Question 1

(a) Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is a process where a phagocyte binds to an item it want to engulf on the cell
surface and draws the item in to itself while engulfing it. Phagocytosis is a process that often
happen when the cell is trying to destroy something, for example a virus or on infected cell.
Phagocytosis is one of the main mechanisms of immune defense system. Example of phagocytic
cells are neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils. Phagocytosis involve a few stages. Firstly,
phagocytic cell entraps the targeted cell, such as bacteria with its plasma membrane. The
vacuole then packages within them and lysosomes fuse with the food vacuole. Lastly, enzymes of
lysosomes will digest the food particle.
(b) Pinocytosis
Pinocytosis is a process by which liquid droplets are ingested by living cells. Pinocytosis also
means ‘cell-drinking’. Tiny liquid droplets are trapped by the folds of plasma membrane and
pinches off to form a vesicle in cytoplasm. The fluid droplets could thus be transported through
the cell.
(c) Receptor-mediated Endocytosis
Receptor-mediated Endocytosis is a process which involve the uptake of metabolites, hormones,
proteins, by the inward budding of plasma membrane. This process is strictly mediated by
receptors on the plasma membrane of cell. Only specific substances can enter the cell through
this process. One such example is cholesterol. Cholesterol cannot diffuses into the cell through
the cell membrane. To enter a cell, it must bind to a specific receptors in the plasma membrane.
This process is called receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Question 2

Cloning involve processes that can be used to produce genetically identical copies of a biological entity.
Cloning is a part of genetic engineering field which involve a highly artificial form of asexual reproduction
based on mitosis. Since mitosis allows the reproduction of genetically-identical organisms through
asexually reproduction, it is applied in the technology of cloning. For example, cloning in plants or ‘tissue
culture’. Plants are cloned to produce identical plants quickly and more economically. It is also an
effective way of producing new individuals from rare and endangered plants, helping to preserve the
species.
 Comparison between Animal cell and Plant cell
Animal cell
Smaller in size, rectangular
shape enclosed by a rigid
cellulose cell wall in addition to
plasma membrane, and hence
has a fixed shape.
No
Animal cell generally do not
have vacuole. If yes, unicellular
animal cell commonly have tiny
vacuole.
Yes
Animal cell store energy in the
form of glycogen granules
Question 3
Elements Plant cell
Size and appearance Comparatively larger in size,
circular shape enclosed by a
thin, flexible membrane only.
Presence of chloroplast Yes
Presence of vacuole Yes, a single centrally located
vacuole takes up to 90% of cell.
Presence of cell membrane, Yes
nucleus, cytoplasm,
mitochondrion
Storage material Plant cell stores energy in the
form of starch granule

SIMILARITIES
MEIOSIS MITOSIS
● Both are process of cell division.
● Both produces new cells.
● Chromosome replicates once in both process.

DIFFERENCES
Occur in reproductive organ
Produces gametes (reproductive cells/germ cell)
Produces 4 haploid daughter cells
Synapsis occur in prophase I.
Cytokinesis occurs two times.
Cross-over occur in Prophase I. (Produce cell
variation)
Genetic variation occur.
Chromosomes number is halved in each daughter
cell.
Occur in production of gametes in sexual
reproduction.
Occur in all body parts
Produces somatic cell (body cell)
Produces 2 diploid daughter cells
Synapsis do not occur.
Cytokinesis occurs once.
Cross-over do not occur. (Daughter cells are
identical)
Genetically Identical.
Chromosomes number remains the same as
parent cell.
Occur in vegetative cell division/asexual
reproduction. (Cell growth and cell repair)
Question 4

If Chloroplast of a plant cell damaged or malfunction, it cannot carry out photosynthesis to produce food
source.

If mitochondria of a cell damaged, the cell would not be able to function properly as the energy source is
damaged. Mitochondria produces energy for the cell activity.

If the nucleus of a cell malfunction, the genetic information carried would be affected too. Hence, when
the cell undergo division, mutated cell will be formed too.

If ribosomes in a cell damaged, the protein synthesis in a cell would be stunted.