Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TO 18 YEAR OLD
Submitted to Sir Januard A. Romana of the Saint Joseph High School of Laligan Inc.
There are number of people without whom this research might not have been
To our Almighty Father, who has given us wisdom, presence of mind, and virtue of
To my subject teacher, Sir Januard A. Romana, for his expert sincere and valuable
To my sister, who is always there to guide me in making this study thank you so
much.
To my ever understanding parents, who never get tired of inspiring and supporting
me in any way or another and the unconditional they have showed me.
Dedication
loving family who has been a constant source of inspiration and my greatest support
system. To the teacher who taught me the beauty of literature, and to the students
and other people as well who might find this work interesting.
Abstract
The present research is an effort to investigate the factors of why students smokes.
Also, comparing them to their parents if they have a history of smokers. The scope
With regard to the cigarette smoking of students, some studies reveal that the
smoking can affects the focus and concentration of students not just in classes but
judgments, the reason why they can’t stop themselves from smoking. Smoking may
influence the trajectory of brain development and affect the function of the
Furthermore, studies then states that students who smoke daily could experience
causes cancer, heart disease, stroke, lung diseases, diabetes, and chronic
bronchitis. In short, it can damage the heart, blood vessels, and blood cells. Also,
which is the buildup of plaque in the blood vessels. Wherein this buildup limits blood
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
No matter how you smoke it, tobacco is dangerous to your health. There are
no safe substances in any tobacco products, from acetone and tar to nicotine and
carbon monoxide. The substances you inhale don’t just affect your lungs. They can
affect your body. Smoking can lead to a variety of ongoing complications in the
While smoking can increase your risk of a variety of problems over several
years, some of the bodily effects are immediate. Tobacco smoke is incredibly
harmful to your health. There’s no way to smoke. Replacing your cigarette with
cigar, pipe or hookah won’t help you avoid the health risks.
For cigarettes contain about 600 ingredients, many of which can also be
found in cigars and hookahs. When these ingredients burn, they generate more than
chemicals are poisonous and at least 69 of them are linked to cancer and many
more diseases that I mentioned above. Withal, while the effects of smoking may not
be immediate, the complications and damage can last for years. The good news is
the study would happen. However, the study will tackle the following but first I first
This study is an effort to investigate the factors of why students smokes. Also,
comparing them to their parents if they have a history of smokers. In addition, why
Hypothesis
The expectation and prediction that might be proven in my research is, this
study will be solve. It will be solved through this research. Through this research my
prediction of the causes why students smokes will be proven at the end of this
study. In which it does not lack. As well as no more lapses will happened.
Specific Objectives
well could help students to gained knowledge about this study. It will solved all the
questions students have in mind about cigarette smoking This research study
moreover will strengthen the view that most individuals have indeed varied
perceptions in life about smoking whereas if affect their daily existence and their
manner of living.
Thus, this study will help students and everyone else who are acquainted in smoking
and by this study they will be aware what are the effects of smoking in their body
and what are the causes of it that triggers why this happens. In addition, what are
the suitable solution for this diseases to unleash and prevent this from spreading
Specifically, this study is beneficial because it will help the following group of
individuals:
Students – it can never be denied that by this study students would be aware what
will be the effects of it to them if they tried to smoke. That is why they are one who
Parents – they are also the beneficial of this study because they will be enlighten of
why their children smoke and get many diseases at the early age. The reason as
well why they do get low marks at school and became irritated if they can’t smoke
The scope of the study focused on the cigarette smokers of Grade- 10 students. In
However, this study delimits only to the causes of why Grade-10 students smoke. As
well as its effects in their life. Yet, other factors aside from socio-economic and
Definition of Terms
In the process of conducting the study, the researcher found words that are
Smoking, in this study, it is the act of inhaling and exhaling the fumes of burning
plant material. A variety of plant materials are smoked, including marijuana and
hashish, but the act is most commonly associated with tobacco as smoked in a
Student is a person who goes to school and is learning something. Students can be
children, teenagers, or adults who are going to school, but it may also be other
also have other ingredients, including substances to add different flavors. In short, it
CHAPTER II
This is the review of related literature of this study. The purpose of these is to
Risk taking behaviours are behaviours in which the results are unknown and from
which there is a possibility of identifiable and possibly fatal, injury. These are
behaviours that can cause physical harm to the participant or others. Risk behavious
include driving at high speed, alcohol use and driving, using illicit drugs, exhibiting
They also include behaviours that are socially unacceptable and could lead to serious
legal consequences such as shoplifting, vandalism, assault, theft and drug dealing.
