SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE

(FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)

Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Module

in

Teaching Science in Elementary Grades

(Biology and Chemistry)
Final’s Module

1st Semester A/Y: 2022-2023

Prepared by:

JASON V. COMPETENTE
Instructor
COMPETENCY #12: PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
A. Male and Female Reproductive System
 B. Digestive System
c. Circulatory System
d. Respiratory System
OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:

 Identify the parts and functions of the different systems of our body.
 Label the parts of the different systems of our body.
 Value the importance of taking care of our body systems to keep them functional all the time.

MOTIVATION
Find your partner and brainstorm or guess the answer on the following questions.
1. What is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females — that work together
for the purpose of producing offspring?
2. What is the main organ of male and female reproductive system?
3. What is the process of reducing food to smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the body?
4. What is the two types of digestion?
5. What part of the digestive system where complete digestion takes place?
6. What are the three parts of the circulatory system?
7. What are the three types of blood vessels?
8. Red blood cells are red in color due to what pigment?
9. Where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place?
10. What do you call the tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and other irritants out of
your airways?

CONTEXT

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females —
that work together for the purpose of procreating, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Due to its vital role in the
survival of the species, many scientists argue that the reproductive system is among the most important
systems in the entire body. An individual may live a long, healthy, and happy life without producing offspring,
but if the species is to continue, at least some individuals must produce offspring.

Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system has four functions:
 To produce egg and sperm cells
 To transport and sustain these cells
 To nurture the developing offspring
 To produce hormones

These functions are divided between the primary and secondary, or accessory, reproductive organs. The
primary reproductive organs, or gonads, consist of the ovaries and testes. These organs are responsible for
producing the egg and sperm cells gametes), and hormones. These hormones function in the maturation of
the reproductive system, the development of sexual characteristics, and regulation of the
normal physiology of the reproductive system. All other organs, ducts, and glands in the reproductive system
are considered secondary, or accessory, reproductive organs. These structures transport and sustain the
gametes and nurture the developing offspring.

How Reproductive Systems Work

The male reproductive system consists of two major parts: the testes, where sperm are produced, and
the penis. The penis and urethra belong to both the urinary and reproductive systems in males. The testes are
carried in an external pouch known as the scrotum, where they normally remain slightly cooler than body
temperature to facilitate sperm production. 

The external structures of the female reproductive system include the clitoris, labia minora, labia
majora and Bartholin's glands. The major internal organs of the female reproductive system include the vagina
and uterus — which act as the receptacle for semen — and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova. The
vagina is attached to the uterus through the cervix, while the fallopian tubes connect the uterus to the ovaries.
In response to hormonal changes, one ovum, or egg — or more in the case of multiple births — is released and
sent down the fallopian tube during ovulation. If not fertilized, this egg is eliminated during menstruation.

Fertilization occurs if a sperm enters the fallopian tube and burrows into the egg. While the fertilization
usually occurs in the oviducts, it can also happen in the uterus itself. The egg then becomes implanted in the
lining of the uterus, where it begins the processes of embryogenesis (in which the embryo forms) and
morphogenesis (in which the fetus begins to take shape). When the fetus is mature enough to survive outside
of the womb, the cervix dilates, and contractions of the uterus propel it through the birth canal. 

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

Unlike a woman, most of a man’s reproductive system is located outside of his body. These external
structures include the penis, the scrotum, and the testicles.

The organs of the male reproductive system are specialized for the following functions:
 To produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen)
 To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract
 To produce and secrete male sex hormones
The male reproductive anatomy includes internal and external structures.

What are the external male reproductive

structures?

Most of the male reproductive

system is located outside of the man’s
abdominal cavity or pelvis. The external
structures of the male reproductive
system are the penis, the scrotum and
the testicles.
 Penis — The penis is the male
organ for sexual intercourse. It
has three parts: the root, which
attaches to the wall of the
abdomen; the body, or shaft; and
the glans, which is the cone-
shaped end of the penis. The
glans, which also is called the
head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. (This skin is sometimes removed
in a procedure called circumcision.) The opening of the urethra, the tube that transports semen and
urine, is at the tip of the glans penis. The penis also contains a number of sensitive nerve endings.

The body of the penis is cylindrical in shape and consists of three internal chambers. These
chambers are made up of special, sponge-like erectile tissue. This tissue contains thousands of large spaces
that fill with blood when the man is sexually aroused. As the penis fills with blood, it becomes rigid and
erect, which allows for penetration during sexual intercourse. The skin of the penis is loose and elastic to
allow for changes in penis size during an erection.

Semen, which contains sperm, is expelled (ejaculated) through the end of the penis when the man
reaches sexual climax (orgasm). When the penis is erect, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra,
allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.

 Scrotum — The scrotum is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis. It contains the
testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum has a protective
function and acts as a climate control system for the testes. For normal sperm development, the testes
must be at a temperature slightly cooler than the body temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the
scrotum allow it to contract (tighten) and relax, moving the testicles closer to the body for warmth and
protection or farther away from the body to cool the temperature.
 Testicles (testes) — The testes are oval organs about the size of very large olives that lie in the
scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men have two testes.
The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for producing
 sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubules are
responsible for producing the sperm cells through a process called spermatogenesis.
 Epididymis — The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It
functions in the carrying and storage of the sperm cells that are produced in the testes. It also is the job
of the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity, since the sperm that emerge from the testes are
immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal, contractions force the sperm into the
vas deferens.

