Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139
DOI 10.1007/s12517-015-2240-6
ORIGINAL PAPER
Characterization of sandstone units as proven reservoirs
in the Upper Jurassic M’Rabtine formation, SE Gulf of Gabes,
Tunisia
Karima Hammami 1,2 & Mohamed Faouzi Zagrani 2,3 & Imen Hamdi Nasr 1,5 &
Hassen Ghuedifi 1,5 & Abdelhamid Ben Salem 4 & Mabrouk Bougdiri 1
Received: 25 June 2015 / Accepted: 15 October 2015
# Saudi Society for Geosciences 2016
Abstract Upper Jurassic studies, based on well correlation,
stratigraphy, and well-logging analysis, allow us to define six
sedimentary units of M’Rabtine formation in the Gulf of
Gabes. Unconformities characterized by the absence of the
evaporitic member (MEVP), unit of M’Rabtine formation
(Kimmeridgian–Tithonian), in the most western part and the
gap of the M’Rabtine formation in the most eastern part of the
study area give us an idea of the paleogeography and the
variation of deposit environment. Petrophysical evaluation
and lithological determination from well-logging data show
that sedimentary unconformities and facies lateral variation
are related to salt tectonic and/or probably eustatic events.
Reservoir parameters show grained sandstone units defined
as potential reservoirs and producing hydrocarbon in P6 and
P8. M3 and M5 units in P6 are a good oil reservoir with a
porosity average between 17.5 and 25 %. In P8, M3, M4, and
M5 correspond to the aim reservoir with a porosity average
between 24 and 29 %.
* Karima Hammami
karimahammami76@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Bardo, Tunisia
2
Applied Hydro-Sciences Research Unit (UR 13ES81), University of
Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
3
Higher Institute of Techniques and Water Sciences, 6072, University
of Gabes, Gabes, Tunisia
4
Tunisian National Oil Campany (ETAP), Tunis, Tunisia
5
Applied Geophysics Research Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Tunisia,
URGAMM, Tunis, Tunisia
Keywords Kimmeridgian–Tithonian . Petrophysical
analysis . Reservoir . M’Rabtine formation . Gulf of Gabes
Introduction
The present-day structural belt of the northern African margin
in Tunisia results from a complex tectonic evolution from late
Permian with the beginning of the breakup of Pangea and
achieved during the Cenozoic Alpine orogeny. Tunisia oc-
cupies a special position in the northern African margin. It is
located between two major domains: (1) in the east, the pas-
sive continental margin extends from pelagian bloc to the Sirt
Basin in northern Libya and (2) the Cenozoic Alpine orogenic
belt that fringes northwestern Tunisia (Bouaziz 1995).
The South Atlas fault marks the limit between the Tunisian
Atlas and the Saharan Platform. The area is underlined by
strongly deformed Precambrian basement but has been influ-
enced by minor rather than real compressive movements
throughout the Paleozoic to Cenozoic.
The Gulf of Gabes is located in the eastern part of central
Tunisia; it extends to the southern part of the offshore fields of
the Pelagian Sea. It is located between the meridians 10° 30′
and 12° and parallel 34° and 35° 30′. It is bordered to the south
by the Djerba island, to the north by the Kerkennah island, and
to the west by the coast of the Gulf of Gabes (Fig. 1). The Gulf
of Gabes is an important oil province in North Africa which is
proven by many discoveries, Ashtart field in 1975 (located at
75 km south of Sfax); several exploration activities were car-
ried out such as Didon, Cercina, El Biban, Robbana, and
Miskar, in addition to four others which have recently started
producing (Isis, Zarat, Hasdrubal, and Chergui). In the
Southern part of the Gulf of Gabes, exploration allowed oil
discoveries: Ezzaouia, Zarzis, and El Biban from Jurassic and
Cretaceous formations.
139 Page 2 of 12
Fig. 1 Location of the study area from structural map of southern Tunisia (Bouaziz 2000)
The Gulf of Gabes is a part of the Pelagian platform and
provides continuity to the NE of a subsiding area of Tunisian
Jeffara mesozoic basins (Touati 1985; Ben Ayed 1986;
Bouaziz et al. 2002; Trigui 1989; Bouaziz 1995; Touati and
Rodgers 1998). It is presented as a transition zone between a
stable area of southern Saharan platform, and a very fractured
area to the North of the Pelagian block (Bedir 1995 and Ellouz
1984).
Structural development of the Pelagian block in general
and the Gulf of Gabes in particular is a direct consequence
of many major tectonic phases. Starting with the major intra-
plate Hercynian uplift, followed by Tethysian rifting (Trias)
which are widely complicated by Austrian phase during the
