Fine International Training Center

Reproductive System
Caregiving NCII

Prepared and Reported by: Sherly Ann Mae Santos

Mercy R Sanorjo

Outline:
• Introduction
• Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System
• Spermatogenesis
 • Anatomy and Physiology of Female Reproductive System
Human Fertilization
• Effects of Aging
• Trivia
• Conclusion
• Reference

I. Introduction
“God created mankind on the 6th day. And upon creating man, he gave him
authority to almost everything. He commanded man in Genesis 1:28 “Be
fruitful, and multiply and fill the earth”. This is the bible version of the creation
of man. While in science, there is Darwin’s evolution of Man. Whatever our
belief on where does the man come from? It is undoubtful to say that the
process of a fertlization is one of the most amazing things in the humankind.

The reproductive system is a collection of organs and a network of hormone

production in men and woman that enable a man to impregnate a woman who
gives birth to a child. During conception, a sperm cell from the man fuses with
an egg cell in the woman, creating a fertilized egg that implants and grows in
the uterus during pregnancy.

As a caregiver, it is very important for us to understand this system, because

through this, we will be able to understand our patient. Why are they acting
and behaving like this and that. What are their families medical history and
many more.
III. Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System

Male Reproductive System this was consist of a number of external organs

which play the role of the process of the human body. the external body part
that we usually called the penis and scrotum. The male reproductive system is
made up of internal (inside your body) and external (outside your body) parts.
Together, these organs help you urinate to rid your body of liquid waste
materials, and when to have sexual intercourse and make children with female.
The main male sex organs are the penis and the testicles which produce semen
and sperm, which as part of sexual intercourse, Semen, which contains sperm,
is expelled (ejaculated) through the end of the penis when a man reaches
sexual climax (orgasm). When the penis is erect, the flow of urine is blocked
from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm. male
reproductive system was the one who have sperm cell. The penis who specialize
to deliver sperm during copulation. And the scrotum was the balls that extends
the body of the penis and that was skin covered it was like pouch that hangs
behind the penis that holds to protect the testicles. And was also contains
numerous nerves and blood vessels that both produce sperm and androgens
such as testosterone.

1. Penis
The penis is the male organ for sexual intercourse. It has three parts:
The root: This is the part of the penis that attaches to the wall of your
abdomen.
The body or shaft: Shaped like a tube or cylinder, the body of the penis is
made up of three internal chambers. Inside these chambers there’s a special,
sponge-like erectile tissue that contains thousands of large spaces that fill with
blood when you’re sexually aroused. As the penis fills with blood, it becomes
rigid and erect, which allows for penetration during sex. The skin of the penis
is loose and elastic, allowing for changes in penis size during an erection.
The glans: This is the cone-shaped end of the penis. The glans, which is also
called the head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called
foreskin. This skin is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision.
The opening of the urethra — the tube that transports both semen and urine out of the
body — is located at the tip of the glans penis. The penis also contains many sensitive nerve
endings.

2. Scrotum
The scrotum is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis. It
holds the testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood
vessels. The scrotum protects your testes, as well as providing a sort of climate
control system. For normal sperm development, the testes must be at a
temperature slightly cooler than the body temperature. Special muscles in the
wall of the scrotum allow it to contract (tighten) and relax, moving the testicles
closer to the body for warmth and protection or farther away from the body to
cool the temperature.

3. Testicles (testes)
The testes are oval organs about the size of very large olives that lie in the
scrotum, secured at either end by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most
men have two testes. The testes are responsible for making testosterone, the
primary male sex hormone, and for producing sperm. Within the testes are
coiled masses of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubules are
responsible for producing the sperm cells through a process called
spermatogenesis.

4. Epididymis
The epididymis is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle.
It carries and stores sperm cells that are created in the testes. It’s also the job
of the epididymis to bring the sperm to maturity — the sperm that emerge from the
testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During sexual arousal, contractions force the
sperm into the vas deferens.

What are the internal male reproductive organs or accessory?