What are the internal male reproductive organs?

The internal organs of the male reproductive system, also called accessory organs, include the following:
 Vas deferens — The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the
pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra in
preparation for ejaculation.
 Ejaculatory ducts — These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles. The
ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.
 Urethra — The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. In males,
it has the additional function of expelling (ejaculating) semen when the man reaches orgasm. When
the penis is erect during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be
ejaculated at orgasm.
 Seminal vesicles — The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the
base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with
a source of energy and helps with the sperms’ motility (ability to move). The fluid of the seminal
vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man’s ejaculatory fluid, or ejaculate.
 Prostate gland — The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that is located below the urinary
bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate.
Prostate fluids also help to nourish the sperm. The urethra, which carries the ejaculate to be expelled
during orgasm, runs through the center of the prostate gland.
 Bulbourethral glands — The bulbourethral glands, or Cowper’s glands, are pea-sized structures located
on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid
that empties directly into the urethra. This fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any
acidity that may be present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra.

How does the male reproductive system function?

The entire male reproductive system is dependent on hormones, which are chemicals that stimulate or
regulate the activity of cells or organs. The primary hormones involved in the functioning of the male
reproductive system are follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone.
FSH and LH are produced by the pituitary gland located at the base of the brain. FSH is necessary for sperm
production (spermatogenesis), and LH stimulates the production of testosterone, which is necessary to
continue the process of spermatogenesis. Testosterone also is important in the development of male
characteristics, including muscle mass and strength, fat distribution, bone mass and sex drive.
SAQ #1: Why is it that male and female reproductive system important in the human body and in the lives
of human beings? (1 point)

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

How does the female reproductive system work?

The female reproductive system provides several functions. The ovaries produce the egg cells, called
the ova or oocytes. The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may
occur. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the
normal hormones of the reproductive cycle. Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened
uterine lining and continue to develop. If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as
menstrual flow. In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the
reproductive cycle.

During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones
necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and
eventually stop. One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.

What parts make-up the female anatomy?

The female reproductive anatomy includes both external and internal structures. The function of the external
female reproductive structures (the genital) is twofold: To enable sperm to enter the body and to protect the
internal genital organs from infectious organisms.

The main external structures of the female reproductive system include:

 Labia majora: The labia majora (“large
lips”) enclose and protect the other
external reproductive organs. During
puberty, hair growth occurs on the skin of
the labia majora, which also contain sweat
and oil-secreting glands.
 Labia minora: The labia minora (“small
lips”) can have a variety of sizes and
shapes. They lie just inside the labia
majora, and surround the openings to the
vagina (the canal that joins the lower part
of the uterus to the outside of the body)
and urethra (the tube that carries urine
from the bladder to the outside of the
body). This skin is very delicate and can
become easily irritated and swollen.
 Bartholin’s glands: These glands are
located next to the vaginal opening on each side and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion.
  Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to
the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the
foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can
become erect.

The internal reproductive organs include:

 Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins
the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to
the outside of the body. It also is known
as the birth canal.
 Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow,
pear-shaped organ that is the home to a
developing fetus. The uterus is divided
into two parts: the cervix, which is the
lower part that opens into the vagina,
and the main body of the uterus, called
the corpus. The corpus can easily expand
to hold a developing baby. A canal
through the cervix allows sperm to enter
and menstrual blood to exit.
 Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The
ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
 Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as
pathways for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Fertilization of an egg by a
sperm normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it
implants to the uterine lining.

SAQ # 2: Give the significant role played by the following: (3 points)

a. Sperm cell
b. Ovum
c. Fertilization
d. Scrotum
e. Ovaries
f. Fallopian tubes

What happens during the menstrual cycle?

Females of reproductive age (beginning anywhere from 11 to 16 years of age) experience cycles of hormonal
activity that repeat at about one-month intervals. Menstru means "monthly” – leading to the term menstrual
cycle. With every cycle, a woman’s body prepares for a potential pregnancy, whether or not that is the
woman’s intention. The term menstruation refers to the periodic shedding of the uterine lining. Many women
call the days that they notice vaginal bleeding their “period,” “menstrual” or cycle.
The average menstrual cycle takes about 28 days and occurs in phases. These phases include:
  The follicular phase (development of the egg)
 The ovulatory phase (release of the egg)
 The luteal phase (hormone levels decrease if the egg does not implant)

There are four major hormones (chemicals that stimulate or regulate the activity of cells or organs) involved in
the menstrual cycle. These hormones include:
 Follicle-stimulating hormone
 Luteinizing hormone
 Estrogen
 Progesterone

Follicular phase
This phase starts on the first day of your period. During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, the
following events occur:
 Two hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are released from the
brain and travel in the blood to the ovaries.
 The hormones stimulate the growth of about 15 to 20 eggs in the ovaries, each in its own "shell," called
a follicle.
 These hormones (FSH and LH) also trigger an increase in the production of the female hormone
estrogen.
 As estrogen levels rise, like a switch, it turns off the production of follicle-stimulating hormone. This
careful balance of hormones allows the body to limit the number of follicles that will prepare eggs to
be released.
 As the follicular phase progresses, one follicle in one ovary becomes dominant and continues to
mature. This dominant follicle suppresses all of the other follicles in the group. As a result, they stop
growing and die. The dominant follicle continues to produce estrogen.