middle Cretaceous, Alpine compression, and Neogene tecton-
ic events (Chihi 1995).
In southern part of the Gulf of Gabes, the Kimmeridgian–
Tithonian interval corresponds to a series of sandstone inter-
calated with limestone and marl of M’Rabtine formation,
which constitutes the main reservoir in the study area (Ben
Ismail 1991; Soussi 2000).
Many studies that have been devoted to this interval in
onshore and offshore show a lot of facies lateral variation.
To the west, in the Jeffara basin, it consists on a carbonate
platform with interbedded sandstone and shale (Burollet
1991). Toward the east, the Kimmeridgian–Tithonian deposits
disappear, this can be explained by an instability of the sedi-
mentary environment or/and by a tectonic activity.
In this paper, we will discuss the sedimentology evolution
and facies variation of the M’Rabtine formation
(Kimmeridgian–Tithonian) from well-logging data. This
Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139
study allows us to understand the paleogeographic evolution
and to estimate the petrophysical parameters of the M’Rabtine
reservoir in the southeastern part of Tunisia.
Methodology
The first part of our study is based on mud-logging data from
which we investigated the lithological succession in selected
wells, and we generated synthetic log of upper Jurassic for-
mations. Well correlation was used to demonstrate lateral var-
iation of thickness and facies.
In the second part, we focused in the M’Rabtine formation.
We have used well-logging data to make the lithological mod-
el and to characterize its petrophysical parameters. Well-
logging data of four wells are analyzed by interactive
petrophysics to calculate porosity (Φ) from sonic log (DT),
volume shale (VShale) from GR log and water saturation (SW)
from Archie equation. Compilation of different results allows
us to generate facies and isopach maps.
Geological setting
During Triassic, Jurassic, and some episodes of Cretaceous
times, this area is characterized by faulted blocs forming a
transition zone with the Jeffara platform. Salt tectonic was
very active, and some diapirs pierced through the Mesozoic
and the Cenozoic series often forming long submarine salt
walls. Protected from Atlasic compression by the NS Axis,
Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139
the Pelagian platform is affected by NW–SE distension faults
which border grabens such as the Zohra Trough. This is a
continuation of the Tripolitania offshore where distension
structures constitute by the tilted blocks of basement and where
Jurassic and Cretaceous series are sealed by prograding Late
Cretaceous and Cenozoic formations (Bouaziz et al. 2002).
Deposition throughout the Gabes–Tripoli basin was strong-
ly influenced by uplifting, by the reactivation of faults (related
to Cretaceous–Eocene compression of earlier extensional
structures) and salt movement (Latreille et al. 1980;
Letouzey and Tremolière 1980; Ben Ayed 1986; Bishop
1988; Bernansconi et al. 1991; Zaier et al. 1998; Anketell
and Mriheel 2000; Patriat et al. 2002).
From the structural map of southern Tunisia (Fig. 1), the
Gulf of Gabes is affected by a fault system overall oriented
NW–SE (Burollet 1973; Ben Ferjani et al. 2006), which has
the same orientation of relay structures.
Located in the southeastern most part of Tunisia, the Gabes
basin is influenced by the same tectonic evolution as that in
the Sirt Basin (WNW–ESE direction between Tunisia and
Libya). In Jurassic time, corresponding to the extensional pro-
cesses, subsidence was sustained, around 25 m/Ma, until
Malm. Subsidence slowed down at the end of Malm, earlier
than in the Hammamet and Chotts basin. At the end of this
distension phase, in Barremian, rates increased and reached
values superior to 50 m/Ma. At a large scale, it is synchronous
to the opening of the central African rift and to the inception of
rifting in the Sirt Basin (Guiraud and Maurin 1992). Based on
structural studies, it is possible to evaluate the importance of
local tectonic control on subsidence. The permanent role of
salt movement in the behavior of the different blocks should
also be realized. Halokinesis has been demonstrated to be
active since Aptian time in Tunisia (Perthuisot 1991; Snoke
et al. 1988; Gabtni et al. 2009), but could be much older (Bedir
1995) as in Algeria (Bracene and Frizon de Lamotte 2002).
To understand the geodynamics of this zone during Upper
Jurassic, we used a data base including 26 boreholes. The
present paper makes use of this extensive data base and focus-
es on nine boreholes logs. This study is divided into two main
