The reproductive system

Course title: HSCR 101 Human Anatomy and Physiology.

Name: Dana Khalid Al- Marzouqi.
ID number:2110273
Section number: one
Date of submission: 21\ April\ 2022
The reproductive system is one of the most important and essential
organs to study in biology, and it’s considered as a system of
interconnected organs and processes that assist and participate in the
formation and reproduction of living organisms. The organ that assists
in the birth of offspring is referred to as the reproductive system. The
process of reproduction differs in each type of organism and depends
on a wide range of factors that affect the reproduction process.
As for the reproductive system in humans, it is a group of organs that
produce both sex hormones and gametes in both females and males,
and this has a role in the process of pregnancy that the female
undergoes due to the sexual contact that the male and female perform.
During copulation, the male gamete - the sperm - enters the fallopian
tubes and then overlaps and fuses with the female gamete - the ovum -
resulting in the formation of a diploid zygote. The cells of the zygote
repeatedly divide as the zygote moves down the fallopian tube into the
uterus. The fetus is formed in the uterine wall as it grows in the womb
during pregnancy. Mostly, damages and deformities that occur and
affect the genitals may lead to infertility or complications during
pregnancy.
In anatomy, the male and female reproductive systems are composed
and include many organs. As for the male reproductive system, it
consists of the:

1. epididymis, it is a solitary tangled tubule of around 6m long situated along

the back surface of the testicles. It transports and stores sperm cells that
are created in the testicles. In the top of the epididymis, the sperms go
through physiological development, gaining expanded motility and
preparation limit.
2. penis, it is an organ but is not considered a muscle as it is mainly
composed of spongy tissue. These spongy tissues fill with blood to cause
an erection. It consists and consists of the glans (head), body (column) and
(prepuce). It is also home to the urethra - the cylinder through which urine
and semen exit the body. The skin is the first layer of the penis. The skin is
supplied with blood via a thin and weak tissue under the surface.
Important arteries, veins, and nerves give blood flow to the tip of the penis
and erect just below it, especially at the apex of the penis. The
neurovascular bundle is what it's called. The urethra runs down the
bottom half of the penis, under the skin.
3. urethra, the urinary duct runs from the urine bladder's neck to the tip of
the penis, where it opens to the outside. The urinogenital duct is a tube
that aids in the passage of both sperm and urine. In males, the penis is the
external genitalia. It's made composed of a specific erectile tissue that aids
in the erection of the penis, making insemination easier.
 4. testes, the testicles are oval in shape and are housed in a pouch called the
scrotum outside the abdominal cavity. They are the primary male
reproductive organ and are in charge of producing testosterone and
sperm. The testes produce sperm at a temperature of 2 to 3 degrees
Celsius below body temperature. The temperature is controlled in an
unusual way by the movements of the scrotum wall. When it's too hot, the
scrotum's skin loosens, allowing the testes to drop down away from the
body; when it's too cold, the skin contracts in a folded fashion, bringing the
testes closer to the body for warmth.
5. vas deferens, the sperm duct, also known as the vas deferens, arises from
the rete testis network. The Vas deferens continues the cauda epididymis.
The vas deferens is a 45-centimeter-long structure in the spermatic cord
that is situated dorsal to the testis and medial to the epididymis.
6. ejaculatory ducts, the ductus deferens ampulla and the seminal vesicle
excretory duct join to form one of two hollow tubes. The ducts are in
charge of mixing sperm in the ampulla with seminal vesicle fluids and
transporting these substances to the prostate gland. About halfway
through the prostate gland or the prostate ejaculatory duct obstruction,
they open into the urethra. Every ejaculatory duct can be up to 2 cm long
and is formed when the seminal vesicle and the vas deferens join. At this
point, these ducts pass through the prostate and empty into the urethra of
the colliculus seminaries. During ejaculation, semen runs through each
ejaculatory duct, through the penis, and out of the body.

