Isaac 

(Sir)  Newton (1642-1727) England

Newton was an industrious lad who built marvelous toys (e.g. a model windmill powered by a mouse on treadmill). At
about age 22, on leave from University, this genius began revolutionary advances in mathematics, optics, dynamics,
thermodynamics, acoustics and celestial mechanics. He is famous for his Three Laws of Motion (inertia, force, reciprocal
action) but, as Newton himself acknowledged, these Laws weren't fully novel: Hipparchus, Ibn al-Haytham, Galileo and
Huygens had all developed much basic mechanics already, and Newton credits the First Law itself to Aristotle. However
Newton was also apparently the first person to conclude that the ordinary gravity we observe on Earth is the very same
force that keeps the planets in orbit. His Law of Universal Gravitation was revolutionary and due to Newton alone.
(Christiaan Huygens, the other great mechanist of the era, had independently deduced that Kepler's laws imply inverse-
square gravitation, but he considered the action at a distance in Newton's theory to be "absurd.") Newton's other
intellectual interests included chemistry, theology, astrology and alchemy. Although this list is concerned only with
mathematics, Newton's greatness is indicated by the wide range of his physics: even without his revolutionary Laws of
Motion and his Cooling Law of thermodynamics, he'd be famous just for his work in optics, where he explained
diffraction and observed that white light is a mixture of all the rainbow's colors. (Although his corpuscular theory
competed with Huygen's wave theory, Newton understood that his theory was incomplete without waves, and thus
anticipated wave-particle duality.) Newton also designed the first reflecting telescope, first reflecting microscope, and the
sextant.

Archimedes of Syracuse (287-212 BC) Greek domain

Archimedes is universally acknowledged to be the greatest of ancient mathematicians. He studied at Euclid's

school (probably after Euclid's death), but his work far surpassed the works of Euclid. His achievements are
particularly impressive given the lack of good mathematical notation in his day. His proofs are noted not only
for brilliance but for unequalled clarity, with a modern biographer (Heath) describing Archimedes' treatises as
"without exception monuments of mathematical exposition ... so impressive in their perfection as to create a
feeling akin to awe in the mind of the reader." Archimedes made advances in number theory, algebra, and
analysis, but is most renowned for his many theorems of plane and solid geometry. He was first to prove
Heron's formula for the area of a triangle. His excellent approximation to √3 indicates that he'd partially
anticipated the method of continued fractions. He found a method to trisect an arbitrary angle (using
a markable straightedge — the construction is impossible using strictly Platonic rules). Although it doesn't
survive in his writings, Pappus reports that he discovered the Archimedean solids. One of his most remarkable
and famous geometric results was determining the area of a parabolic section, for which he offered two
independent proofs, one using his Principle of the Lever, the other using a geometric series.
 Johann Carl Friedrich  Gauss (1777-1855) Germany

Carl Friedrich Gauss, the "Prince of Mathematics," exhibited his calculative powers when he corrected his
father's arithmetic before the age of three. His revolutionary nature was demonstrated at age twelve, when he
began questioning the axioms of Euclid. His genius was confirmed at the age of nineteen when he proved that
the regular n-gon was constructible if n is the product of distinct prime Fermat numbers. At age 24 he
published Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, probably the greatest book of pure mathematics everAlthough he
published fewer papers than some other great mathematicians, Gauss may be the greatest theorem prover ever.
Several important theorems and lemmas bear his name; he was first to produce a complete proof of Euclid's
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic (that every natural number has a unique expression as product of primes);
and first to produce a rigorous proof of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra (that an n-th degree polynomial
has n complex roots).

Leonhard  Euler (1707-1783) Switzerland

Euler may be the most influential mathematician who ever lived (though some would make him second to
Euclid); he ranks #77 on Michael Hart's famous list of the Most Influential Persons in History. His colleagues
called him "Analysis Incarnate." Laplace, famous for denying credit to fellow mathematicians, once said "Read
Euler: he is our master in everything." His notations and methods in many areas are in use to this day. Euler was
the most prolific mathematician in history and is often judged to be the best algorist of all time. (The ranking #4
may seem too low for this supreme mathematician, but Gauss succeeded at proving several theorems which had
stumped Euler.)

