RULES IN TEST FOR DIVISIBILITY

A divisibility test is an easy way to identify whether the given number is divided
by a fixed divisor without actually performing the division process. If a number is
completely divided by another number, then the quotient should be a whole
number and the remainder should be zero.

RULES IN TEST FOR DIVISIBILITY

A divisibility test is an easy way to identify whether the given number is divided
by a fixed divisor without actually performing the division process. If a number is
completely divided by another number, then the quotient should be a whole
number and the remainder should be zero.

WHAT IS / ARE THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE FF.

MATHEMATICIANS
ERATOSTHENES
Eratosthenes was a man of many talents. He was a renowned mathematician, poet, geographer,
astronomer, and music theorist. He was born in 271 BC in Cyrene, which is now known as
Libya, in North Africa. He studied at Plato’s school in Athens. He was the chief librarian of the
Great Library of Alexandria. While working in the library, he explored lots of books and
synchronized all of his knowledge in three volumes of the book Geographika. In this book, he
mapped the entire world. There are various other concepts associated with his name like
Eratosthenes crater on the moon; Eratosthenes Seamount in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and
Erosthenian period in the lunar geologic timescale. He is best known for calculating the
circumference of the Earth. He was also a gifted poet with excellent imagination and sensibility.
He was known to be the first person who coined the term Geography. He made a significant
contribution to geography as he claimed that heavy rains sometimes fall in the regions near the
source of a river. He also gave a correct explanation about the region “Eudaemon Arabia”, now
Yemen as occupied by four distinct races. For his remarkable contributions in geography, he is
also known as the ‘father of Geography.’ Despite all of his achievements, he never achieved the
highest rank in any field. He was an all-rounder, who never came first but achieved the second
rank in various contests, that’s why he was given the nickname Beta. He was also known to be
close friends with Archimedes. He ended his life at the age of 82 by voluntary starvation in 194
BC because he feared the onset of blindness. His various other achievements still act as the
foundation of modern scientific methods.
WHAT IS / ARE THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE FF.
MATHEMATICIANS

ERATOSTHENES
Eratosthenes was a man of many talents. He was a renowned mathematician, poet, geographer,
astronomer, and music theorist. He was born in 271 BC in Cyrene, which is now known as
Libya, in North Africa. He studied at Plato’s school in Athens. He was the chief librarian of the
Great Library of Alexandria. While working in the library, he explored lots of books and
synchronized all of his knowledge in three volumes of the book Geographika. In this book, he
mapped the entire world. There are various other concepts associated with his name like
Eratosthenes crater on the moon; Eratosthenes Seamount in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and
Erosthenian period in the lunar geologic timescale. He is best known for calculating the
circumference of the Earth. He was also a gifted poet with excellent imagination and sensibility.
He was known to be the first person who coined the term Geography. He made a significant
contribution to geography as he claimed that heavy rains sometimes fall in the regions near the
source of a river. He also gave a correct explanation about the region “Eudaemon Arabia”, now
Yemen as occupied by four distinct races. For his remarkable contributions in geography, he is
also known as the ‘father of Geography.’ Despite all of his achievements, he never achieved the
highest rank in any field. He was an all-rounder, who never came first but achieved the second
rank in various contests, that’s why he was given the nickname Beta. He was also known to be
close friends with Archimedes. He ended his life at the age of 82 by voluntary starvation in 194
BC because he feared the onset of blindness. His various other achievements still act as the
foundation of modern scientific methods.
CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS
Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss aka Carl Friedrich Gauss was a Greek mathematician and Physicist. He was sometimes referred to
as the “Princeps mathematicorum“, the Foremost of mathematics or the Prince of mathematics. He was born on 30th April 1777,
in Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick (now a part of Germany). A German geologist Wolfgang Sartorius wrote,

When Gauss was barely three years old he corrected a math error his father made; and that when he was seven, solved an
arithmetic series problem faster than anyone else in his class of 100 pupils.”