parts, a well-logging analysis and lithostratigraphical correla-
tion and facies map of M’Rabtine formation (Fig. 2).
Lithostratigraphy
During the Mesozoic, the southern part of Gulf of Gabes had
functioned as a passive margin. The EW and ESE–WNW
strike-slip fault played an important role in the first move-
ments of Triassic evaporites (Haller 1983; Ellouz 1984;
Bedir 1995).
In Gulf of Gabes, the Upper Jurassic is organized in two
main lithological groups. The first one is represented by the
Ghomrassen formation and Haddada formation. The
Page 3 of 12 139
Ghomrassen formation (20 to 25 m) composed by a limestone
bar which begins with an oolitic horizon (grainstone) contain-
ing rich fauna of echinoids and foraminifera to the top, the
limestone become thinner (packstone mudstones) (Ben Ismail
and Razgallah 1988; Chaieb 2006). The Haddada formation
(25 m) describes a succession of clay and lumachellic lime-
stone with dolomitic and sandstone interbeds. The second one
is represented by Tlalett formation and M’Rabtine formation.
The Tlalett formation (100 to 150 m) is a powerful carbonate
sequence with interbedded fine clay beds sealed by the
M’Rabtine formation (can reach 500 m) essentially constitut-
ed by sandstone series intercalated by limestone and dolomites
with some clay past. In some case, the M’Rabtine formation is
sealed by anhydrite proving a lagoon environment.
Well-logging analysis
Lithostratigraphic units
The interpretation of well-log signatures allows us to identify
in the M’Rabtine formation six separate units that are repre-
sented by units M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, and MEVP. This for-
mation varies in facies within four wells used in our study. We
took two wells that have a different facies (P16 and P8). The
P8 well is generally sandstone with some carbonate and clay
intercalations and presents the M’Rabtine formation with its
six units (Fig. 3).
The M1 unit presents a regular and constant signal and
shows a net cyclicity. Facies of this unit is generally sandstone
with some dolomite. In the M2 unit, the signal is different to the
first unit. Indeed, firstly, the signal does not show a net cyclicity
and secondly, the gamma ray values are also clearly higher than
those of the underlying unit showing more claystone. In the M3
unit of M’Rabtine formation, the signal is characterized by an
organization in repetitive sequences. High values of sonic cor-
respond to carbonate deposits, and low values correspond to
sandstone and silts. In the unit M4, the signal is different to the
M3 unit. On the top, it becomes progressively enriched by clays
with increased gamma ray values. The unit M5 shows some
cyclicity with a succession of high and low sonic values. High
values correspond to carbonates that are enriched to the top by
clays. Low values are indicated by a reduction of radioactivity.
In the MEVP unit, the signal does not show a large variation
except that in front of evaporite levels.
P16 well shows the five units of the M’Rabtine forma-
tion where dominated by dolomite (Fig. 4). The M1 unit
presents a regular signal with decreased gamma ray, it is
composed by a bar of dolomite. The M2 unit, presenting a
signal different from the first unit at the base, the litholo-
gy of this unit is claystone. The M3 unit shows a signal
with net cyclicity and presents alternation between car-
bonate and clay. The M4 unit presents more limestone
139 Page 4 of 12
Fig. 2 Generalized stratigraphic column of Upper Jurassic (Gulf of Gabes) compiled with the log data, 1: dolomite, 2: limestone, 3: sandstone, 4:
claystone, 5: anhydrite
and some evaporates. The M5 unit signal does not show a
net cyclicity, and the gamma ray values are also clearly
higher at the base.
Correlations and facies lateral distribution
Well-log correlation was conducted (Fig. 5) to understand the
structural evolution of the region and to characterize the
M’Rabtine reservoir. Wells used in this WNW–ESE
Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139
correlation are P10, P8, P6, and P16. Along this correlation,
we can see that the evaporitic member of M’Rabtine forma-
tion is present in P8 and P6 well, while it is absent from both
sides at the P16 and P10.
The M’Rabtine formation consists of five units except at
the P10 well where it is absent. This lack is due to the phe-
nomenon of Triassic ascension that took place in this region
(SE Gulf of Gabes). Thickness and facies variations detected
can be explained by the complex structure of our study area.
Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139 Page 5 of 12 139