According to Sarkar & Andreas (2004, 699), adolescent drivers are more dangerous
than other drivers but their perceived risk of being caught engaging in dangerous
driving may not be enough to deter them from such behaviour. Wang et al (2010,
320) found that early adolescents who were male and who did not come from two-
identifying with peers’ risk behaviours, adolescents who have good emotional
regulation may deal with stress better and be less affected by peers’ risk behaviours.
associated with decreased risk of smoking. They found adolescent smokers to spend
more time watching TV and playing videogames, other than sports activities,
playtime or walks. Also they found that sport activities outside school were inversely
According to Sabbah et al (2008, 47), students who were not happy with their
weight were more likely to be involved in risky behaviours such as bullying others at
school, being bullied and smoking nargila, than adolescents who were more satisfied
with their weight. They also found that girls who were dissatisfied with their weight
injury than with girls who were satisfied with their weight.
In the study by Robert & Ryan (2002, 1061), adolescents who had tattoos reported
peers and by themselves, higher levels of violence perpetration and have more
school problems than their nontattooed counterparts (Robert & Ryan 2002, 1061).
6
According Ryan & Robert (2002, 1062), tattoo may be permanent, easily noticed
assessment for high risk behaviours and subsequent counselling during clinical office
visits (Ryan & Robert 2002, 1062). Violence is found to a higher extent in male
adolecents males with tattoos and female adolescents with body piercing (Carroll et
A study by Felton & Bartoces (2002, 63) found low problem solving skills, fewer
health enhancing behaviours and less education to be risk factors for early sex.
Since adolescent smokers are also more bound to be involved in other risky
According to McCay et al (2009, 76-77), smoking costs the smoker in many ways
and the cost of smoking goes beyond purchasing tobacco products. A smoker
insurance costs, and spends a lot of money on cosmetics and clothing. Studies have
found that people in the lower socioeconomic classes smoke more than people in the
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
process plays a key role in the process of decision- making, leading to behavioral
change. PMT consists of two pathways: Threat Appraisal and Coping Appraisal, and
it is the interaction of the two that determines the likelihood whether an adolescent
and it includes four constructs in two groups: Perceived Threat (severity and
the threat, and it includes three constructs also in two groups: perceived efficacy
(response efficacy and self-efficacy) and perceived cost (response cost). Those who
perceive greater threat from smoking and have higher coping ability to adapt non-
smoking behaviors are less likely to smoke. Some studies have reported the
China.
In a study, a measurement scale for accessing PMT was reported with adequate
reliability and validity. Therefore, the Threat Appraisal and Coping Appraisal, derived
from the Protection Motivation Theory, were used to predict smoking behavior in this
study.
CHAPTER III
Research Design
descriptive research is the one that is used in this study. In order to achieve a
Research Environment
The study will be taken at Saint Joseph High School of Laligan. In which the school
have so many students who are smokers that starts with an early age. Such as at
the age of 13 to 18 years old. Without the parents knowing about it or maybe yes
they knew and they might be the one who influences their child as well. That is why
Research Respondents
As said in the research title the respondents of this study is the students. The Grade-
which who already got their selves engage in cigarette smoking or who already
started smoking.
Research Instruments
I think the best instrument for my research is structure interview. Due to the fact
that I want to set a questions that is posed to each interviewee. Also, to record my
CHAPTER IV
Measures
Consent was obtained from parents/guardians of the selected students. The consent
form provided information about the participation of their children in the study, as
well as the study objectives. Participations of students were of voluntary basis and
form if they did not agree for their son/daughter to participate. Only respondents
who did not return the consent form were allowed to participate in the study. Data
collection was carried out in the designated area allocated by the school
administration. Staff and teachers were not allowed to be around during the
objectives of the study, the anonymity of the answers given, awareness that their
questionnaire. Respondents were also requested not to write their names or provide
any information that would reveal their identities, with the exception of their
signatures which indicated their willingness to participate in the study. Respondents
who did not understand certain items in the questionnaire were assisted by the
variable in this questionnaire was “current smoker”, which was evaluated using the
item “In the last 30 days, how often did you smoke?”
Respondents who answered “every day”, “almost every day”, “2–3 times a week”,
“once a week” and “once a month” were classified as “current smoker” whilst those
who answered “I did not smoke” during the last 30 days were categorized as
“nonsmoker”. Those who answered “smoked at least once a month” were required
to answer their age of smoking initiation, quantity of cigarettes smoked per day and
source of cigarettes. Those who smoked less than 11 sticks per day was classified as
light smoker, 11–20 sticks as moderate smoker and more than 20 sticks per day as
heavy smoker. The independent variables included “parents/ guardian who smoked”,
version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to evaluate the level of self-
esteem, whereby those who scored less than 15 were categorized as having “low
self-esteem” and 15–30 as having “high self-esteem”. The protection factor was
evaluated using 6 items (for example “My parents know what I am doing during my
free time”), (“friends always help me in school”). Religiosity was examined using
three items (for example “Do you agree that religion is very important to guide your
life?”). Both these variables were measured using the Likert-type scale. A higher
score indicated a higher protective factor in school and within their families as well
close friend(s) was measured using the item “How many close best friends do you
have?” with the option “None, One, Two”. Questions on how often they felt lonely
was evaluated using the item “In the last one month how often do you feel lonely?”