Ovulatory phase
The ovulatory phase (ovulation) usually starts about 14 days after the follicular phase started, but this can
vary. The ovulatory phase falls between the follicular phase and luteal phase. Most women will have a
menstrual period 10 to 16 days after ovulation. During this phase, the following events occur:
 The rise in estrogen from the dominant follicle triggers a surge in the amount of luteinizing hormone
that is produced by the brain.
 This causes the dominant follicle to release its egg from the ovary.
 As the egg is released (a process called ovulation) it is captured by finger-like projections on the end of
the fallopian tubes (fimbriae). The fimbriae sweep the egg into the tube.
 For one to five days prior to ovulation, many women will notice an increase in egg white cervical
mucus. This mucus is the vaginal discharge that helps to capture and nourish sperm on its way to meet
the egg for fertilization.

Luteal phase
The luteal phase begins right after ovulation and involves the following processes:
  Once it releases its egg, the empty ovarian follicle develops into a new structure called the corpus
luteum.
 The corpus luteum secretes the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone prepares the
uterus for a fertilized egg to implant.
 If intercourse has taken place and a man's sperm has fertilized the egg (a process called conception),
the fertilized egg (embryo) will travel through the fallopian tube to implant in the uterus. The woman is
now considered pregnant.
 If the egg is not fertilized, it passes through the uterus. Not needed to support a pregnancy, the lining
of the uterus breaks down and sheds, and the next menstrual period begins.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The Structure and Function of the Digestive System

The food you eat takes an incredible journey through your body -- from top (your mouth) to bottom
(your anus). Along the way the beneficial parts of your food are absorbed, giving you energy and nutrients.

What organs make up the digestive system?

Your digestive system is uniquely constructed to do its job
of turning your food into the nutrients and energy you need to
survive. And when it’s done with that, it handily packages your
solid waste, or stool, for disposal when you have a bowel
movement.
The main organs that make up the digestive system (in
order of their function) are the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Helping them along
the way are the pancreas, gall bladder and liver.

Digestion is the process of reducing food to smaller molecules that

can be absorbed into the body. The main functions of digestion
are:
1. To break up big pieces of food into tiny particles; and
2. To break the tiny particles of food into molecules that will dissolve in body fluids and pass through the
cell walls to be used by the cells.

Mouth
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract. In fact, digestion starts before you even take a bite.
Your salivary glands get active as you see and smell that pasta dish or warm bread. After you start eating, you
chew your food into pieces that are more easily digested. Your saliva mixes with the food to begin to break it
down into a form your body can absorb and use. Your tongue keeps food to be chewed by the teeth inside
your mouth and pushes the food to the back of your mouth to be swallowed. The tongue also acts as the
organ of taste. Scattered over the surface of the tongue are the taste buds which have nerve endings at their
bases. When you swallow, your tongue passes the food into your throat and into your esophagus.
Esophagus
Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe), the esophagus receives food from your mouth
when you swallow. The epiglottis is a small flap that folds over your windpipe as you swallow to prevent you
from choking (when food goes into your windpipe). A series of muscular contractions within the esophagus
called peristalsis delivers food to your stomach.
But first a ring-like muscle at the bottom of your esophagus, called the lower esophageal sphincter, has
to relax to let the food in. The sphincter then contracts and prevents the contents of the stomach from flowing
back into the esophagus. (When it doesn’t and these contents flow back into the esophagus, you may
experience acid reflux or heartburn.)

Stomach
The stomach is a hollow organ, or "container," that holds food while it is being mixed with stomach
enzymes. These enzymes continue the process of breaking down food into a usable form. Cells in the lining of
the stomach secrete a strong acid and powerful enzymes that are responsible for the breakdown process.
When the contents of the stomach are processed enough, they’re released into the small intestine.

SAQ 3#: Why should you not talk when your mouth is full? Why is digestion considered as a mechanical
process and chemical process? (3 points)

Small intestine
Made up of three segments -- the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum -- the small intestine is a 22-foot
long muscular tube that breaks down food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver.
Peristalsis also works in this organ, moving food through and mixing it with digestive juices from the pancreas
and liver.
The duodenum is the first segment of the small intestine. It’s largely responsible for the continuous
breaking-down process. The jejunum and ileum lower in the intestine are mainly responsible for absorption of
nutrients into the bloodstream.
Contents of the small intestine start out semi-solid, and end in a liquid form after passing through the organ.
Water, bile, enzymes and mucus contribute to the change in consistency. Once the nutrients have been
absorbed and the leftover-food residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the
large intestine, or colon.

Pancreas
The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum that break down protein, fats and
carbohydrates. The pancreas also makes insulin, passing it directly into the bloodstream. Insulin is the chief
hormone in your body for metabolizing sugar.

Liver
The liver has many functions, but its main job within the digestive system is to process the nutrients
absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays an important
role in digesting fat and some vitamins. The liver is the body's chemical "factory." It takes the raw materials
absorbed by the intestine and makes all the various chemicals the body needs to function.
The liver also detoxifies potentially harmful chemicals. It breaks down and secretes many drugs that can be
toxic to the body.

Gallbladder
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the liver, and then releases it into the duodenum in
the small intestine to help absorb and digest fats.

Colon (large intestine)

The large intestine, or colon, is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy
and convenient. It’s a 6-foot long muscular tube that connects the small intestine to the rectum. The large
intestine is made up of the cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the transverse (across) colon, the descending
(left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum.

Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon by means of
peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form. As stool passes through the colon, water is
removed. Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped) colon until a "mass movement" empties it into the rectum
once or twice a day.

It normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is mostly food
debris and bacteria. These “good” bacteria perform several useful functions, such as synthesizing various
vitamins, processing waste products and food particles and protecting against harmful bacteria. When the
descending colon becomes full of stool, or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process
of elimination (a bowel movement).

The main functions of the colon are to extract the water and mineral salts from undigested food, and
to store waste material. Carnivorous mammals have a shorter large intestine compared to herbivorous
mammals due to their diet.

Rectum
The rectum is a straight, 8-inch chamber that connects the colon to the anus. The rectum's job is to
receive stool from the colon, let you know that there is stool to be evacuated (pooped out) and to hold the
stool until evacuation happens. When anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum, sensors send a message
to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can be released or not. If they can, the sphincters
relax and the rectum contracts, disposing its contents. If the contents cannot be disposed, the sphincter
contracts and the rectum accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away.

Anus
The anus is the last part of the digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal consisting of the pelvic floor
muscles and the two anal sphincters (internal and external). The lining of the upper anus is able to detect
rectal contents. It lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas or solid.

The anus is surrounded by sphincter muscles that are important in allowing control of stool. The pelvic
floor muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from coming out when it’s
not supposed to. The internal sphincter is always tight, except when stool enters the rectum. This keeps
us continent (prevents us from pooping involuntarily) when we are asleep or otherwise unaware of the
presence of stool.

When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our external sphincter to hold the stool until
reaching a toilet, where it then relaxes to release the contents.

The treatment of food in the digestive system involves the following seven processes:
1. Ingestion is the process of eating.
2. Propulsion is the movement of food along the digestive tract. The major means of propulsion is
peristalsis, a series of alternating contractions and relaxations of smooth muscle that lines the walls of
the digestive organs and that forces food to move forward.
3. Secretion of digestive enzymes and other substances liquefies, adjusts the pH of, and chemically breaks
down the food.
4. Mechanical digestion is the process of physically breaking down food into smaller pieces. This process
begins with the chewing of food and continues with the muscular churning of the stomach. Additional
churning occurs in the small intestine through muscular constriction of the intestinal wall. This process,
called segmentation, is similar to peristalsis, except that the rhythmic timing of the muscle
constrictions forces the food backward and forward rather than forward only.
5. Chemical digestion is the process of chemically breaking down food into simpler molecules. The
process is carried out by enzymes in the stomach and small intestines.
6. Absorption is the movement of molecules (by passive diffusion or active transport) from the digestive
tract to adjacent blood and lymphatic vessels. Absorption is the entrance of the digested food (now
called nutrients) into the body.
7. Defecation is the process of eliminating undigested material through the anus.

SAQ #4: How do the following accessory organs perform their functions in aid of digestion? (3 points)
a. Teeth
b. tongue
c. Liver
d. Pancreas
e. Gallbladder
f. Stomach sphincter

THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

The circulatory system, also called cardiovascular system,  is a vital organ system that delivers essential
substances to all cells for basic functions to occur. Also commonly known as the cardiovascular system, is a
network composed of the heart as a centralised pump, bloods vessels that distribute blood throughout the
body, and the blood itself, for transportation of different substances.
 The main function of the circulatory (or cardiovascular) system is to deliver oxygen to the body tissues,
whilst simultaneously removing carbon dioxide produced by metabolism. Oxygen is bound to molecules
called hemoglobin that are on the surface of the red blood cells in the blood.

The circulatory system is responsible for transporting materials throughout the entire body. It
transports nutrients, water, and oxygen to the billions of cells in your body and carries away wastes such as
carbon dioxide.

Parts of the Circulatory System

1. The Heart
The heart is an amazing muscular organ. It is located at the center of your chest slightly tilted to the
left. Its job is to pump blood and keep the blood moving throughout your body. The heart beats about
3 billion times during an average lifetime. It is an organ about the size of your fist.

Heart Chambers
The heart is divided into
4 chambers: the left and the
right atrium or auricles and the
left and the right ventricles. The
atria or atrium are responsible
for receiving used blood coming
from all parts of the body. When
the atria contract, blood is
pumped into the ventricles.

The ventricles are the

pumping chambers of the heart.
The right ventricle pumps
unoxygenated blood to the lungs while the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the body. The
right atrium and the right ventricle receive and pump out oxygen-poor blood while the left atrium and
the left ventricle receive ad pump out oxygen-rich blood to the body.

Between the atria and the ventricles are valves, overlapping layers of muscles that allow blood
to flow only in one direction. Valves are present between the atria and ventricles and within the
vessels connected to the ventricles.

Heart Sounds
As the chambers of the heart alternately contract and relax, distinct sounds are produced. The
sound consists of a pattern of two syllables: lub dub. The first sound lub is produced by the vibration of
the ventricles when they contract and the closing of the valves between the atria and ventricle (AV
valves). The second sound dub is produced by the vibration of the valves (semilunar valves or SL valves)
within the blood vessels (pulmonary artery and aorta) connected to the heart.
 Heartbeat
Try to go up and down the stairs. What happens to your heartbeat? Have you observed that
your heart beats faster when you are doing some strenuous work than when you are resting?

