yo) = 0500) =5 Setting k= 0, and substituting 0} = 5, yi wt) = 0515) =25 Setting f= 1 in (1), and eubatitating y[l] = 25, yields 2322 324 328 vf) = 05(25) =125 we) e+ 3] = 20) + b+ @ Setting k = -1, and subutituting gf-1] = 0, f(0]= 1, vilda wolno+ier Setting k= 0, and subutivating y(0}= 2, f(t) = 2, yields gli) =-20) + b= 24 b= 1.652 Setting F = 1 in (1), and substituting fl) = ~2+ 4, fl0l = 3 viele ws -2(-24 + badd dee dae il] = 06y(k~ 1] +0.36(8 - 2) Setting # = 0, and subtiteting o(-1]= ~28,s[-2] = 0, villa 0] = 06(~25) + 0.16(0) = -15 Sesing b= 1, and vubetituting 9{-1] = 0, of0]= ~15, yekds it] = 06-18) +0.16(-28) = 12 Setting b= 2, and eubtiating y(t] = —12, g[0) = —15,yélda if] = 6(-13) +0.16(-18) = 102 “This equation ca be expresed a2 e+ 2) lk) deol + sk) Setting # = ~2, and eabutitcing g{-1} = sf=2] = 0, £0] = 100, yields af0] = ~E(0) ~ (0) + 100 = 200 2-1, and sabeitating {+1 =O, 0} = 100 #1] = 100, yk als} = (100) ~ #(0) + 100 = 15, Setting b = 0, and substituting y[0] = 100, y(1]= 75, ff2]= 100, viekds 2} = = E(18) ~ dy(200) + 100 = 75, tk +2) = —tofk-+1)— ante) + 8 +2) 49908 + 11+ 3714) Setting F = 2, and enbaisting 1} = 3, o{-2] =2, =] = 1-2] = 0, 0] =1, yields 40) = ~¥8) —2(2) +1-4+3(0) +30) = 12 Setting k= -1, and aubettating [0] = —12,x{=1] = 3, f1-11= 0, 10} = 1, £10] = 3, vide atl = -2(-12) - 28) +3430) +200) = 36 Procenting alg same lines, we obtain a2} = =3(88) ~ 26-12) +94 33) +301) = 63 aft) = =29(k — 1) - ok —2] +2918] ~ f08~ 1) Setting b= 0, and substtating g{-1) = 2, x{-2]= 3, f10}= 1, ff-t}= 0, yields 2at 332 a3 a4 a0) = 2(2) = 34201) -0 = -8 5st] = 2, f10] = 1, fU8) = 4 viele at) = -2(-8) ~ (2) +2) -1 = 1867 Setting # = 2, and subatisting y(t} = 7.867, of] = ~8, 0] = 4, 2} = $s vile i) = -27.867)- (-8) 420) - b= Setting E and substituting 9] as (E+sE 42th =o ‘The characteristic equation ia 7? +3742 (1-417 +2) = 0. Therefore ae) =a(-1)" +ex(-2)" Setting k= 1 and ~2 and substituting inital conditions yields souls i a= 2-1-9" B20 (£2 +264 1pik =0 ‘The characteristic equation in 7? +2741 = (741)? = 0. vit] = (a+ et)(-10" ‘Setting E = —1 and 2 and substituting intial conditions yields Im-atal, ant lea-te as ali] = ~(8-4 28-1)" (2-26-42) <0 ‘The characteriatic equation is 7? = 274+2-= (7-1~ 317 ~ 1451) =O “The roots are 14 j1 = Vie#""" a] = dV) cal Setting E = 1 and =2 and enbatitatng inital conditions yields +0) 1m Speml—$40)= Slee ene) Om fon $40) = fein Solution of these two simaltaneous equations yields me ali] = 20/9)" conl $4) CChaructesintic equation in 7? 