GEOPOLITICS AND

SECURITY

Daniel Vélez
Lesson 10: Traditional threats to Global Security
School of Politics and
International Relations

SERGIO ARBOLEDA
UNIVERSITY
Last lesson
9.1. Contemporary military doctrines
9.2. Peacekeeping and military interventionism
9.3. Intelligence and counterintelligence
9.4. New weapons of the 21st century
9.5. Cyber ​wars
9.6. Spatial geostrategy
Contents
10.1. Massive destruction weapons
10.2. Terrorism
10.3. Transnational organized crime
10.4. Drug trafficking
10.5. Migration crisis
10.6. Maritime insecurity
10.1. Weapons of Mass
Destruction
The definition
of WMD
It is a weapon designed to
cause harm to many
people. It can be (FBI,
202|):
• A weapon that is
designed to cause death
or serious injury through
toxic or poisonous
chemicals;
• A weapon that contains a
biological agent or toxin;
or
• A weapon that is
designed to release
dangerous levels of
radiation or radioactivity.
International regulation

Fidler, 2004
Nuclear
Weapons

https://espace-mondial-atlas.sciencespo.fr/
Biological
and Chemical
Weapons

¿Was SARS-CoV-2 a biological

weapon created by China? http://robslink.com/SAS/democd1/weapon.htm
10.2. Terrorism
¿What is terrorism?
Terrorism:
• Is a phenomenon, a method of warfare, and a
political or ideological act.
• Which consists in the use or threat of the use
of indiscriminate physical violence.
• Towards an objective (be it an individual or a
good) selected for its symbolic importance.
• Seek media attention.
• It is political or socially motivated.
• Surprising in nature, difficult to prevent,
contain or deter.
• With the purpose of causing psychological
effects (terror, fear, anxiety) in an audience
(indirect or psychological victims).To be able to
modify the adversary's behavior. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6MNnvoD3Jg
https://www.geospatialworld.net
Objectives of Terrorism
As a political or ideological act
that seeks to modify behavior,
the transversal objectives of
terrorism can be:
• Give a symbolic message to:
• Attract or dissuade
audiences
• Show resistance.
• Undermine the legitimacy of an
authority creating widespread
anxiety in society.
What was the objective of the 11-S?
Weapons used by terrorists
In addition to using assassinations with
conventional weapons and kidnappings,
terrorism is based on the use or
potential use of unconventional weapons
and strategies, such as:
• Planes
• Suicide bombs
• Pump cars
• IED (Improvised Explosive Device)
• CBRN (chemical, biological,
radiological, or nuclear weapons)
¿Why terrorism?
Types of terrorism
There are 4 types:
• State terrorism
• Traditional terrorism
• Trasnational terrorism
• Lone wolf terrorism
The War on Terror
In the future, the war on terror is expected to
be characterized by:
• Radical decentralization: not having fixed
fields, nor hierarchical model, nor central
leader.
• The creation of autonomous cells, linked
only ideologically.
• Attacks from countries of residence,
achieving adaptability and creativity
• Strategic use of technology at the individual
level to project power (homemade bombs,
internet, etc.)Use of terror in urban, dense
and complex environments.
https://www.researchgate.net
10.3.
Transnational
organized
crime

https://africacenter.org/
Economic impact of Transnational Crime

Source: Global Finantial Integrity (2017)

Illegal Arms
Trafficking

https://illicittrade.org/illegal-arms-trafficking
 https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/human-trafficking

Human Trafficking

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I4k_DUkH-g
The Illicit Trade in Cultural Property

https://www.areion24.news
Illegal Wildlife Trade

https://www.sciencedirect.com
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vdXlZPqVSWQ
Illegal Logging and
Mining

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jpSwpGYVRL8 https://www.amazoniasocioambiental.org
10.4. Drug trafficking
The War on Drugs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJUXLqNHCaI
Expansion and complexity

Source: UN (2020)
Policy respond
10.5. Migration crisis
Migration theories

https://co.pinterest.com/pin/155585362102055280/
Refugees

Internally
displaced
people (2017)
https://www.statista.com/
Environmental Migration
European migrant crisis https://www.researchgate.net

https://reliefweb.int/map/world
Impacts of migration crisis
10.6. Maritime insecurity
Piracy and armed robbery

https://www.icc-ccs.org/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZh0B8AYxac
Illegal, Unreported,
Unregulated Fishing
 Bibliography and Resources
• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/UN_meeting_on_environment_at_General_Assembly.jpg

• UN (2020). World Drug Report 2020

• Fred Schreier: (2007). Countering Transnacional Terrorism, Military Power Review, December.

• Adam Elkus: (2007). Future War, The War On Terror After Iraq, Athena Paper, Vol. 2, N° 1

• Garzón E. El terrorismo de estado. el problema de su legitimación e ilegitimidad.

• Cuando el mundo se tambalea: nacionalismo y terrorismo. DocStory

• Terrorismo internacional. Recuperado de https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VT6UG8LDjQI

• https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Spread_of_Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction_(1998).GIF

• https://espace-mondial-atlas.sciencespo.fr/media/map-4C26-EN-large-1x.jpeg

• Fidler, D. (2004). International Law and Weapons of Mass Destruction: End of the Arms Control Approach?

• https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1758-5899.12719

• http://robslink.com/SAS/democd1/weapon.htm

• https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/9-11-terror-attack-anniversary-global-terrorism-1597985-2019-09-11

• https://iranpress.com/content/23789/syrian-forces-seize-terrorist-ammunition-weapons-homs

• https://www.geospatialworld.net/blogs/maps-of-global-terrorism/

• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Advanced-terrorist-network-structure_fig1_225935005

• https://migrationdataportal.org/themes/human-trafficking

• https://www.areion24.news/2018/10/16/antiquites-un-trafic-au-coeur-des-guerres-regionales/

• https://vietfishmagazine.com/fisheries/tough-penalty-marine-exploitation-banned-fishing-gears.html

• https://africacenter.org/spotlight/the-illicit-superhighway-transnational-organized-crime-in-africa/

• https://co.pinterest.com/pin/155585362102055280/

• https://www.statista.com/chart/22047/countries-hosting-most-refugees/

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262870408_Off-Shoring_and_Out-Sourcing_the_Borders_of_Europe_Libya_and_EU_Border_Work_in_the_Mediterranean/figures?lo=1&utm_source=google&utm_medium=organic

• https://reliefweb.int/map/world/migration-and-refugee-crisis-mediterranean-routes-dg-echo-daily-map-10012018

• https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/152453/economics/pros-and-cons-of-immigration/