Men have several internal organs — also called accessory organs — that play a big part in
the male reproductive system. These organs include:

a. Vas deferens: The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from
the epididymis into the pelvic cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas
deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation.
b. Ejaculatory ducts: These ducts are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens
and the seminal vesicles. The ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.
c. Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to
outside of your body. In males, it has the additional function of expelling
(ejaculating) semen when you reach orgasm. When the penis is erect during
sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be
ejaculated at orgasm.
d. Seminal vesicles: The seminal vesicles are sac-like pouches that attach to
the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. The seminal vesicles make a
sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy and
helps with the sperms’ ability to move (motility). The fluid of the seminal
vesicles makes up most of the volume of your ejaculatory fluid, or ejaculate.
e. Prostate gland: The prostate gland is a walnut-sized structure that’s located
below the urinary bladder in front of the rectum. The prostate gland
contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to nourish
the sperm. The urethra, which carries the ejaculate to be expelled during
orgasm, runs through the center of the prostate gland.
f. Bulbourethral glands: The bulbourethral glands, or Cowper’s glands, are
pea-sized structures located on the sides of the urethra, just below the prostate
gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into
the urethra. This fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any
acidity that may be present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra.

IV. Spermatogenesis

It is the formation of sperm process begins at puberty and continues during

the male’s life. A sperm’s fertile life is 5 days after ejaculation. Sperm are much
smaller than ova. Sperm cells resemble tadpoles in shape with oval heads and
long tails. During each ejaculation approximately 300 million sperm are
deposited in to the vagina . only few reach the ova and just one sperm
penetrates and fertilizes the ovum.

V. Anatomy and Physiology of Female Reproductive System

The female reroductive system is made up of the internal and external sex
organs that function in the reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the
female reproductive system is immature at birth and developes to maturity at
puberty to be able to produce gametes and to carry a fetus to full term.
It also produces female sex hormones including estrogen and progesterone.
The system consist of organs and tissues inside the body and some that are
visible outside the body. The internal organs includeof the following.

1. Ovaries

- It is located in the left side and the right side of the uterus in lower abdomen.
The ovaries' size is depending on the age. it can be as kiwi around 6cm before
menopause. It can be smaller as small as 2cm after menopause. Studies show
that the size of the ovaries declines every decade of life once turned 30.
- Ovaries play a critical role in both menstruation and conception. They
produce eggs for fertilization and they make the hormones estrogen and
progesterone. An ovary releases an egg around the middle of your menstrual
cycle (around day 14 of a 28-day cycle) in a process called ovulation.
- Each ovaries has thousands of ovarian follicles. Ovarian follicles are small
sacs in the ovaries that hold immature eggs. Each month, between days six
and 14 of menstrual cycle, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) causes follicles
in one of the ovaries to mature. At about day 14 in the menstrual cycle, a
sudden surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) causes the ovary to release an egg
(ovulation).
- The egg begins its travel through a narrow, hollow structure called the
fallopian tube to the uterus. As the egg travels through the fallopian tube, the
level of progesterone rises, which helps prepare the uterine lining for
pregnancy.
- The hormones in the ovaries produce regulate the menstrual cycle. They also:
a. Influence the development of female sex traits.
b. facilitate pregnancy, child-birth, and breast milk production.
c. Contribute to the health of the bones, heart, liver, brain, and other
tissues.