427-42 (1+41~J1N(1+ 1451) = 0. The root ae =1 £31 = We42*1¢ afk = e( VI)" coo AE + 8) Setting b = 0, 1, and subetitating initial conditions yields a338 336 om cco en? 2m Vacca + ont Ak] = 26/9)" coo AE $) = 2(V3)" ain ER) ale +2} 4 4y(t] = 0 (+4918 =0 “The charactesintc equation a7? +4 = (14 52)(7~ 52) = 0. The roots ae 2 = 204i"? atl fa) con gt +8) Setting f= 0, 1, and subetitatng initial conditions yields = ccond }= ccd 2m Reconl§ +0) = ~2enind, enn ft] = Vi(ay* com Ee ~ #) o(k-+2)— 250k +1) + (4) = 0 ‘The auxiliary conditions are o(0) = 100, (M) = 0. (2-258 +)lt] <0 ‘The characteristic equation is 7? ~ 287 +1 = (7 ~0.5)(7- 2) = 0. (A) = (0.58)" + 2)" Setting k= 0 and N, and substitating (0) = 100, o(N) = 0, yields Weate [eis ae ox ai(0sy” ter(2)™ a= gee AR) = stay 20.5)" 0.8)" B= OL (E4908 = JH “The characteristic equation in 742 = 0. The characteristic rt ip 2. Ala ao 2, bo = 1. Therefore MA] = HUA] + (-2)" o ‘We need one value of Ak o determine c. This is determined by iterative solution of (+210) = 64) e+ 1] +2808) = 68) Setting k= —1, and snbutituing Mi] = é{-1] = 0, vilde Mo} =0 Setting k= 0 in Eq. (1) and using Af] = 0 yelde oab+e = cant ‘Therefore Me) = UE (2) ™342 344 “The characteratic root is ~2, bo = 0, ao = 2. Therefore aay = 2)" We need one value of h(E] to determine c. This ia done by solving iteratively Me +1) + 268] = ote +1) Setting k= —1, and aubatitating M=1] = 0, 60} = 1, yielde ao) =1 Setting f= 0 in Eq. (1) and using A[0} = 0 yields ime and a = (2) (Characteristic equation ia 7? — 6749 (73)? = 0, Also ap = 9, by = 0. Therefore Mb] = (os + hs] We need two values of Al] to determine e, and oy. This is found from iterative solution of (6 68+ 9M] = 2H) Mk +2) 6nfh +1] + 988} = ote +1) ‘Also A{=1) = A[-2] = é{=1] = 0 and 60] = 1. Setting & = ~2 in (2) yields fo} ~ 60) + o = Apso Setting k= —1 in (2) gilda a] 60) +9(0)—=1 => y= betting NO] = 0, Aft] = yields iMatwl Sct Setting k= 0 and 1 in Eq. (2) an aad fe) = $409)" (6° 68+ 28)pf4] = (22? ~ 4) f18) ‘The characteratic roots are S424, by w 0. Therefore AB) = 8) con(.9238 + Malt) We need two values of Ml] to determine ¢ and ¢. This is done by solving iteratively ‘ge =e — a) +2508 ~ 2} = 29) — as - 1] Setting hm 0 yields fo} — 6(0) + 26(0) = 20)- 4(0) =e A Setting b= 1 in (2) yilda ‘r}~ 6(2)+25(0) = 3(0)-4 => A) =8 Setting f = 0, Lin (2) and aubutteting Mo} = 2, A] = 8 yields decent 8 = Secon(0.928-+ 6) = 2.017econd — 3.967? 2% a a @ a) ®a1 362 353 34 335 Solution of these two equations yields econ =? = 2061 ion -aen} $2 “ataat and ‘Ae] = 2.061(8)"con(.9734 ~ 0.2448) o ENE = (OnE + ban EE 4 ITE) att] = ba fH] + bana fk A) +--+ bof 9) ‘When f(t} = (8), a] = Af]. Therefore A] = bad) + Banff — a) 4 so bt) (b) Here «= 2, by = 3, y= 5, by = 0, bo = 2. Therefore ‘eh = ae) ~ sete — 1] 26-3] a ah (2) oh = (BIW) (2) sw OE a) fe“ (-2)™ ld) [e}» (46TH) - (-2)" sf} yuk] » 4(~2)*s fA ah] Slee) = {fe ~ aatinte Or - Cate} snlk] = (3)**? ofa] » (2)* + 3(-8)" 618) = 9{(3)* wft] « (2)* of) + 363)" aft) + (-8)* fA = (eae 4 sere = tip (ay? — (ay = HTL ate] = (2)"taf]o 2802) = ())of] 92) = 3 2aplG)* ~ 2) + EO = HIG)" - @) +540)" sib] = ("conf - 05)ofh] 28) Rem [(9)? + (2) - 200)(2,0.8)" = VT om tans! [203] = 120100 6387 388 fh] = Syl (9)h* cole +1) ~ 2.261] - 2)" con.261)) 018) = Syl (ayh* col ge + 2) 2.301] + 0.637(2)"*"} oR) the characteriatic root ia ~2. Therefore ll] = 2)" Setting f= -1 and substituting ol-1] = 10, yields We-f me cn-20 ‘Theleore wll] = -20(-2)" kD For this ystems hf, the unit impulse response is found in Prob. 3.4-2 to be Ma] = (-2)*ot8) ‘The serosate response is 40) eae) (=P) “This ia found in Prob. 25-1 to be wtel= paler — (2) = scbr(Ee)™ + (-2)" 0] = [sro + sitet") 8) ‘otal Response = wlt]+ sb] = f-20(=2)8 + paer(o)"* + sty (-2)" lt) = seer (8 + 20)(~2)" +(e) "old ® sit] = ate = (05) = Ep ty = Gat - (0.8) ole] ” fie) = 20a) = 27 = foal From the serlt in pat (a), i follows that vit] = BRIO — (05)'*fe] = flat —(0.5)° 6A) © fit) = ole (4° afk — 2]) Note that 2°-? gk — 2] in the same as the imput 2*s{t] in part (a) delayed by 2 units. Therefore from the shift watery ofthe convaeticn, ss respone wil be the sane nein pazt (a) delayed by 2 unite, The input here i {2D fk — 2)). Therefore ate) = 4 — (05a — 2) = He ‘The equation deacribing this situation i oce Bq (2.2)] — (08)""}oft - 2] (E-oal= Ef] ye ltr= 101 ‘The initial condition y[-1] = 0. Hence there is only sero-state component. The input is 500w/t] ~ 15006(4) ‘because at f= 4, instead of depositing the arual $500, she withdraws £1000. ‘To find MH), we solve iteratively ”(E-1MA] = EST ‘Mk + 3] — AEE] = 61+ 1) Setting F = 1 and substituting Af-1] = 0,60] 1, yields ao)=a ‘Avo, the characteristic root ia and by = 0. Therefore Aft) = orf) Setting f= 0 and subatitating MO] = 1 yielde ime ‘Therefore ‘e] = (7) = 2.01)" ‘The (sero-eate) response is afk] = (1.01)" oft] » 08] = (4.01) » {S000} - 15005(4 - 4) = 500(1.01)* ft] « aft} - 1800(1.02)"*uft ~ 4) = sHpl(1.01)"** - s}o[k] - 1800(2.01)'* fk ~ = so000(1.01)"*? ~ eft] - 1800(1.01)"~*eft ~ 4] “This problem is identical to the asvings account problem with negative initial deposit (loan), If M isthe inital Joan, then y(0] = —M. If yt] ia the loan balance, then [eee Eq. (3.26)] alk +1}- all) = sik+ 1] ratte (£- alt = £708) “The impulae response for tha system ia found in Prob. 358 to be Me = ate) ‘The seroinput rexponse it ett = ert] Setting k= 0, and sabatitating 0) = ~M, yields em —M aad lt] = M7) ‘The sarostate response sf] is 8) = A M14) Let P be the monthly payment. The fist payment is made one moath afler receiving the loan (at E = 1). ‘Therefore the inpat fa Sit) = Patt 1) waa wih] = Ala] « Pelt — 3) = Pred] out - 1] ere we tse shit property of convolution, Bacanse att) = Paleo oft] = PL] ‘Doe shift property yields BPytelt at —1) = afk = 1] = PLSSP IE 1] ‘The total