Feel both sides of your chest and find where your heartbeat is strongest. Use a stethoscope or
rolled cardboard and place it in your chest to listen to your heartbeat. At rest, the average heartbeat is
60-100 times per minute. But as you exercise, your heart beats faster. It is because you need more
oxygen and energy as you exercise. Therefore, your heart should contract faster as you deliver the
blood needed by the body cells.

Heartbeat occur in two stages: the contraction or systole stage and the relaxation or diastole
stage. During diastole, the chambers of the blood are being filled with blood. At systole, blood is
pumped out of the chambers for distribution to all parts of the body. This alternate contraction and
relaxation of the heart chambers is called the cardiac cycle.

During each heartbeat, about 2 to 3 ounces (oz) of blood are pumped out of the heart. If the
heart stops pumping, death usually occur within 4 to 5 minutes. The human heart undergoes over 3
billion relaxation and contraction cycles during a normal lifetime. The heartbeat is controlled by the
autonomic nervous system.

The pulse is the rhythmic stretching of the artery caused by the pressure of the blood within as
the ventricles contract. It can be felt in various parts of the body such as on the wrists, the sides of the
neck, and the upper arm muscle.

2. The Blood
The blood is the liquid medium that is constantly flowing throughout our body. It is referred to as the
river of life. The blood transports water, oxygen, nutrients, salts, hormones, and other substances that
sustain life. It also removes waste products of metabolism from the different parts of the body and
deposits them to the respective organs of excretion to be disposed of from our body. A young person
has about a gallon of blood, while an adult human has about 5 to 6 liters of blood.

Components of the Blood

The blood is composed of a liquid part called plasma that comprises about 55% of the blood by
volume and a solid part or the formed components that comprises about 45% of the blood by volume.
The formed components are the red blood cells , white blood cells and platelets.

Red Blood Cells

Red Blood Cells, also known as erythrocytes are small, spherical enucleated, and biconcave
cells. Red blood cells transport gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) respectively to and from the cells.
Red blood cells pick up oxygen in the lungs and transport it to all the body cells. After delivering the
oxygen to the cells, they remove the carbon dioxide that is released as our cells are working and bring
it back to the lungs where it is removed from the body when we exhale.
 Red blood cells are red in color. The color is due to the pigment hemoglobin, an iron-containing
protein. Red blood cells are continuously being manufactured in the red marrow of flat and long bones
like the ribs, skull, and vertebrae. The life span of an erythrocyte is only 120 days, after which they are
destroyed in the liver and the spleen. Iron from hemoglobin is recovered and reused by the body.

White Blood Cells

White blood cells or leucocytes are irregular in shape and are slightly larger than the red blood
cells. They are nucleated, but lack hemoglobin. They are relatively fewer as compared to red blood
cells, but they play a vital role in the body’s immune system. They fight invading bacteria, viruses,
fungi, and parasites that cause infection.
White blood cells are phagocytes and can produce antibodies, which are released into the
circulating blood to attack foreign organisms. They attack and destroy germs when they enter our
body. When there is an infection, your body will produce more white blood cells to help fight infection.
White blood cells originate from stem cells that undergo cell division in the red bone marrow.
There are several varieties of white blood cells: the neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and
lymphocytes.

Platelets
Platelets are the smallest of the formed components of the blood. They help stop bleeding.
They are designed to begin the process of coagulation or clot formation whenever a tissue or blood
vessel is broken. Platelets are made in the bone marrow. They survive for 10 days before being
removed and destroyed in the liver and spleen. There are about 150 000 to 300 000 platelets in each
milliliter of blood.
When we are cut or abraded, the blood platelets disintegrate upon contact with air. Their
disintegration begins the blood clotting process. The blood clotting process is controlled by the
chemical reactions among the blood proteins present in the plasma, specifically prothrombin and
fibrinogen, calcium ions, and some enzymes. The ultimate end of the blood clotting process is the
formation of a network of fibers that traps more blood cells from coming out and seals or plugs the
broken blood vessel until a red mass of tissue called clot forms as a permanent patch on it. As the clot
forms, a straw-colored fluid called serum exudes out of the clot. This serum is the plasma whose blood
proteins have been removed to become the clot.

Plasma
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. It is a clear yellowish fluid that makes up the rest of the
blood’s volume.
Plasma has 90% water and 10% dissolved materials including proteins, glucose, ions, hormones,
salts, and gases. There are different kinds of blood proteins: albumin, fibrinogen, prothrombin, and
gamma globulin. Fibrinogen and albumin are the blood proteins involved in blood clotting. Albumin
maintains the osmotic pressure of the blood, and gamma globulin functions in antibody formation.

