10 GREATEST

MATHEMATICIANS

Dars Valerio
 MATHEMATICIANS

01 02 03 04 05
Apollonius of Pierre-Simon
Charles Hermite Carl Ludwig Johannes
Perga (Marquis de)
Siegel Kepler
Laplace

06 07 08 09 10
Diophantus of Muhammed `Abu Julius Wilhelm Kurt Friedrich
Christian Felix Gödel
Alexandria Jafar' ibn Musâ Richard
Klein
al-Khowârizmi Dedekind
01
APOLLONIUS
PERGAEUS
 APOLLONIUS OF
PERGA (262-190 BC)
● He is the third greatest mathematician of antiquity
next to Archimedes and Eudoxus and the third
greatest Greek mathematician of all time..

● Conics is one of the greatest scientific works from

the ancient world. Most of his other treatises are now
lost, although their titles and a general indication of
their contents were passed on by later writers,
especially Pappus of Alexandria.

● Apollonius is the founder of Analytical Geometry.

● The following generalization of the Pythagorean

Theorem, where M is the midpoint of BC, is called
Apollonius' Theorem: AB 2 + AC 2 = 2(AM 2 + BM 2).
 HIS WORKS:
● The works that did not survive are namely the
following: De Rationis Sectione, consisting of two
books in Arabic translation, De Spatii Sectione (Cutting
of an Area), De Tactionibus, De Inclinationibus, a book
which contained 125 theorems and which Halley
attempted to re-synthesize and De Locis Planis. All
these books have been grouped under the name
“Geometrical Analysis”.

● He wrote the Ὠκυοτόκιον (Quick Bringing-to-Birth) was

a book containing Apollonius’ method of finding the
true value of π with greater precision than that of
Archimedes

● the Not–At–All Treatise (Ἡ Καθόλου Πραγματεία), which

contained the foundation of the geometric science.

● Apollonius invented two machines: the first clock, a

sundial-like clock and the hydraulus, a musical
instrument.
 “He who understands
Archimedes and Apollonius
will admire less the
achievements of the
foremost men of later
times.”

-GOTTFRIED WILHELM
LEIBNIZ
02
CHARLES
HERMITE
 CHARLES
HERMITE

● (24 December 1822 – 14 January 1901)

● born in Dieuze, Moselle, with a deformity in his right

foot that would impair his gait throughout his life.

● In 1842, his first original contribution to

mathematics, in which he gave a simple proof of
the proposition of Abel concerning the impossibility
of obtaining an algebraic solution for the equation
of the fifth degree, was published in the "Nouvelles
Annales de Mathématiques".

● Hermite died in Paris on 14 January 1901, aged 78

 CHARLES
HERMITE
● a French mathematician who did research concerning
number theory, quadratic forms, invariant theory, orthogonal
polynomials, elliptic functions, and algebra.

● During 1858 he solved the equation of the fifth degree by

elliptic functions

● During 1873 he proved e, the base of the natural system of

logarithms, to be transcendental. This last was used by
Ferdinand von Lindemann to prove during 1882 the same for
π.

● The number e, also known as Euler's number, is a

mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828

● Another topic on which Hermite worked and made important

contributions was the theory of quadratic forms
 “I shall risk nothing on an attempt to
prove the transcendence of π. If others
undertake this enterprise, no one will be
happier than I in their success. But
believe me, it will not fail to cost them
some effort.”

— CHARLES HERMITE; letter to C.W.

Borchardt, "Men of Mathematics", E. T.
Bell, New York 1937, p. 464.
03
PIERRE-SIMON
(MARQUIS DE)
LAPLACE
 PIERRE-SIMON
(MARQUIS DE)
LAPLACE
● Born on 23 March 1749 at Beaumont-en-Auge,
Normandy, Kingdom of France

● His scientific background is in astronomy and

mathematics.

● Died on 5 March 1827 (aged 77) at Paris, Kingdom of

France

● A French scholar and polymath whose work was

important to the development of engineering,
mathematics, statistics, physics, astronomy, and
philosophy.
 PIERRE-SIMON
(MARQUIS DE)
LAPLACE
● He formulated Laplace's equation, and pioneered the
Laplace transform which appears in many branches
of mathematical physics, a field that he took a
leading role in forming.

● The Laplacian differential operator, widely used in

mathematics, is also named after him.

● Laplace viewed mathematics as just a tool for

developing his physical theories.