Balance in w(Al +o] pelt] + afk] = -Atytels] + PERSE - 1) For E> 1, aft] = ft = 1] =1. Therefore Loan balance = —M + PI ‘Also y= 1-41 and y— 1 7 where rin the interest rate per dollar per month. At k= NV, the loan balance is ero, Therefore nay 4 Ppt =o Pa Bee 35:10 We ae the rtalt in Prob 29. In this problem r = L018, y= L018, P= 500, M = 30000, Therefore 00 = 10000! (1.015)" = 142087 ‘a(.018) = In(2.42887) Wm Sat = 25.986 Hence N = 73 paymente are uended. The residual balance (remainder) at the 23rd payment in sfas] = ~s0000(1.018)" + s00(0S3yi7=) = 4712 Rr 0. fre és al gros at faTz [2] Je] ~~~ vee TaleT a] Tel] yrite2 c@) (» Fig. $35115.811 (a) The two stripe corresponding to w[t} and wf] (after inversion) are shown in the figure $2.5-118 for no shift (k m0) and for one abit (K-= 1)- We ose that if e[t] = ut] « w(t] then eOl=1, a2, das, deed, ila, B)a6.-. diet Hence ft) ofA) = (b+ Dale] {b) The appropriate atripe for the two functions fk] — w{k ~ mm] and oft] are shown in Fig. $2.5-11b. The Soper stip corresponding to w[é] w(t] has frst m slots with value 1 and all the remaining dots have value 0 eTke lower (Inverted) stip corresponding to [k] has all lot values of 1. From this figure it faows at, a2, = 3-sclm— tem dm) = dent] Hence et] = (E+ Ipoh] - (km 1)alk ~ m] 3.8:12 From Fig. $3.5-12 we obverve that . ° 1 a 3 ‘ 5 6 we OF1+24 3444515 we]=0 bee 142434445215 2434445—14 vias ko a44gse1 pert) 5 a reo PEERY ca Ca yceysi5 1. DEERE Peter Pee: aoe YL2I5 4 k=l [ol TaTs TAT] 72 eae 34567 aon Oooo R> St-iJot5 Fig. 83512 ‘3.818 From Fig. $2.13, we observe the fllowing values for x(t: ae) ett) 0 SxS45x5=50 AU 0x0+5x4=20 a $4408 0 42 0x045x3—15 B20 $x340m 5 413 0x048x2—10 a BM Ox045x1 5 rv 18 0x040x0=0 $5 Sx0+0=0 aie 0 a ato oxo4oxo~mo ais 0 #10 OxO4Sx1=5. (Observe that giao Ss [eso and WaZ15 0Tote) “4 ° 4 ¥ Torte TT tr Tre fo] efor Trt tT fr fofo) fo T PTT Topope: k=! lofopepree el sae Por Ep foby= ke-! Fphtooope weds 6 THe Fig 53514 3.5:14 (a) From Fig. $2.5-13, we observe the following values of vt]: PEPSI EDEDEO EE Oeui es fab epee ay al () The anew inden oa fa) Thin becuse when we lay the tapas fan sh] together, he Snes cael ve tha saas. =A) 12= Ml} +o] me Apt] = 12-0 = 4 14= Aa} + A} + Ao) = 2] = 2 15 fa} + Aa} + An}-+ fo] =e fa) = 2 155= Me) + AB) +A(2}+ A] + Mo] = Ale] = 08 15.75 = MS] + b+ fa} + A) + AL} + Af] =o Als) = 0.25 Hee eH -2 1] Lass. 19. AEIe The appropriate. array and he reeuling Ope 3 are shaun i Ag. 53546 31 (@ (O} fo y= P+ 0871.6 (7-0.2)(7 +08) ‘Roots are 0.2 and 0.8. Both are inside the uat circle. The system is asymptotically table aatke O12 34 5678 91361015515 I5 <—clkt A A {2345 000 Fig $3516 Oy CPA DG? 474 (rs FI EPO EY Roots are jt, —} + fF m= et, ‘All the roots are simple and on unit circle. The system is marginally stable. © G-orb Roots are 1 (repeated twice) and =0.5. Repeated root on unit circe. The system is unstable (a) P4214 096— (74 0.8)(7412) Roots are =0.8 and =1.2. One root (1.2) is outside the the nit circle. The system is unstable, © GF - NG? #3) = (7+ NT rt I -D Roots are £1, #1. All the roots are simple and on unit circle, The aystem is marginally stable. 