SAQ # 5: What are the benefits of exercise in the circulation of blood? Why is monitoring blood pressure
important? (3 points)
 3. The Blood Vessels
The blood vessels are the vast networks of small tubes that carry blood throughout your body.
If you could take all the vessels out and line them up end to end, they would measure about 96 600
kilometers.
There are three types of blood vessels. These are arteries, veins, and capillaries. The network
of arteries, veins, and capillaries spreads through the entire body even into the bones and muscles.
a. Artery – these blood vessels carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. The oxygen-rich blood
leaves the left side of the heart. Arteries have thick elastic walls to withstand the high pressure of
blood as it surges from the heart with each beat. Arteries are located deeper in our body tissues.
The largest artery is the aorta. Arteries subdivide many times becoming smaller and smaller until
the smallest arteries called arterioles are formed. The arterioles then connect with the smallest
blood vessels, the capillaries located within the tissues and organs of the body.
b. Veins – are thin-walled and floppy. They carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart. The blood that
flows through the veins contains carbon dioxide. Within veins, the blood loses most of its pressure
after passing through the microscopic capillaries.
The largest vein is the vena cava. Veins subdivide many times becoming smaller and smaller until
the smallest veins called venules are formed. The venules are connected to the other end of the
capillaries within the tissues and organs of the body. Unlike arteries, veins are superficially located
in our body tissues. Look at the top surface of your hands: the blood vessels you see at their
surface are veins.
c. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels. They are so thin that blood cells pass through them in a
single pile. Capillaries connect arteries to veins. Food substances (nutrients), oxygen and wastes
pass in and out of your blood through the capillary walls.
Oxygen, food, and waste enter and leave the blood only through the microscopic capillaries. As red
blood cells move through a capillary, the hemoglobin component of the blood releases its oxygen.
The oxygen and food then diffuse through the capillary wall and enter your cells. Carbon dioxide
and other wastes diffuse from the cells back into the capillary. Your blood then carries these wastes
away.

SAQ #6: State the roles/functions performed by the following: (3 points)

a. Red blood cells
b. White blood cells
c. Platelets
d. Arteries
e. Veins
f. Heart

The Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system is an accessory system of the circulatory system that absorbs excess fluid from
the spaces between the cells and brings it back into the blood stream proper. It also performs the following
functions:
 Absorbs fats from the intestines to the blood stream
  Removes and destroys toxic substances
 Prevent the spread of diseases throughout the body.

The fluid that accumulates in the spaces in between the cells comes from the plasma that leaks out of the
capillary walls as the exchange of food, oxygen, and wastes take place.
The fluid called lymph passes through the lymph nodes before it is returned to the blood circulation.
Lymph nodes are masses of tissues composed of many white blood cells that eat up and filter out harmful
substances in the lymph.

Blood Circulation
Two pathways come from the heart:
 The pulmonary circulation is the movement of the blood from the heart and into the lungs.
 The systemic circulation carries blood from the heart to all the other parts of the body and back again.

In pulmonary circulation:
In pulmonary circulation, oxygen-poor blood coming from the organs and tissues of the body passes
through a major vein: the vena cava. The vena cava branches into two – the superior vena cava that collects
blood from the head and neck region and the inferior vena cava that collects blood coming from the lower
parts of the body. The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava convey this blood into the heart, where it is
received by the right atrium. The blood is then pumped by the right atrium into the right ventricle. As blood
flows from the right atrium to the right ventricle, the tricuspid valves between them are open.
When the right ventricle contracts, blood is forced into the lungs, passing through the pulmonary
artery. In the lungs, the pulmonary artery subdivides until the smallest pulmonary arterioles are formed. The
pulmonary arterioles are connected to the networks of pulmonary capillaries that traverse the entire lungs.
The lungs are made up of functioning units called air sacs, the structures where gases exchange occurs. As
blood reaches the network of capillaries that covers the air sacs, exchange of gases occurs between the thin
membranes of the cells in the air sacs and capillaries.

As the blood leaves the air sacs, the oxygen-rich blood passes through capillaries and then into the
smallest veins called venules. Venules fuse together forming small veins until the blood reaches the pulmonary
veins. The pulmonary veins then convey the blood to the left atrium of the heart completing pulmonary
circulation.

In systemic circulation:
The systemic circulation starts from the left atrium that receives the oxygenated blood from the lungs.
When the left atrium contracts, the blood goes to the left ventricle. As the blood moves from the left atrium to
the left ventricle, the bicuspid valves (or mitral valves) between them are open. Contraction of the left
ventricle forces the blood to the different parts of the body by way of the aorta, the largest artery. As blood
passes through the aorta, the aortic semilunar valves within it are open.

Next, blood that returns to the heart has picked up lots of oxygen from the lungs. So it can now go out
to the body. The aorta is a big artery that leaves the heart carrying this oxygenated blood. Branches off of the
aorta send blood to the muscles of the heart itself, as well as all other parts of the body.

At each body part, a network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries connects the very small artery
branches to very small veins. The capillaries have very thin walls, and through them, nutrients and oxygen are
delivered to the cells. Waste products are brought into the capillaries.
Capillaries then lead into small veins. Small veins lead to larger and larger veins as the blood approaches the
heart. Valves in the veins keep blood flowing in the correct direction. Two large veins that lead into the heart
are the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava. (The terms superior and inferior don't mean that one vein is
better than the other, but that they're located above and below the heart.)
Once the blood is back in the heart, it needs to re-enter the pulmonary circulation and go back to the
lungs to drop off the carbon dioxide and pick up more oxygen.

The circulatory system acts as transport system that moves the blood throughout the body. This
transport system works together with other organs like the kidneys and lungs to dispose of body waste such as
carbon dioxide and liquid wastes from the blood.

The circulatory and the respiratory systems work together. Many capillaries are connected to the air
sacs. Oxygen moves from the air in the alveoli into the blood in the capillaries. Veins carry the blood back to
the heart. Your heart then pumps it to all parts of your body. As blood moves through your body, oxygen
moves into the cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide moves from the cells into your blood. Carbon dioxide is
a waste gas produced by the cells. The carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the venules and then to
the air sacs of the lungs, and then, you breathe it out.

