REVIEWER IN PRE – CALCULUS

LESSON: CONIC SECTIONS AND CIRCLES

 CONIC SECTIONS – A particular class of curves which oftentimes appear in
nature and which have applications in other fields. It is a curve that was formed
from the intersection of a plane and a triangular cone.
 CIRCLE – Intersection of a cone and horizontal plane.
 ELLIPSE - When the tilted plane intersects only one cone to form a bounded
curve.
 PARABOLA – When the plane intersects only one cone to form an unbounded
curve.
 HYPERBOLA – When the plane (not always vertical) intersects both cones to
form unbounded curves.
 DEGENERATE CONICS: Point (Counterpart of Circle or Ellipse), One line/ Two
parallel lines (Counterpart of Parabola), Two lines/Intersecting lines (Counterpart
of Hyperbola)
 DEGENERATE CONICS: A conic that fails to be an irreducible curve. This
means that the defining equation is factorable over the complex numbers as the
product of two linear polynomials.
SUB – LESSON: CIRCLES
 CIRCLE – It is a special type of ellipse with a set of points equidistant to a fixed
point called the center.
 STANDARD EQUATION: x2 + y2 = r2 (Center at 0,0) (x – h) 2 + (y – k)2 = r2(Center
at h,k)
 GENERAL FORM: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
NEEDED EQUATIONS/ FORMULAS
 DISTANCE FORMULA: d = √ ¿ ¿)2 + ¿ ¿)2
 MIDPOINT FORULA: M = [X1 + X2 / 2, Y1 + Y2 / 2,]
 FORMULA FOR SLOPE: m = Rise/Run
 DISTANCE FORMULA OF POINT TO LINE: d = /Ax1 + By1 + C/ / √ A 2 + B2
 SLOPE INTERCEPT FORM: y = mx + b
TO GET THE RADIUS OF A CIRCLE HORIZONTAL:
 Difference of absolute values of abscissa. If vertical = difference of absolute
values of y – coordinates.
CONCENTRIC CIRCLES – Circles with the same center.
TO KNOW IF AN EQUATION IS A CIRCLE:
 X2 and Y2 must be equal.
  MUST BE ADDITION KAPAG SUBTRACTION YAN EKIS AGAD DI BILOG
YAN!!
SUB - LESSON: PARABOLA
 PARABOLA – conic section generated when a plane intersects one cone to form
unbounded curve. It is a set of all point equidistant from a fixed line (directrix)
and a fixed point (focus).
 FOCUS – Located at distance a from vertex in the direction of parabola’s
opening.
 DIRECTRIX – Distance a from the vertex. It is a straight line located at the
opposite side of parabola’s opening.
 VERTEX – Point which is exactly midway between the focus and the directrix. It
is the point of extremity of parabola.
 AXIS OF SYMMETRY – Line of symmetry of parabola, contains both focus and
vertex perpendicular to directrix.
 LATUS RECTUM – Chord through a focus parallel to the directrix. Latus
meaning side and rectum means straight. ALWAYS EQUAL TO 4a
 STANDARD EQUATION: x2 = 4ay (upward), x2 = - 4ay (downward), y2 = 4ax
(right) , y2 = - 4ax (left) (When center is at 0,0). (x – h) 2 = 4a(y – k) (upward),(x –
h)2 = - 4a(y – k) (downward), ). (y – k) 2 = 4a(x – h) (right), (y – k) 2 = - 4a(x – h)
(left) (When center is at h,k)
 GENERAL FORM: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
ADDITIONAL INFO: *sauluhin niyo to para di kayo mahirapan sa pagkuha ng focus at
directrix.
 (y – k)2 = 4a(x – h), Focus: (h+p, k) Directrix : x = h-p
 (y – k)2 = - 4a(x – h), Focus: (h-p, k) Directrix : x = h+p
 (x – h)2 = 4a(y – k), Focus: (h, k+p) Directrix: y = k-p
 (x – h)2 = - 4a(y – k) ), Focus: (h, k-p) Directrix: y = k+p
PARABOLOID – A quadric surface, one axis of symmetry and no center of symmetry.
TO KNOW IF AN EQUATION IS A PARABOLA:
 GENERAL FORM: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, wherein AC = 0
 Ax2 or Cy2 is missing.
 ISA LANG YUNG MAY SQUARED YUN NA YON.