● His masterpiece was Mécanique Céleste which

redeveloped and improved Newton's work on
planetary motions using calculus.
 PIERRE-SIMON
(MARQUIS DE)
LAPLACE
● He was the premier expert at differential and
difference equations, and definite integrals

● He developed spherical harmonics, potential theory,

and the theory of determinants; anticipated Fourier's
series; and advanced Euler's technique of generating
functions.

● he proved the Law of Least Squares, and introduced

the controversial ("Bayesian") rule of succession

● In the theory of equations, he was first to prove that

any polynomial of even degree must have a real
quadratic factor.
“This simplicity of ratios will not appear
astonishing if we consider that all the
effects of nature are only mathematical
results of a small number of immutable
laws.”

— PIERRE-SIMON (MARQUIS DE)

LAPLACE
04
CARL LUDWIG
SIEGEL
 CARL LUDWIG
SIEGEL

● A German mathematician specializing in analytic

number theory.

● Born on 31 December 1896 at Berlin, German Empire

● Died on 4 April 1981 (aged 84) at Göttingen, West

Germany

● In 1978, he was awarded the first Wolf Prize in

Mathematics, one of the most prestigious in the field.
 CARL LUDWIG
SIEGEL

● He is known for, amongst other things, his

contributions to the Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem in
Diophantine approximation, Siegel's method, Siegel's
lemma and the Siegel mass formula for quadratic
forms.

● He continued with contributions to several branches

of analytic and algebraic number theory, including
arithmetic geometry and quadratic forms.

● In complex analysis he developed Siegel modular

forms, which have wide application in math and
physics
 “He was in some ways, perhaps, the
most impressive mathematician I have
met. I would say, in a way, devastatingly
so. The things that Siegel tended to do
were usually things that seemed
impossible. Also after they were done,
they still seemed almost impossible.”

— ATLE SELBERG
05
JOHANNES
KEPLER
 JOHANNES
KEPLER
● Born on 27 December 1571, in the Free Imperial City
of Weil der Stadt

● Died on 15 November 1630 (aged 58) in the Free

Imperial City of Regensburg, Holy Roman Empire

● a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer,

natural philosopher and writer on music.

● Born prematurely, Johannes claimed to have been

weak and sickly as a child. Nevertheless, he often
impressed travelers at his grandfather's inn with his
phenomenal mathematical faculty.

● He was introduced to astronomy at an early age and

developed a strong passion for it that would span his
entire life.
 JOHANNES
KEPLER
● He is a key figure in the 17th-century Scientific Revolution,
best known for his laws of planetary motion, and his books
Astronomia nova, Harmonice Mundi, and Epitome Astronomiae
Copernicanae.

● He rediscovered the Fibonacci series, applied it to botany, and

noted that the ratio of Fibonacci numbers converges to the
Golden Mean.

● His book Stereometrica Doliorum formed the basis of integral

calculus.

● Kepler is also sometimes called the "Founder of Modern

Optics."

● He was first to notice that the set of Platonic regular solids

was incomplete if concave solids are admitted, and first to
prove that there were only 13 Archimedean solids
 JOHANNES
KEPLER

● He developed the theory of

logarithms and improved on
Napier's tables.

● Kepler's Laws, rather than just

heliocentrism, which were essential
to the early development of
mathematical physics.
 He once wrote,

"I give myself up to divine ecstasy ... My

book is written. It will be read either by
my contemporaries or by posterity — I
care not which. It may well wait a
hundred years for a reader, as God has
waited 6,000 years for someone to
understand His work.“

and

“Mathematics is the archetype of the

beautiful.”

— JOHANNES KEPLER
06
DIOPHANTUS
OF
ALEXANDRIA
 DIOPHANTUS OF
ALEXANDRIA
● born probably sometime between AD 200 and 214

● died around the age of 84, probably sometime between AD

284 and 298

● an Alexandrian mathematician, who was the author of a

series of books called Arithmetica, many of which are now
lost.

● His texts deal with solving algebraic equations. Diophantine

equations ("Diophantine geometry") and of Diophantine
approximations are important areas of mathematical
research.

● Diophantus was the first Greek mathematician who

recognized fractions as numbers; thus, he allowed positive
rational numbers for the coefficients and solutions. In
modern use, Diophantine equations are usually algebraic
equations with integer coefficients, for which integer
solutions are sought.
 DIOPHANTUS OF
ALEXANDRIA
● he wrote several books on arithmetic and algebra
and explored number theory further than anyone
earlier.