Fig. 3 Log plot of P8 well, GR

gamma ray (natural radioactivity),
Cali Caliper, SP spontaneous
potential, NPHI neutron porosity,
RHOB density, DT sonic (velocity
of sound propagation), PEF
photoelectric factor, LLD deep
investigation dual laterolog, LLS
shallow investigation dual
laterolog, Sw water Saturation,
PHIT total porosity, PHIE
effective porosity, BVW water
volume in the borehole, VWCL
clay volume, V Salt salt volume, V
Sand sandstone volume, V Lime
limestone volume, V Dol
dolomite volume
139 Page 6 of 12 Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139
 Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139
ƒFig. 4 Log plot of P16 well, GR gamma ray (natural radioactivity), Cali
caliper, SP spontaneous potential, NPHI neutron porosity, RHOB density,
DT sonic (velocity of sound propagation), PEF photoelectric factor, LLD
deep investigation dual laterolog, LLS shallow investigation dual
laterolog, Sw water saturation, PHIT total porosity, PHIE effective
porosity, BVW water volume in the borehole, VWCL clay volume, V
Salt salt volume, V Sand sandstone volume, V Lime limestone volume,
V Dol dolomite volume
The structure is formed by tilted blocks giving rise of a
closed zone where evaporitic members are deposed (wells
P8 and P6), attesting a depositional environment type
“Sebkha” to join the platform at well P16 (essentially lime-
stone and dolomite).
Lithostratigraphic correlation is a comparison of isochro-
nous series (same age) in facieses in order to reconstruct the
different paleogeographic and structural domains. As a
Fig. 5 Log correlation between P16, P6, P8, and P10 WNW–ESE trending
Page 7 of 12 139
reference plane (Datum Plane) for this correlation, we took
the mean sea level. We conducted a WSW–ENE correlation
between wells (P16, P5, P6, P8, P3, and P10).
In the Gulf of Gabes, petroleum exploration wells encoun-
tered many lithostratigraphical unconformities affecting
Jurassic and Cretaceous series (Haddad et al. 2013) (Fig. 6).
By examining lithological correlation (WNW–ESE direction)
between the wells P16, P5, P6, P8, P3, and P10, we can as-
sume several sedimentology and structural results.
The M’Rabtine formation has the maximum of thickness
(356 and 418, 5 m) at both P6 and P8 essentially represented
by sandstone with carbonate and clay intercalation. To the
west, at P16 and P5, its thickness is reduced (218 and
150 m) and presents carbonate facies (dolomite limestone).
To the east, at the P3 well, the M’Rabtine formation has the
same characteristics such shown in P6 and P8 with a reduced
thickness (221 m). Further east, at the P10 wells, the
139 Page 8 of 12 Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139

Fig. 6 Lithostratigraphic correlation between wells P16, P5, P6, P8, P3, and P10 (WNW–ESE), 1—sandstone, 2—anhydrite, 3—limestone, 4—dolomite,
and 5—clay