This arithmetic problem was to sum the integers from 1 to 100. In 1788, Guass attended Gymnasium (a senior secondary school
in Germany) and then in 1792 entered Brunswick Collegium Carolinum. In 1798, at the age of 21, he completed his most famous
work “Disquisitiones Arithmeticae” which was published in 1801. Section VII of this work was mainly devoted to number
theory. Gauss also predicted the position of a then-new small planet ‘Ceres’ by using the least square approximation method. In
1802, Gauss visited Olbers, who discovered Pallas, and then Gauss discovered its orbit. After the death of the Duke of
Brunswick, in 1807, Gauss left Brunswick to take up the position of director of the Göttingen observatory. After he arrived in
Göttingen, within two years both his father and wife died and he was completely shattered. But his problems never affected his
work. In 1809, he published his second book, “Theoria Motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis Solem ambientium”, a
two-volume series on the motion of celestial bodies. The first volume covered the topics, differential equations, conic sections,
and elliptical orbits. In the second volume, he showed how to calculate and refine the estimate of a planet’s orbit. His
publications include “Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam”, a rigorous treatment of series, and an introduction of the
hypergeometric function, “Methodus nova integration valores per approximationem inveniendi”, a practical essay on
approximate integration, “Bestimmung der Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen”, a discussion of statistical estimators, and “Theoria
attractionis corporum sphaeroidicorum ellipticorum homogeneorum methodus nova tractate.”In 1822, Gauss won the university
prize for Theory of attraction and also for the idea of mapping one surface onto another so that the two are similar in their
smallest parts. The paper “Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae (1823), with its supplement (1828)
was about mathematical statistics, particularly the least square method. Gauss also gave proof of some axioms which suggested
that he believed in the existence of non-Euclidean geometry. He never published any paper on non-Euclidean geometry, as he
feared that doing so will affect his reputation. After a decade, when Gauss came to know that Lobachevsky had published a paper
on non-Euclidean geometry, he wrote a letter to Schumacher in 1846 saying,

Had the same convictions for 54 years.”

Which shows that he knew the existence of non-euclidean geometry when he was just 15 years old. Gauss also published several
papers on differential geometry. One of the papers also included the most famous Gauss theorem. He was equally interested in
the study of Physics and he also published several papers. On 23 February 1855, Gauss died of a heart attack. Rudolf Wagner
preserved the brain of Gauss and examined it. He found that the mass of his brain was slightly above average that explained him
being a genius.
CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS
Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss aka Carl Friedrich Gauss was a Greek mathematician and Physicist. He was sometimes referred to
as the “Princeps mathematicorum“, the Foremost of mathematics or the Prince of mathematics. He was born on 30th April 1777,
in Brunswick, Duchy of Brunswick (now a part of Germany). A German geologist Wolfgang Sartorius wrote,

When Gauss was barely three years old he corrected a math error his father made; and that when he was seven, solved an
arithmetic series problem faster than anyone else in his class of 100 pupils.”