● He advanced a rudimentary arithmetic and

algebraic notation, allowed rational-number
solutions to his problems rather than just integers,
and was aware of results like the Brahmagupta-
Fibonacci Identity; for these reasons he is often
called the "Father of Algebra."

● Diophantus introduced an algebraic symbolism

that used an abridged notation for frequently
occurring operations, and an abbreviation for the
unknown and for the powers of the unknown.
 “The symbolism that Diophantus
introduced for the first time, and
undoubtedly devised himself, provided
a short and readily comprehensible
means of expressing an equation... Since
an abbreviation is also employed for the
word ‘equals’, Diophantus took a
fundamental step from verbal algebra
towards symbolic algebra.

— MATHEMATICAL HISTORIAN KURT

VOGEL
07
MUHAMMED `ABU
JAFAR' IBN MUSÂ
AL-KHOWÂRIZMI
 MUHAMMED `ABU JAFAR' IBN
MUSÂ AL-KHOWÂRIZMI

● He was born in Persia of that time around 780.

● a Persian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer

geographer and a scholar in the House of Wisdom
in Baghdad.

● Al-Khowârizmi was the first algebra text to present

general methods; he is often called the "Father of
Algebra." .

● Al-Khwarizmi developed the concept of the

algorithm in mathematics
 MUHAMMED `ABU JAFAR' IBN
MUSÂ AL-KHOWÂRIZMI

● Al-Khwarizmi’s algebra is regarded as the

foundation and cornerstone of the sciences.

● He introduced the Hindu decimal system to the

Islamic world and Europe; invented the horary
quadrant; improved the sundial; developed
trigonometry tables; and improved on Ptolemy's
astronomy and geography.

● He wrote the book Hisab Al-jabr w’al-muqabala,

which demonstrated simple algebra and geometry
08
JULIUS WILHELM
RICHARD
DEDEKIND
 JULIUS WILHELM RICHARD
DEDEKIND

● a German mathematician who made important

contributions to number theory, abstract algebra
(particularly ring theory), and the axiomatic
foundations of arithmetic.

● Richard Dedekind's major contribution was a

redefinition of irrational numbers in terms of
Dedekind cuts. He introduced the notion of an ideal
in Ring Theory.

● He is also considered a pioneer in the development

of modern set theory and of the philosophy of
mathematics known as Logicism.
 JULIUS WILHELM RICHARD
DEDEKIND

● He was one of the first to pursue Galois Theory,

making major advances there and pioneering in the
application of group theory to other branches of
mathematics.

● Dedekind also invented a system of fundamental

axioms for arithmetic, worked in probability theory
and complex analysis, and invented prime
partitions and modular lattices.
09
CHRISTIAN
FELIX KLEIN
 CHRISTIAN FELIX
KLEIN

● Felix Klein was born on 25 April 1849 in Düsseldorf,

to Prussian parents.

● Klein's key contribution was an application of

invariant theory to unify geometry with group
theory.

● Klein is also famous for his book on the

icosahedron, reasoning from its symmetries to
develop the elliptic modular and automorphic
functions which he used to solve the general
quintic equation.
 CHRISTIAN FELIX
KLEIN

● Felix Klein is best known for his work in non-

euclidean geometry, for his work on the
connections between geometry and group theory,
and for results in function theory.

● Klein did other work in function theory, providing

links between several areas of mathematics
including number theory, group theory, hyperbolic
geometry, and abstract algebra.
10
KURT
FRIEDRICH
GÖDEL
 KURT FRIEDRICH
GÖDEL
● Gödel was born April 28, 1906, in Brünn, Austria-
Hungary (now Brno, Czech Republic)

● was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher.

Considered along with Aristotle and Gottlob Frege
to be one of the most significant logicians in history

● Gödel published his first incompleteness theorem

in 1931 when he was 25 years old, one year after
finishing his doctorate at the University of Vienna.

● He partially resolved both Hilbert's 1st and 2nd

Problems, the latter with a proof so remarkable that
it was connected to the drawings of Escher and
music of Bach in the title of a famous book.
 KURT FRIEDRICH
GÖDEL

● He was a close friend of Albert Einstein, and was

first to discover "paradoxical" solutions (e.g. time
travel) to Einstein's equations.

● Later in his life, Gödel suffered periods of mental

instability and illness.
 9TH GRADE

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