10
Smoking
Variable Chi-square value p value
Yes No
N(%) N(%)
Gender
Academic Achievement
Moderate 4(0.26)
Unsatisfactory 3(0.2)
7(0.47) 0
Marital status of parents
Split 8(0.53)
4(0.26) 33(2.2)
Level of self esteem
Loneliness
Sometimes 7(0.46)
46(3.06)
Number of parents who
smoked
None 14(0.93)
Both 2(0.13) 0
5(0.33)
5(0.33)
Number of Best Friends
One 9(0.6) 0
5(0.33)
Table 2 Smoking initiation age, number, and frequency of smoking and source of cigarettes/s among current
adolescent smoking.
Variable n %
Smoking initiation Age (year)
13-14 15 30
15-16 16 32
17-18 20 40
Quantity of cigarettes daily
1 7 11.6
2-5 19 15.4
6-9 18 19.6
11-20 1 1
>20 1 2.2
Source of cigarettes
Others 20 11.8
11-12
Analysis
Data analysis
The data were cleaned before the analysis, whereby outlier values were detected
using frequency analysis and references were made against the original
questionnaire if the investigators had any doubt about the answers given.
smoking status and social demographic variables whilst independent T-test was used
smokers and nonsmokers. All independent variables with p < 0.25 in univariate
variant inflation factor and the value of 1.025 indicated no co-linearity between the
two variables. A Hosmer–Lemeshow value of 0.25 indicated the fitness of the model.
All possible two-way interactions between the independent variables in the final
model were also analyzed. No interaction with p < 0.05 were detected, indicating no
significant two-way interactions. All statistical analyses were run at 95% confidence
13
RESULTS
smoking module, giving a response rate of 93.4% to this section. The students were
composed almost equally by gender 51.8% (20/51) were females and 51.2%
(17/51) were males The prevalence of smoking was 14 (34/51) (95% CI:13.3–15.9)
and this was higher among male students as compared to females (27.9% vs 2.4%
p < 0.001).
Smoking prevalence was also significantly higher among the students, those who
perceived their academic achievement as poor, who always felt lonely, had parent/s
or guardian/s who smoked and with two best friends (Table 1).
Table 2 highlighted that almost 70% of current smokers bought cigarettes from the
premises (i.e., sundry shops) by themselves and more than one-third of them
smoked daily. Approximately 90% of current smokers were light smokers (smoked
less than 11 sticks per day) and almost two-thirds of them started smoking during
14
DISCUSSION
This study also found that most students initiated smoking during upper primary or
lower secondary schooling period. This might be because adolescents at this age feel
that they are constantly at the center of attention and the people surrounding them
are inspecting either their appearance or actions. This belief might drive them into
response kinship between adolescent smoking and the smoking status of one or two
parent(s). The likelihood of smoking increased when both parents smoked. These
behavior among adults. The mentally immature students would adopt the smoking
15
CHAPTER V
Summary
To sum it up, the cigarette smoking of the Grade-10 St. Andrew students is
affected by their friends and parents most of the time. Also, by gender, socio-
The researcher sees that study also found that most students initiated smoking
during upper primary or lower secondary schooling period. This might be because
adolescents at this age feel that they are constantly at the center of attention and
the people surrounding them are inspecting either their appearance or actions. This
belief might drive them into conducting risk-taking actions, as such initiating
parents who smoked were usually more liberal when dealing with smoking issues
and therefore less likely to convey the hazard of smoking to their children, which
would ultimately lead to the thinking that smoking is acceptable and permissible by
their smoking parents. In addition, smoking parents may also think that they do not
have legitimate authority to advice or convince their children not to smoke because
they themselves are smokers. Having more best friends had been demonstrated by
many studies to be a protection factor against smoking since having more friends
would enable the sharing of problems, reducing stress and therefore reduce the
16
Conclusion
and implementation of targeted public health policies to combat the relatively high
positive role model to discourage non-smoking adolescents from initiating this habit
and for smoking adolescents to quit smoking. Last but not least, enforcement
activities towards the sale of tobacco products to adolescents and smoking in public
areas should be enhanced to prevent smoking initiation and to deformalize smoking
17
Recommendations
Pedagogical Implication
After the thorough analysis of the data, the researcher would like to suggest
that the following group of individuals should review this research because it would
be beneficial to them.
Students – it can never be denied that by this study students would be aware what
will be the effects of it to them if they tried to smoke. That is why they are one who
Parents – they are also the beneficial of this study because they will be enlighten of
why their children smoke and get many diseases at the early age. The reason as
well why they do get low marks at school and became irritated if they can’t smoke
Teachers- teacher are also the beneficial of this study because it can help them
knew why there students smoke. They can advise their students to stop smoking
because it is not good for their heath. Also, by this study as well they will notice the
18
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