There are also many accessory glands in males which are the
bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland.
As for the female reproductive system, it consists of the:

1. fallopian tubes, the fertilization process takes place in two tubes: the
oviducts and the fallopian tubes. These are the female reproductive
system's auxiliary reproductive organs. Each ovary has an oviduct that
leads to the uterus.
2. the ovaries, In the female reproductive system, the ovaries are the
primary reproductive organs. The ovaries are almond-shaped and paired
on either side of the uterus.
3. the cervix, Between the bladder and the rectum is the cervix, which is the
lowest, thin section of the uterus. It creates a canal that leads to the
vaginal opening. The cervix, also known as the neck or womb entrance,
allows menstrual blood to exit and semen to enter the uterus. Polyps,
which are growths in the cervix, can sometimes interfere with the
fertilization and growth of the embryo.
4. uterus (Womb). The uterus is a hollow organ in the body of the female
reproductive system that is divided into three sections: the body, the
fundus, and the cervix. The uterus is frequently referred to as the womb
or the "baby producer or maker."
5. Vagina (Birth Canal), The vaginal canal is the female reproductive system's
copulatory organ. It is located between the cervix and the body's outside.
During sexual intercourse, it receives the penis. It has a delicate, flexible
lining and is elastic and muscular.
6. Vulva, the vulva is the female genital organs' exterior region. The
structures that make up a vulva are as follows:
 Mons pubis: All of those are fatty tissue mounds that cover the
pubic bone. After puberty, it is covered in pubic hair.
 Labia majora: These are the external folds of skin that contain fat,
sebaceous glands, are hairy, and are similar to a male's scrotum.
 Labia minora: are non-hairy inner skin folds that contain sebaceous
glands.
 Clitoris: is found near the intersection of the labia majora and
minora. Males' glans penis corresponds to it. It is the epicenter of
sexual arousal.
 Vestibule: The urethral aperture, vaginal opening, and vestibular
glands create lubricants during sexual contact and are located in the
gap between the labia minora.
 Hymen: It's a thin layer (membrane) that partly covers the vaginal
entrance, also known as the vaginal orifice.
 Two pea-sized glands at the vaginal entrance are known as
Bartholin's glands. These are similar to men' bulbourethral glands.
These glands secrete a fluid that acts as a lubricant, reducing
friction during intercourse while also moisturizing the vulva.
It also contains many accessory glands, as is the case with the fact that
the male has many accessory glands. The female accessory glands are
the mammary glands, Bartholin’s gland, and skene's gland. The larger
vestibular glands, also known as Bartholin's glands, are two glands
found on the left and right sides of the vaginal opening. It lubricates the
vaginal canal and is analogous to the male reproductive system's
bulbourethral glands.
Both the male and female reproductive systems have many functions
that differ from each other. As for the male reproductive system, it
performs many different functions, including the following:
1. The testis secretes the male sex hormone testosterone and generates
reproductive cells through a process called spermatogenesis.
2. The epididymis is where sperms are stored and where they mature.
3. Vas deferens is a protein that aids in the transfer of mature sperm.
4. Semen is a mucous and accessory sex gland discharge. The alkaline
secretion of the Cowper's gland equalizes the acid of urine in the urethra.
5. Many of the component parts of semen are produced by seminal vesicles.
6. The fluid that feeds and stimulates the spermatozoa to move is produced
by the prostate glands.
7. Mucus is secreted by the bilateral glands, which serves as lubricant.
One of the most essential steps in the living universe is reproduction.
Sexual reproduction is a more complex and advanced process that
requires the assistance of sophisticated reproductive systems in both
males and females. The male and female reproductive system not only
creates but also feeds and facilitates the fusing of gametes
(sperms and ova). This mechanism is also beneficial during birthing.

Now that you've learned everything there is to know about the

reproductive system, we hope you find this comprehensive essay
useful.

References:
A, H. (2022, January 13). Reproductive system: Physiology & Functions.
Imbibe Exams. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://www.embibe.com

Male reproductive system: Structure & Function. Cleveland Clinic. (n.d.).

Retrieved April 20, 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org

Santos-Longhurst, A. (2020, May 4). Vagina: Definition, anatomy, function,

diagram, and conditions. Healthline. Retrieved April 20, 2022, from
https://www.healthline.com