This arithmetic problem was to sum the integers from 1 to 100. In 1788, Guass attended Gymnasium (a senior secondary school
in Germany) and then in 1792 entered Brunswick Collegium Carolinum. In 1798, at the age of 21, he completed his most famous
work “Disquisitiones Arithmeticae” which was published in 1801. Section VII of this work was mainly devoted to number
theory. Gauss also predicted the position of a then-new small planet ‘Ceres’ by using the least square approximation method. In
1802, Gauss visited Olbers, who discovered Pallas, and then Gauss discovered its orbit. After the death of the Duke of
Brunswick, in 1807, Gauss left Brunswick to take up the position of director of the Göttingen observatory. After he arrived in
Göttingen, within two years both his father and wife died and he was completely shattered. But his problems never affected his
work. In 1809, he published his second book, “Theoria Motus corporum coelestium in sectionibus conicis Solem ambientium”, a
two-volume series on the motion of celestial bodies. The first volume covered the topics, differential equations, conic sections,
and elliptical orbits. In the second volume, he showed how to calculate and refine the estimate of a planet’s orbit. His
publications include “Disquisitiones generales circa seriem infinitam”, a rigorous treatment of series, and an introduction of the
hypergeometric function, “Methodus nova integration valores per approximationem inveniendi”, a practical essay on
approximate integration, “Bestimmung der Genauigkeit der Beobachtungen”, a discussion of statistical estimators, and “Theoria
attractionis corporum sphaeroidicorum ellipticorum homogeneorum methodus nova tractate.”In 1822, Gauss won the university
prize for Theory of attraction and also for the idea of mapping one surface onto another so that the two are similar in their
smallest parts. The paper “Theoria combinationis observationum erroribus minimis obnoxiae (1823), with its supplement (1828)
was about mathematical statistics, particularly the least square method. Gauss also gave proof of some axioms which suggested
that he believed in the existence of non-Euclidean geometry. He never published any paper on non-Euclidean geometry, as he
feared that doing so will affect his reputation. After a decade, when Gauss came to know that Lobachevsky had published a paper
on non-Euclidean geometry, he wrote a letter to Schumacher in 1846 saying,

Had the same convictions for 54 years.”

Which shows that he knew the existence of non-euclidean geometry when he was just 15 years old. Gauss also published several
papers on differential geometry. One of the papers also included the most famous Gauss theorem. He was equally interested in
the study of Physics and he also published several papers. On 23 February 1855, Gauss died of a heart attack. Rudolf Wagner
preserved the brain of Gauss and examined it. He found that the mass of his brain was slightly above average that explained him
being a genius.
EUCLID
Euclid or Euclid of Alexandria was a great Greek mathematician. He is also known as the Father
of Geometry. There is no authentic information about his death and birth dates, but it is assumed
that he was born and brought up in the era of Ptolemy. He gave many theorems in mathematics,
more precisely in geometry. He is mainly known for his work in the field of geometry. He used
to study the work of the mathematicians who preceded him. His main motive was to synthesis
their work, i.e., rearranging their work to find something new. In his findings, he mostly used a
deductive approach. He used the facts that were known to him and derived various theorems out
of them, and he compiled his findings in his most famous book titled ‘The Elements.’ Many of
the facts mentioned in this book were already known, but initially, they were just statements.
Euclid imparted proofs to those axioms. His book ‘The Elements’ serves as a textbook in many
schools to date.
EUCLID
Euclid or Euclid of Alexandria was a great Greek mathematician. He is also known as the Father
of Geometry. There is no authentic information about his death and birth dates, but it is assumed
that he was born and brought up in the era of Ptolemy. He gave many theorems in mathematics,
more precisely in geometry. He is mainly known for his work in the field of geometry. He used
to study the work of the mathematicians who preceded him. His main motive was to synthesis
their work, i.e., rearranging their work to find something new. In his findings, he mostly used a
deductive approach. He used the facts that were known to him and derived various theorems out
of them, and he compiled his findings in his most famous book titled ‘The Elements.’ Many of
the facts mentioned in this book were already known, but initially, they were just statements.
Euclid imparted proofs to those axioms. His book ‘The Elements’ serves as a textbook in many
schools to date.
BASIC MATHEMATIC

PROJEC
T
SUBMITTED BY:
JEMUEL BULAN
TAGALOY
JUN REY SOSING
B.S CRIM 1-Y
SUBJECT CODE (00563)

SUBMITTED TO:
JENNIFER LACABA-BARDAJE
BASIC MATHEMATIC

PROJEC
T
SUBMITTED BY:
MARCK ADRIAN DIOTON
MAX JABAAN
B.S CRIM 1-Y
SUBJECT CODE (00563)

SUBMITTED TO:
JENNIFER LACABA-BARDAJE