The circulatory system works together with the digestive system in transporting nutrients and minerals
to all parts of the body. Nutrients are substances in the food that your body needs as energy source, for
repairing itself and growing. Capillaries in the intestines absorb nutrients and deliver the nutrients to your
body cells.

The urinary system removes wastes from the blood. It also helps maintain the water level in our body.
As the cells do life activities, they produce waste. The wastes are changed into urine, which is a nitrogen-
containing compound. Urine passes from the kidneys to the bladder , which temporarily holds the urine until
you urinate. Then the clean or purified blood will return to the heart by way of the renal veins. On the
average, a single blood cells takes roughly 30 seconds to complete a full circuit through both the pulmonary
and systemic circulation.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
What is the respiratory system?
The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your
airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system.
These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon
dioxide.
The respiratory system has many functions. Besides helping you inhale (breathe in) and exhale (breathe out),
it:
 Allows you to talk and to smell.
 Brings air to body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity level your body needs.
 Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body.
 Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale.
 Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.

SAQ #7: Why are tonsils important? How does the epiglottis prevent food from entering the trachea when
you swallow? (2 points)

What are the parts of the respiratory system?

The respiratory system has many different parts that work together to help you breathe. Each group of
parts has many separate components.
Your airways deliver air to your lungs. Your airways are a complicated system that includes your:
 Mouth and nose: Openings that pull air from outside your body into your respiratory system.
 Sinuses: Hollow areas between the bones in your head that help regulate the temperature and
humidity of the air you inhale.
 Pharynx (throat): Tube that delivers air from your mouth and nose to the trachea (windpipe).
 Trachea: Passage connecting your throat and lungs.
 Bronchial tubes: Tubes at the bottom of your windpipe that connect into each lung.
 Lungs: Two organs that remove oxygen from the air and pass it into your blood.
From your lungs, your bloodstream delivers oxygen to all your organs and other tissues.
Muscles and bones help move the air you inhale into and out of your lungs. Some of the bones and muscles in
the respiratory system include your:
 Diaphragm: Muscle that helps your lungs pull in air and push it out
 Ribs: Bones that surround and protect your lungs and heart
When you breathe out, your blood carries carbon dioxide and other waste out of the body. Other
components that work with the lungs and blood vessels include:
 Alveoli: Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
 Bronchioles: Small branches of the bronchial tubes that lead to the alveoli.
 Capillaries: Blood vessels in the alveoli walls that move oxygen and carbon dioxide.
 Lung lobes: Sections of the lungs – three lobes in the right lung and two in the left lung.
 Pleura: Thin sacs that surround each lung lobe and separate your lungs from the chest wall.

Some of the other components of your respiratory system include:

 Cilia: Tiny hairs that move in a wave-like motion to filter dust and other irritants out of your airways.
 Epiglottis: Tissue flap at the entrance to the trachea that closes when you swallow to keep food and
liquids out of your airway.
 Larynx (voice box): Hollow organ that allows you to talk and make sounds when air moves in and out.
SAQ #8: How does respiration takes place in our body? (2 points)

How can I keep my respiratory system healthy?

 Being able to clear mucus out of the lungs and airways is important for respiratory health.
 To keep your respiratory system healthy, you should:
 Avoid pollutants that can damage your airways, including secondhand smoke, chemicals, and radon (a
radioactive gas that can cause cancer). Wear a mask if you are exposed to fumes, dust or other types of
pollutants for any reason.
 Avoid smoking yourself. Don't smoke.
 Eat a healthy diet with lots of fruits and vegetables and drink water to stay hydrated
 Exercise regularly to keep your lungs healthy.
 Prevent infections by washing your hands often and getting a flu vaccine each year.

SUMMARY
The reproductive system is a collection of internal and external organs — in both males and females —
that work together for the purpose of procreating, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Due to its vital role in the
survival of the species, many scientists argue that the reproductive system is among the most important
systems in the entire body.
Within the context of producing offspring, the reproductive system has four functions:
o To produce egg and sperm cells
o To transport and sustain these cells
o To nurture the developing offspring
o To produce hormones

These functions are divided between the primary and secondary, or accessory, reproductive organs. The
primary reproductive organs, or gonads, consist of the ovaries and testes. These organs are responsible for
producing the egg and sperm cells gametes), and hormones. These hormones function in the maturation of
the reproductive system, the development of sexual characteristics, and regulation of the
normal physiology of the reproductive system. All other organs, ducts, and glands in the reproductive system
are considered secondary, or accessory, reproductive organs. These structures transport and sustain the
gametes and nurture the developing offspring.

The main organs that make up the digestive system (in order of their function) are the mouth,
esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus. Helping them along the way are the
pancreas, gall bladder and liver.

Digestion is the process of reducing food to smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the body. The main
functions of digestion are:
1. To break up big pieces of food into tiny particles; and
2. To break the tiny particles of food into molecules that will dissolve in body fluids and pass through the
cell walls to be used by the cells.
 The circulatory system, also called cardiovascular system,  is a vital organ system that delivers essential
substances to all cells for basic functions to occur. Also commonly known as the cardiovascular system, is a
network composed of the heart as a centralised pump, bloods vessels that distribute blood throughout the
body, and the blood itself, for transportation of different substances.

The main function of the circulatory (or cardiovascular) system is to deliver oxygen to the body tissues,
whilst simultaneously removing carbon dioxide produced by metabolism. Oxygen is bound to molecules
called hemoglobin that are on the surface of the red blood cells in the blood.