Fig. 7 Geological and facies map

of M’Rabtine formation in the
study area, 1—dolomitic
limestone, 2—grained sandstone,
3—interbedded dolomite and
anhydrite, 4—sandy limestone,
5—no M’Rabtine deposits, 6—
trias, 7—M’Rabtine limits, 8—
faults, 9—wells
Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139
M’Rabtine formation is absent where the Tlalett formation is
in contact with the Cretaceous (Bouhedma formation). The
eroded series between late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous are
estimated to be more than 1000 m. Regarding the sedimento-
logical aspects, a depocenter may explain the basin kinematic
according to the P6 and P8 wells where there is a maximum of
detritic deposits. In the western part, a platform edge assump-
tion is presented where the deposit is formed by carbonate
facies (P16 and P3).
Structurally, the subsidence of the blocks where the
drilled P6 and P8 wells regarding normal fault shape that
led to the detritic accumulations and a mainly confined
environment resulting of an evaporate deposits (MEVP).
This structure allows us to reconstitute the environmental
deposits of this area which is lagoonal. We can also ex-
plain the gap of the M’Rabtine formation at the P10 well
by the Triassic ascension that took place in this region
(Dey and Ouahchi 2002).
Fig. 8 Isopach map of
M’Rabtine formation in the study
area
Page 9 of 12 139
Through this correlation, we can define a lateral var-
iation in facies, in fact in the westernmost well (P16), it
is dolomitic with anhydritic and claystone intercalation;
however, in P6, P8, and P3, it is more siliciclastic with
grained sandstone and anhydritic and claystone intercala-
tion with a thin level of carbonate. This facies variation
is represented in the distribution facies and geological
map according to subsurface faults by the seismic data.
These faults are generally directed NW–SE. There are
also E–W faults and salt extrusion to the eastern part
(Fig. 7).
The isopaque map of M’Rabtine formation in southern
Gulf of Gabes (Fig. 8) confirms the results that we have find
out during the lithostratigraphic correlations. Indeed, we find
that the M’Rabtine formation in the Ezzaouia field is very
developed (depocenter) and disappears to the east at the P10
well. It also decreases in thickness toward the north in Djerba
island.
139 Page 10 of 12 Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139

Fig. 9 Seismic section showing salt intrusion

The facies distribution map of the M’Rabtine formation
(Fig. 7) shows an abrupt lateral variation between siliciclastic
deposits and evaporitic deposits. The establishment of terrig-
enous detrital deposits (sandstone) occurred in the coastal ma-
rine area in the front of outfall streams to create a deltaic body.
This area covers a paleogeographical subsiding area (Fig. 8).
The evaporites encountering the south of the Zarzis region
characterize a sheltered environment that does not receive
the detrital supplies. This area corresponds to an area much
less subsiding (Fig. 8). This distribution of paleogeographic
areas reflects a paleotopography generated by an important
tectonic activity. Indeed, the limit between these two areas
coincides with a major accident NE–SW (Bouaziz 2000;
Ben Jemia et al. 2010 …). It is noteworthy that in the area
of study, NE–SW and E–W faults play a prominent role in the
ascension of salt-bearing materials Triassic (Fig. 9). These
diapiric structures formed high zones that are insulating bar-
riers that sheltered lagoon areas, favoring deposits and
preventing the transport of coastal siliciclastic materials.
Petrophysical characteristics of the M’Rabtine
formation
We have studied, through logging, four wells (P6, P8, P10,
and P16), and we can divide the M’Rabtine reservoir into
several units.
P16 well is deep, 3735 m (Fig. 4); the last reached forma-
tion is M’Rabtine that has been divided into five units. The
porosity is very low; despite its lithology, it is favorable to be a
good reservoir; therefore, the reservoir presents only a few oil
shows at the unit M3 and M4. VShale value variation indicates
the enrichment or depletion of clays, from one well to another
for the same member.
From petrophysical results (Table 1), we can conclude that
the M3 unit thick of 69.95 m presents 11.4 % in the range of
porosity and clay volume of order of 14.1 %. The M4 unit
(51.66 m) presents a porosity (Φ) of 12.6 and 0.6 % for VShale.
The M5 unit (111.1 m) presents a porosity (Φ) of 13.6 % and

Table 1 Petrophysical parameters calculated in well P16 Table 2 Petrophysical parameters calculated in well P8

Zones Thickness (m) Net (m) Porosity (%) VShale (%) SW (%) Members Thickness (m) Net (m) Porosity (%) SW (%) VShale (%)

M1 551.69 0 – – – M1 58.9 7.16 14 16.3 12.1

M2 44.5 0 – – – M2 84.9 7.16 21.6 10.2 21.4
M3 69.95 0.30 11.4 14.1 21.8 M3 101.5 22.25 24 24.1 18.9
M4 51.66 0.30 12.6 0.6 26.2 M4 62.4 17.53 29.1 25.8 18.5
M5 111.1 0.46 13.6 5.6 14.8 M5 107.2 4.11 29.2 31.5 29.11
Cutoff used ≥0.1 ≤0.35 ≤0.5 Cutoff used ≤0.1 ≤0.35 ≤0.5
Arab J Geosci (2016) 9:139 Page 11 of 12 139