2. Fallopian Tubes

- Fallopian tubes are a pair of hollow, muscular ducts located between the
ovaries and female's uterus. It is located in the right side of the uterus and one
on the left side. Each tube extends from an ovary and opens into uterus.
- Each fallopian tube is between 4 to 5 inches long and between 0.2 to 0.6
inches in diameter.
- Each fallopian tube is a channel between ovaries, where body makes eggs,
and uterus, where a fertilized egg can develop into a fetus. Fertilization occurs
in a fallopian tubes, making it a key part of the reproductive anatomy that
affects fertility.
- Fallopian Tubes play an important role in conception and pregnancy. Here
are their roles:
a. Holding place for woman's egg: Each month, one of the ovaries releases a
mature egg as part of a menstrual cycle. Finger-like structures at the end of
your fallopian tube, called fimbriae, sweep the egg into the tube, where the egg
waits to be fertilized.
b. The site where fertilization happens: If your partner ejaculates during
intercourse, their sperm travels through your vagina, cervix, uterus and
eventually into your fallopian tubes. Fertilization happens in your fallopian
tubes when an egg and sperm meet.
c. An active passageway that moves a fertilized egg to your uterus: A fertilized
egg (embryo) travels through your fallopian tubes until it reaches your uterus,
where it can grow into a fetus. Your fallopian tube consists of powerful muscles
that move the embryo along.
A Fallopian Tubes has four parts:
a. Infundibulum:
The funnel-like portion of the fallopian tube that’s closest to your ovaries. It
includes finger-like structures called fimbriae that reach out toward the ovary.
A single fimbriae called the fimbria ovarica is long enough to reach the ovary.
The fimbriae catch an egg once it’s released from the ovary and sweep it gently
into the fallopian tube.
b. Ampulla:
The major channel in the fallopian tube, located in-between the infundibulum
and the isthmus. Fertilization most often takes place in the ampulla.
c. Isthmus:
A tiny channel that connects the ampulla to the portion of the fallopian tube
that’s closest to the uterus.
d. Intramural (interstitial) portion:
The part of the fallopian tube that extends into the top of the uterus. It opens
into your uterine cavity, where an embryo can implant into the uterine wall
and develop into a fetus.

3. Uterus

- Also called womb, an inverted pear-shaped muscular organ of the female

reproductive system, located between the bladder and the rectum. It functions
to nourish and house a fertilized egg until the fetus, or offspring, is ready to be
delivered. It's also responsible in a menstrual cycle.
- The uterus looks like a light bulb. It’s about the size of your fist. It’s also
commonly described as an upside-down pear. It is about 3 inches from top to
bottom and 2 inches wide at the widest part. It’s about 1 inch thick and weighs
around 1 ounce.
- Uterus plays a key role in a reproductive health and function. The three main
jobs of the uterus are:
A. Pregnancy:
Uterus stretches to grow a baby during pregnancy. It can also contract to help
push a baby out of the vagina.
B. Fertility:
Uterus is where a fertilized egg implants during conception and where the baby
grows.
C. Menstrual cycle:
Uterine lining is where blood and tissue come from during menstruation.

During menstruation:
During your menstrual cycle, the lining of the uterus goes through several
changes. The lining (called the endometrial lining) gets thicker and rich with
blood as the near ovulation (releasing an egg from the ovaries). If an egg is
fertilized during that cycle, it implants into the lining of the uterus, and
pregnancy begins.
Endometrial lining sheds if pregnancy doesn’t happen (this is the period). This
process repeats every menstrual cycle unless pregnancy occurs.

During Pregnancy:
If conception (when the egg is fertilized by sperm) occurs during the menstrual
cycle, the fertilized egg implants into the uterine lining. The fertilized egg (called
a blastocyte) burrows into the endometrial lining of the uterus (implantation).
This is when pregnancy officially begins, and miss the menstrual period.
The uterus grows and stretches like a balloon to accommodate the growing
baby. It contracts during labor and delivery to help push the baby out of the
vagina. After about six weeks, the uterus returns to its pre-pregnancy size
(although, it can be slightly larger and show signs of being stretched).
Uterus has several sections:
Fundus: The uppermost and widest part the uterus. It connects to the fallopian
tubes.
Corpus: The main body of the uterus. This is where a fertilized egg implants
during pregnancy.
Isthmus: The part of the uterus between the corpus and cervix. It’s where the
uterus starts to narrow or thin.

4. Cervix
-Cervix is a muscular, tunnel-like organ. It’s the lower part of the uterus, and it
connects the uterus and vagina. Sometimes called the “neck of the uterus,”
cervix plays an important role in allowing fluids to pass between the uterus
and vagina. It enables a baby to leave the uterus so that it can travel through
the vagina (birth canal) during childbirth. The cervix is also a common site for
cell changes that may indicate cancer.
- Cervix is located inside the pelvic cavity, anywhere from 3 to 6 inches inside
the vaginal canal. It begins at the base of the uterus and extends downward
onto the top part of the vagina. This place where the cervix bulges onto the
uppermost part of the vagina is called your ectocervix.
- The word “cervix” comes from the Latin word meaning “neck.” Like a neck,
cervix is shaped roughly like a cylinder or tube and connects important body
parts such as eterus to the vagina.