The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help you breathe. It includes your
airways, lungs, and blood vessels. The muscles that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system.
These parts work together to move oxygen throughout the body and clean out waste gases like carbon
dioxide.

The respiratory system has many functions. Besides helping you inhale (breathe in) and exhale (breathe out),
it:
 Allows you to talk and to smell.
 Brings air to body temperature and moisturizes it to the humidity level your body needs.
 Delivers oxygen to the cells in your body.
 Removes waste gases, including carbon dioxide, from the body when you exhale.
 Protects your airways from harmful substances and irritants.

REFERENCES

 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/7041-the-structure-and-function-of-the-digestive-system
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/21205-respiratory-system
 https://www.livescience.com/26741-reproductive-system.html
 https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9117-male-reproductive-system

EVALUATION

Identify the term describe in each item. Write your answer on the space provided for.

_______________1. Which hormone is involved in the development of secondary sex characteristics in males?
_______________2. What is coiled masses of tubes responsible for producing the sperm cells through a
process called spermatogenesis?
_______________3. It is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus.
_______________4. What part of male reproductive system produces a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that
provides sperm with a source of energy and helps with the sperms’ mobility?
_______________5. Fertilization of an egg by a sperm normally occurs in the _____.
_______________6. Where does digestion of food start?
_______________7. What substance lubricates the food as it is broken into pieces in the mouth?
_______________8. The enlarged organ that serves as a storage and mixing chamber for food.
_______________9. A rhythmic wavelike contraction that takes place in the stomach.
_______________10. Where does the complete digestion of food takes place?
_______________11. In which part of the respiratory system does exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
takes place?
_______________12. What gas is produced by the cells as they work and which leaves your body when you
breath?
_______________13. The tube connected to both the nose and mouth and acts as passageway for both air
and food.
_______________14. It is commonly known as the throat. It is the second area where air passes through as it
goes inside the body.
_______________15. How many chambers does the heart have?
_______________16. What is the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle called?
_______________17. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the different parts of the body?
_______________18. What sac encloses the heart to protect it and prevent from heart wall irritations?
_______________19. What is called the river of life?
_______________20. Which component of the blood serves as defenders against diseases or germs?

ASSIGNMENT
Make an interactive powerpoint presentation or short video presentation about this topic. Attach your
output in the google classroom.

SHEPHERDVILLE COLLEGE
 (FORMERLY JESUS THE LOVING SHEPHERD CHRISTIAN COLLEGE)
Talojongon, Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Tel. No. (054) 884-9536
“Excellence in truth in the service of God and Country”

Name: ____________________________________Course/Year/Sec: ________________ Date: ____________

Competency # 12 Answer Sheet

PARTS AND FUNCTIONS OF HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
A. Answer the following questions

SAQ #1: Why is it that male and female reproductive system important in the human body and in the lives
of human beings? (1 point)
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SAQ # 2: Give the significant role played by the following: (3 points)
a. Sperm cell
b. Ovum
c. Fertilization
d. Scrotum
e. Ovaries
f. Fallopian tubes
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

SAQ 3#: Why should you not talk when your mouth is full? Why is digestion considered as a mechanical
process and chemical process? (3 points)
____________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SAQ #4: How do the following accessory organs perform their functions in aid of digestion? (3 points)
a. Teeth
b. tongue
c. Liver
d. Pancreas
e. Gallbladder
f. Stomach sphincter
____________________________________________________________________________________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SAQ # 5: What are the benefits of exercise in the circulation of blood? Why is monitoring blood pressure
important? (3 points)
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SAQ #6: State the roles/functions performed by the following: (3 points)
a. Red blood cells
b. White blood cells
c. Platelets
d. Arteries
 e. Veins
f. Heart
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SAQ #7: Why are tonsils important? How does the epiglottis prevent food from entering the trachea when
you swallow? (2 points)
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
SAQ #8: How does respiration takes place in our body? (2 points)
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________

EVALUATION

Identify the term describe in each item. Write your answer on the space provided for.

_______________1. Which hormone is involved in the development of secondary sex characteristics in males?
_______________2. What is coiled masses of tubes responsible for producing the sperm cells through a
process called spermatogenesis?
_______________3. It is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus.
_______________4. What part of male reproductive system produces a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that
provides sperm with a source of energy and helps with the sperms’ mobility?
_______________5. Fertilization of an egg by a sperm normally occurs in the _____.
_______________6. Where does digestion of food start?
_______________7. What substance lubricates the food as it is broken into pieces in the mouth?
_______________8. The enlarged organ that serves as a storage and mixing chamber for food.
_______________9. A rhythmic wavelike contraction that takes place in the stomach.
_______________10. Where does the complete digestion of food takes place?
_______________11. In which part of the respiratory system does exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
takes place?
_______________12. What gas is produced by the cells as they work and which leaves your body when you
breath?
_______________13. The tube connected to both the nose and mouth and acts as passageway for both air
and food.
_______________14. It is commonly known as the throat. It is the second area where air passes through as it
goes inside the body.
_______________15. How many chambers does the heart have?
_______________16. What is the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle called?
_______________17. Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the different parts of the body?
_______________18. What sac encloses the heart to protect it and prevent from heart wall irritations?
_______________19. What is called the river of life?
_______________20. Which component of the blood serves as defenders against diseases or germs?

ASSIGNMENT
Make an interactive powerpoint presentation or short video presentation about this topic. Attach your
output in the google classroom.