Table 3 Petrophysical parameters calculated in well P6 Tithonian) is divided into six (06) distinct units when it was
Members Thickness (m) Net (m) Porosity (%) SW (%) VShale (%) spared from erosion. The presence of the evaporitic members
(MEVP) in P6 and P8 proves lagoonal environmental deposits
M1 31.9 2.33 18.7 – 21 (‘sebkha’ type). The lateral variation in facies and thickness is
M2 10.7 0.57 17.3 – 19.2 due to salt tectonic events that took place in the study area.
M3 19.8 5.18 17.5 21.8 17.6 Halocinitic activities lead to the formation of diapiric sub-salt
M4 57.8 1.98 16.4 26.2 23.7 structures. These activities caused the gap of M’Rabtine forma-
M5 198.2 33.83 25 14.8 23.4 tion in the eastern part of the study area.
Cutoff used ≥0.1 ≤0.35 ≤0.5 Analyzing the facies distribution map, we distinguish four
different lithology aspects: a carbonate domain in the western
part (P16), a grained sandstone domain that is very developed
and corresponds to the potential reservoir (P6, P8, and P3), a
VShale of 5.6 %. The water saturation at the M3 unit is 21.8 %, carbonate and evaporitic domain to the southeastern part, and
it is 26.2 % at the M4 unit, and 14.8 % at the M5 unit. finally a sandy limestone domain to the most eastern part of
The P8 well total depth is 3535.4 m (Fig. 3) where its latest the study area. This facies lateral variation gives us an idea
achievement formation is Adjadj/Bhir formation. The about the deposit environment. The carbonate domain pre-
M’Rabtine formation is divided into two sub-formations that sents a platform edge environment, the grained sandstone do-
are evaporitic members (MEVP) and the actual M’Rabtine main corresponds to a detritic depositional environment, and
formation that was divided into five units (M1, M2, M3, the evaporitic and dolomitic domain define a closed zone and
M4, and M5). These rock units are a good oil reservoir. a lagoonal deposit.
Units M3, M4, and M5 are the most oil productive units. Petrophysical parameters of M’Rabtine formation allow us
From the data in Table 2, we see that only 7.16 m of M1 unit to characterize this reservoir rock. We can conclude that the
represents the net with a porosity (Φ) of 14 % and a saturation aim units producing hydrocarbon are the grained sandstone
(Sw) of 16.3 %. levels (M3 and M5 in P6 with an average porosity between
The unit M2 has a net of 7.16 m; porosity (Φ) is 21.6 % and 17.5 and 25 % and M3, M4, and M5 in P8 with an average
saturation (Sw) of 10.2 %. The M3 unit of M’Rabtine forma- porosity between 24 and 29 %). In P16, M’Rabtine reservoir
tion has a net of approximately 22.25 m admitting a porosity has a good potential (average porosity about 12.6 %) but there
(Φ) of 24 % and a saturation (Sw) of 24.1 %. The M4 unit are no oil production (just hydrocarbon shows), this may be
(62.4 m thick) has a net of approximately 17.53 m having a explained by the the type of reservoir. In fact, this reservoir is
porosity of about 29.1 % and the saturation (Sw) is in the order compact and not fractured; also, the net reservoir is very thin
of 25.8 %. The M5 unit (107.2 m) corresponds to only a Net of (between 0.3 and 0.46 m).
4.11 m with a porosity (Φ) about 29.2 % and saturation (Sw) of
31.5 %.
At P6 well, M’Rabtine formation is divided into five units
(M1 to M5) of various lithological compositions (Table 3).
The data in Table 3 shows that only the unit M5 (thickness References
198.2 m) presents a “net” of 33.83 m admitting a porosity of
25 % and a saturation (Sw) about 14.8 %. This unit is the main Anketell and Mriheel (2000) Dolomitization of the Early Eocene Jirani
productive reservoir. formation, Gabes - Tripoli basin, Western offshore, Libya
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couloirs de coulissement de la marge Atlasique de la Tunisie.
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