Georg Friedrich Bernhard  Riemann (1826-1866) Germany

Riemann was a phenomenal genius whose work was exceptionally deep, creative and rigorous; he made
revolutionary contributions in many areas of pure mathematics, and also inspired the development of physics.
He had poor physical health and died at an early age, yet is still considered to be among the most productive
mathematicians ever. He was the master of complex analysis, which he connected to both topology and number
theory, He applied topology to analysis, and analysis to number theory, making revolutionary contributions to
all three fields. He took non-Euclidean geometry far beyond his predecessors. He introduced the Riemann
integral which clarified analysis. Riemann's other masterpieces include differential geometry, tensor analysis,
the theory of functions, and, especially, the theory of manifolds
 Alamat Kung Bakit Pulo-pulo ang Pilipinas
"The Legend of How the Philippines Became an Archipelago"

Noong unang panahon ang Pilipinas ay isang mahabang isla na kung saan naninirahan ang mag-
asawang higante. Isang mayaman at masaganang lupain ang isla ng Pilipinas kung kaya't hindi na
nangangailangang magtrabaho ng dalawang higante upang mabuhay. Mamimitas at namumulot na
lamang sila ng mga kakainin sa paligid.

Isang araw napagkasunduan ng mag asawa na kabibe ang kanilang magiging pananghalian kung kaya't
nagsimula silang mamulot ng mga kabibe na malapit sa karagatan. Hindi natuwa ang lalakeng higante sa
mga mumunting kabibeng iyon at napagpasyahang lumusong sa ilalim ng karagatan upang makahanap ng
mas malaking kabibe. Hindi naman nabigo ang higante at kaagad na nakakita ng higanteng kabibe. Nang
buksan niya ito ay namangha siya sa laman nitong makintab na perlas. Dali-daling umahon ang lalakeng
higante at ipinakita ang natagpuang kayamanan sa kanyang asawa.

Labis na namangha ang dalawa kung kaya't lumusong muli ang lalake ngunit sa pagkakataong iyon ay
kasama na niya ang asawa sa pangangalap ng mga higanteng kabibe. Binuksan nila ang maraming
higanteng kabibe at itinabi ang mga perlas at malugod na umuwi.

Habang nasa daan papauwi ay nagkaroon ng pagtatalo ang mag-asawa sa kung sino ang dapat makakuha
ng mas maraming makintab na perlas. Pinipilit ng babae na dapat sa kanya mapunta ang mas maraming
perlas dahil mas marami syang nakuhang kabibe. Mas nauna namang makita ng lalake ang perlas kaya
dapat siya ang mas maraming makuha, ang pangangatwiran nito.

Nauwi ang kanilang alitan sa sigawan at ng di maglaon ay pukulan at sakitan. Sa lakas ng pagpadyak at
pagdadabog ng mag-asawa ay nagsimulang yumanig ang buong isla. Sa tindi ng sigalot ng nagngingitngit
na mag-asawa ay gumuho ang mga lupa, nahati at naghiwa -hiwalay ang mga isla.

Ang dating isang buong isla ay nahati sa tatlong malalaking isla at mahigit sa pitong libong mumunting
mga isla.
Ayon naman sa ating matandang alamat, noong unang panahon ay walang lupa kundi langit at tubig. May isa raw uwak na  walang
madapuan. Naisipan ng uwak na papaglabanin ang langit at dagat. Nagkaroon nga ng labanan. Malalaking alon ang isinaboy ng dagat
sa langit. Ang langit naman ay naghulog ng malalaking bato sa dagat. Sa mga batong ito nagmula ang lupa. Isa sa mga pulo ng lupang
naturan ay angPilipinas.
Ang isa pang kawiliwilihang alamat tungkol sa pinagmulan ng Pilipinas ay ang tungkol kina Silalak at Sibabay. Nang lalangin daw ang
mundo ng Punong Pinagmulan ang inunang lalangin ay dagat at langit. Sapagkat wala pang buhay noon sa daigdigm ang Punong
Pinagmulan ay malulungkutin. Sa kanyang kalungkutan ay napaluha. Dalawang patak ng luha ang nalaglag sa papawirin at iyan ay
naging ibon. Sapagkat walang pulong madapuan ang ibon, naibulong na Punong Pinagmulan ang, “Nais kong magkaroon ng lupa at
kakahuyang dapat madapuan ng ibon.” Halos hindi pa nasasabi ito, nang di-kawasa,  nagkalupa at dagat.
Ayon sa alamat, isa raw araw, sa puno ng kawayan sa  lupang naturan, dumapo ang ibon. Tinuktok ng ibon ang isang biyas na
kawayan. Wari’y may mahiwagang tinig na narinig, “Lakasan mo ang pagtuktok.” Nang tuktukin ng buong lakas ang biyas ng kawayan,
nabiyak ito at lumabas ang kauna-unahang lalaki. Siya ay si SIlalak. Isinunod ng ibon ang pagtuktok sa isa pang biyas ng kawayan.
Nang mabiyak ang kawayan, lumabas naman ang kauna-unahang babae. Siya ay si SIbabay.