Cervix consists of the following parts:

A. Internal OS: The opening that leads to the uterus. The provider may refer to
the internal OS during pregnancy.
B. Endocervical canal: A tunnel that extends from the Internal OS to the
ectocervix.
C. Ectocervix: The part of the cervix that bulges onto the top of the vagina.
D External OS: The opening that leads to the vagina.

Cervix plays important roles in the following:

Menstruation: The period blood shed each month as part of the menstrual
cycle has to pass from the uterus and through the cervix before exiting the
vagina.
Pregnancy: During penis-in-vagina sex, or intercourse, Man may ejaculate
(release) sperm into woman's vagina. The sperm has to travel through to the
cervix to reach the uterus and fallopian tubes to fertilize an egg.
Fertility: Cervical mucus plays a role in how easily a woman can become
pregnant. Around ovulation (when the body releases an egg), cervix secretes
mucus that’s thinner and less acidic than usual, making it easy for sperm to
pass through to the uterus. As a result, sperm can reach the egg and fertilize it
more easily.
Vaginal delivery: Cervix controls when a baby exits the uterus during
childbirth. During pregnancy, cervix secretes a mucus plug that seals entry to
the uterus. Once it’s time for the baby to be born, the mucus plug dissolves,
and the cervix becomes softer and thinner. It widens (dilates) so that the baby
can exit the uterus. Your provider can estimate how long it will take for your
baby to be born based on how much your cervix has dilated.
Protecting the uterus: Cervix prevents objects inserted into the vagina, such
as tampons or diaphragms, from slipping inside the uterus.
5. Vagina

- The vagina is a tube that connects your vulva with your cervix and uterus.
It’s what babies and menstrual blood leave the body through. It’s also where
some people put penises, fingers, sex toys, menstrual cups, and/or tampons.
Your vagina is really stretchy, and expands when you feel turned on.
Parts of the Vagina
Vaginal opening
The vaginal opening, also called the vaginal vestibule or introitus, is the
opening into the vagina. It’s located between the urethra and the anus. The
opening is where menstrual blood leaves the body. It’s also used to birth a baby
and for sexual intercourse.
Vaginal wall
The vaginal wall is made of muscle covered in a mucus membrane, similar to
the tissue in your mouth. The wall contains layers of tissue with many elastic
fibers. The surface of the wall also contains rugae, which are pleats of extra
tissue that allow the vagina to expand during sex or childbirth.
The tissues of the vaginal wall undergo hormone-related changes during the
menstrual cycle. The cells in the outer layer of the tissue stores glycogen.
During ovulation, this layer is shed. The glycogen is broken down by bacteria
and helps maintain a pH level to protect the vagina against potentially harmful
bacteria and fungi.
Hymen
The hymen is a thin membrane that surrounds the opening to the vagina.
Though hymens can range in shape and size, most are shaped like a half-
moon. This shape allows menstrual blood to leave the vagina.
When someone first has intercourse or inserts something into the vagina, the
hymen may tear. This can also happen during vigorous exercise.
Certain hymen shapes and types can interfere with menstrual flow, wearing
tampons, or having intercourse. These include:
Imperforate hymen. An imperforate hymen completely covers the opening to the
vagina, blocking menstrual flow. It needs to be repaired with minor surgery.
Microperforate hymen. A microperforate hymen is a very thin membrane that
almost completely covers the vaginal opening. Minor surgery is used to create a
larger opening.
Septate hymen. The membrane of a septate hymen includes an extra band of
tissue that creates two openings. It’s treated with minor surgery.
-
REFERENCE:
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/9117-male-reproductive-system
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ap2/chapter/anatomy-and-
physiology-of-the-male-reproductive-system/
https://lomalindafertility.com/pregnancy/reproductive-system/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_reproductive_system
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/female
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23184-fallopian-tubes
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22999-ovaries
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22467-uterus
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/23279-cervix
https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/vagina#anatomy-and-
function