SUB - LESSON: ELLIPSE

 ELLIPSE – A set of all points in a plane such that the sum of the distances from
two points (fixed) is a constant.
  FOCI – The two fixed points, F1 and F2 whose distances from a single point on
the ellipse is a constant.
 MAJOR AXIS – Contains the foci, and goes through the center of ellipse. Value
is always equal to 2a.
 VERTICES – two points of intersection located at the major axis.
 MINOR AXIS – Line that is perpendicular to the Major Axis. Value is always
equal to 2b.
 COVERTICES – endpoints of Minor Axis.
X2 Y 2
 STANDARD EQUATION: 2 + 2 = 1 (MA is horizontal ma is vertical) OR
A B
2 2
X Y
2 + = 1 (MA is vertical and ma is horizontal) (IF CENTER IS @ 0,0)
B A2
(x – h)2 ( y – k) 2 (x – h)2 ( y – k) 2
2 + 2 = 1 (PAHIGA) OR 2 + = 1 (PATAYO) (IF
A B B A2
CENTER @ H,K)
 GENERAL FORM: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
NEEDED EQUATIONS/ FORMULAS:
 PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM : a2 = b2 + c2 *TANDAAN NA SA ELLIPSE LAGING
MAS MALAKI YUNG A KAYSA B AT C*
 ECCENTRICITY: E = C/A
QUICK TIPS:
 SA ELLIPSE KUNG SAN MAS MALAKI YUNG DENOMINATOR NANDUN LAGI
YUNG a2 .
 GAMITIN MO LANG YUNG THEOREM PARA MAHANAP YUNG B OR C.
 TAPOS CAREFUL KA NA LANG SA MGA BAGAY BAGAY, MAMAYA KASE
NAGPYTHAGOREAN THEOREM KA TAPOS MALI NAMAN YUNG NAGAMIT
MO KASE YUNG ORIGINAL NAGAMIT MO.
 MADALAS NAGKAKAMALI KAPAG NAKAKALIMUTAN ISIMPLIFY YUNG
EQUATIONS, KAYA BAGO MO ISOLVE, SIMPLIFY MO MUNA TO THE POINT
NA WALA NG COEFFICIENTS YUNG MAY MGA SQUARED VALUES.
 KAPAG DI MO NA MAGETS YUNG GIVEN/ KUNG PAANO KUKUNIN, IGRAPH
MO MUNA, WALA NAMANG MASAMA KUNG MAKIKITA MO YUNG POINTS
NA GIVEN IH.
TO KNOW IF AN EQUATION IS AN ELLIPSE:
 GENERAL FORM: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, wherein A IS NOT EQUAL TO
C
 AC > 0
  WAG KANG MALILITO SA EQUATION NG CIRCLE AT ELLIPSE, ALTHOUGH
PAREHO SILANG MAY ADDITION, SA ELLIPSE DI EQUAL YUNG VALUE
NUNG SQUARED VALUES WHICH MEANS PWEDENG 25x 2 + 36y2 etc.. PERO
SA CIRCLE DAPAT 9x2 + 9y2 etc.. SEE THE DIFFERENCE???

SUB - LESSON: HYPERBOLA

 HYPERBOLA – Locus of all points, the difference of whose distances from the
two fixed points is constant.
 Transverse Axis – Ito yung counterpart ng Major Axis sa Hyperbola
 Conjugate Axis – Ito naman yung counterpart ng Minor Axis sa Hyperbola
 PARTS OF HYPERBOLA: Vertices, Transverse Axis, Conjugate Axis, Auxiliary
Rectangle/ 2a by 2b , Asymptotes, Foci.
X2 Y 2 Y 2 X2
 STANDARD EQUATION: - = 1 OR - = 1 (WHEN CENTER IS @
A2 B2 A 2 B2
0,0)
(x – h)2 ( y – k) 2 ( y – k) 2 (x – h)2
2 - 2 = 1 OR - = 1 (WHEN CENTER IS @ H,K)
A B A2 B2
 GENERAL FORM: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
ADDITIONAL INFO:

X2 Y 2 ±b
 2 - 2 = 1, equation of asymptotes: y =
x
A B a
Y 2 X2 ±a
 2 - 2 = 1, equation of asymptotes: y =
x
A B b
(x – h)2 ( y – k) 2 ±b
 2 - 2 = 1, equation of asymptotes: y – k = (x – h)
A B a
( y – k) 2 (x – h)2 ±a
 2 - 2 = 1, equation of asymptotes: y – k = (x – h)
A B b
X2 Y 2
 – = 1, C(0,0) , V(± a , 0 ¿, C.A. (0, ± b ¿, F( ± c ,0 ¿, A.R. ( ± a , b ¿ ,(± a ,−b)
A2 B2
(x – h)2 ( y – k) 2
 - = 1, C(h,k) , V(h ± a , k ¿, C.A. (h, k ± b ¿, F( h ± c ,k ¿ ,
A2 B2
A.R. ( h± a , k +b ¿ ,(h± a , k −b)

QUICK TIPS:
  CONSTANT ANG POSITION NI A2 AT B2 KAYAYUNG RULES SA ELLIPSE
HINDI NA PWEDE I APPLY DITO.
 PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM WORKS NORMAL HERE, KUMBAGA BALIK SA C
> A OR B.
 TIGNAN NG MABUTI YUNG WORKING EQUATION, KUNG SAAN
NAKAPUWESTO SI X AT Y, CAREFUL KASE BAKA MAPAGSWAP MO SILA
NG PWESTO, TANDAAN MO KAPAG MALI ANG CENTER, MOST PROBABLY
MALI NA LAHAT.
 KABISADUHIN MO YUNG NASA ADDITIONAL INFO PARA DI NA MAHIRAPAN
BUHAY MO.
 BASTAA BE CAREFUL SA PAGSAGOT AND WAG MAGALINLANGAN NA
MAGDOUBLE CHECK KASE MARAMI KAMING NA 0 SA TOPIC NA TO DAHIL
SA MALIIT NA PAGKAKAMALI.

TO KNOW IF AN EQUATION IS A HYPERBOLA

 GENERAL FORM: Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
 AC < 0
 BASTA KAPAG PARABOLA DALAWA YUNG MAY SQUARED ( X AT Y)
TAPOS SUBTRACT SIZZ!!! KAPAG SUBTRACT, HYPERBOLA NA YON.
DON’T FORGET TO TRANSPOSE KAPAG DI NAKASTANDARD FORM YUNG
EQUATION AH PARA MAKITA MO KUNG HYPERBOLA BA SIYA OR
ELLIPSE.
 BASTA KAPAG HINDI EQUAL AND X 2 AT Y2 MO, AUTOMATIC, ELLIPSE OR
HYPERBOLA LANG YON, KAPAG ADDITION ELLIPSE, KAPAG
SUBTRACTION HYPERBOLA, KAPAG ISA LANG YUNG MAY SQUARED,
PARABOLA. OKAY? OH MATULOG KA NA PARA MAKAPAGPAHINGA KA
RIN!!