36-2 Assume that a system exists that violates (9.72), and yet produces bounded output for every bounded input. ‘The aystem response at k = is = Do Melt - =) wt Consider « bounded input f(t] auch that 1 if Amp>e mommin{t) i Metce In this case ‘fa ~ m= I ad alts) = J fr = 20 ‘This violates the asramption. ‘3.63 For a marginally stable aystem A{E) doesnot decay. Fo large bit is ether constant or cvciltes with constant amplitade. Clealy Swit = 0 ‘The aystem ia BIBO unstable.34 302 (E4218) = £18) "The characteristic equation is 7-+2 = 0, and the characteristic root ia ~2. Therefore s(t) = B(-2)" For fk] = e~*e[t] =e? with eet ‘Setting k-= 0, and substituting yf0] = 1 yields IsBtae = Baath and wil shakey tet) RO el + Deft — Y= tk — 1) o We solve this equation iteratively to obtain 0), Setting k= 0, and subetitating pf—1] = 0, f[-1] = 0, we get 210}+2(0)=0 = aio} =0 ‘The system equation can be expressed (E+ 2x1] = M14) ‘The characteristic root i 2. Therefore volt] = B(-2)" For f{t) = e*a[t] = Pha] with r= m4, voll = Hier" = He" ooh Therefore vill = B(-2)" + shre* B20 Sevting b= 0 and eattuting [0] = 0 yaks Ont sty me Besctr ad wil= rhea) be (29-498 + ait) = (2 438 +018) “The chaactesite equation a 7? +3742 (7+ 1)(74+2) = 0. Therefore sald] = 21(-0) + Ba(-2)* For fit) =3* volt) = to" = RSaRESY = vit) = Bi(-1)* + Ba(-2)* + (BY FEO (a) Setting b= 0, 1, and onbaitting 0] = 1 fl] 9, vide ‘The total response384 tet hte }=- 2 3a B-24+ 8. mat al} = -4-1)' + -ayh + BO)" kBO (0) Westone quton rtf fad yf and alt). We are given y{—1) = 9-2] = 1. System equation alk +2] + an + 1) 20k] = fk +2] + 371k +114 3714] Setting # = —2, we obtain 901-4901) + 20) = (8)? +3(0) +30) palo) = 4 1, we obtain Wi) + 36-4] +201) = (9) +90) +300) w= 8 Setting £ Ate ft] = Bi(-1)" + Ba(-2)" + BO)" BO ‘Setting & = 1, 2, and substituting y[0) = ~4, y{I] = 16, yields 4a Bt th } Bek 16=—B,-28 +. ma-¥ aH = (yt Bat BO" BRO Perea (tyr ao “The roote are ~1 repented twice vol] = (Bs + Baky(—1)* ‘Alo the system equation is (E* +28 + 1)yl] = (28° ~ £)/{H), and f(H] = (})*. Therefore voll HIS = HOI EO ‘The total response ikl = (B+ Ba)(-2)"- ORO Setting k = 0, 1, and substituting »(0] = 2, oft] =~, yields 2=B-% bat pltatea-at™ Bat vik] = (H+ HY OREO P= 74016 = (7-027 -08) ‘The rots are 02 and 08 salt] = B:(0.2)* + B2(0.8)" Because the input i 4 mode elt) = e029" Bat got] sateen the aster equation, cht i, solk +2} — yolk +1) + 0.168) = 18-41) u