lecture 10/12/18

Ex

2=5
'
critical I saddle O ( o , o )) , like x' 2D
y
→
point point y
in
- =

def :
let
z-eflx.gl be defined R let la b) t R
on an
open region .

,
.

1) The function f has a

local minimum at (qb) if Fla b) Eflx
y
) on disk around
open
an
, ,

( qb) contained in R .

2) The function f has a

local maximum at (qb) if Ha b) ± fly ) on disk around
, , y an
open
( qb) contained in R .

def :
Let flag) be defined on an
open region
R containing
la
,
b ) .
The
point
( qb flqbl)
, is
called a critical point ( or
stationary point) if either

tx la
)! fyla
b) =
b) =
o
, ,

fxlqb) or fylqb) or both are

undefined .

Ex fly g) =
2x 't 't 8x by t 20 find critical points
y
-

fx ⇒ ×= 2
-

cortical point
=

4×+8=0 } at l 2,37
-

6 =3
fy o
=
=
⇒
2g
-

y
" '
Ex fx ( x y) = I -

( x' tyg
,

f 3¥17, ✓
}
-

in

)
=

×
(P at ( 901 both = 0 at 1901 & fifty are undefined at to , o

fy Effy,
,
=
-

Aside = IT → x=0 not cortical point ,

not in domain of the function
y
a .

Theorem : If Hx ) has a local max min at la b) and both fxlqb) and f la b) exist
y
or
, ,
,

( ice .
not undefined)
,
then Hab ) =

fyla ,
b) = O
,

Proof :
glad
=
flx b) Nice hold const
y
.
.

fxlqbko ( after you do )

gtx) Hx
for flee b)
b)
gl (a) : local
=
=
same is mayormin
y
a
a
,
.

In some eases we that critical point is local min

can a max
geometrically
a
argue
or .

1) f I x g) = 2x 't 't 8x by +20

y
-

This is the equation of an elliptical paraboloid that

opens up ,
so ( -2,3) ( found earlier) is a local

and abs min of fix , g) fl -2,31=3

mig
=
.

the f(x ) 2474×1 ( ?6yt9)

2) Complete tfy ? by) t 20=21×44×+4 ) t -120-17
=
-7
square y y
-

=
21×+25 t
ly -3121-3 ⇒ min .
rat 3 at ( 2,3 )
-

add 41,43 to section 14.6 14.7 31

up through
 " "
fly ( x' tf ) ?
"

g) =L
3
Ex f El 't It
'
-

weknew that since x

y
Zo ⇒ Cxztyy ÷ .
I -
Ix
,

Is max occurs at 10,01 , f =L

Second Partials Test : Let fly g) have continuous second partial derivatives on an
open
dork

containing
( qb) for which fx =

fylqb
fam )
-

-
O. .

To test for relative extrema :

consider D= fxxla b) tyg la b) fxgla b)

-

, , ,

fxxlqbl fxylqb)
=/ /
txglqb) Ayla b) ,

fxxlqbleo
fyyco
1) If D > O and then f ( x ) has a relative max at la b) Nor
, ,
y ,

2) If D > O and fxxlqbl a O then f ( x ) has a relative min at la b) Nor fyy > O
, ,
y ,

3) If D so then f has a
saddle point at f la b)
, ,

4) If D= O
no conclusion
,

Ex fly g) ,
=
-

x3t4xy -2ft I
f×=
t4y=o⇒×=
-3×2
FILL
fy =

4×-4
,
=o⇒

Use second partial test :

fxx =
-

bx

¥ YI
if;:
D=
-

I
,
1--24×-16

at 10,01 D= -

I 6<0 flo , o) =L
,

at 1¥
,
It ,
D= 241¥ ) -16=16 > O

f××C x. g) = -

Gx fxxl Is
"
s ) - -

811 local max

!
,

Ex flx g) ,
=

ycosx
fxlx ) O

:(
⇒
)
o
CP
-

ysinx
=
-

y
It
- - -

y
ftp.y/--cosx=O--7x=IItkTkez
,
KIT o
,

fxx =
-

}
ycosx '

?! 9,0 ] ?
) C sink
If}! fxxfyy fxy l so

Isin
= o
six
-
- - -

ycosx
-

,
-
sink =
-
I at all CP ( ¥'tk ) : all CP are saddle
points .

We can make the interval we examine (the disk ) to be as small as we

like i.e radius of
open ,
.

the disk = E
A =f×× B B
'
Hike '
4ac
fry C
fyg I. D= AC quadratic b
=
= -
-
-
a

If is positive,
two real solutions
quadratic one or .

If quadratic is negative, no real solutions ( i.e .

parabola
above or below the X-axis )
A Review Taylor Series

functions if site
Taylor series approximate -2
they stay on one
,
max or
min .

D ? o doesn't cross if so Mma → saddle

curve
,
crosses we
get a
point .

For
any
closed interval
,
we can
find an absolute max & mm ( 2B )
For closed find absolute & min
region we
can an
max
any
.

Extreme Value Theorem :

Let flx.gl be defined closed R in the (x ) plane then

over a
region y , ,

1) there is at least one

point in R where f takes on an absolute min
,

2) there is at least in R where f takes absolutemax

one
point on an .

.
on R cortical points or
. at a
boundary
point
open
Ex fly srnlxy) R { l x g) I OEXET
yet }
- ±
o
up
:
, ,

ay

③
④
' -

.
E
2X

T.IT#offgYxYytI?:YIj7o3::co.olorcoscxyt-o-xy
ki
①

Evaluate f I g) at the CP flop ) -

o f (x g) = sin El =L where It
xy=
x
, ,

Evaluate fat the boundaries ① -

④
①
y
'
- O
,
0 Ex ⇐ Tl fly ,
o ) = sin 0=0

② IT I FIT sin ( Ty ) I =L ; O
0
Eye g) ⇒ I
=
x min =
o
-

max -
-

y
-

y
-

, , , , ,

③ I o Ext IT Hx 1) = sin l x) ⇒
max =L x= min =
O o
T
y
-
-

x
- -

, , , ,

④ x
-
- o o
Eye I Ho y ) ,
-

-
sin ( o) ⇒ see ①
Absolute LT 2)
flag ) -
O occurs when
y
=
O or x O or
-

min
-

,
.

Absolute max . Ayy) =

I occurs when Xy
-
I lie ( IT t )
,
.
or I I I)
,
or
others . . .
I
Ex ffx
g) ,
=
xty
-

xg Ps defined by 10,01 , (0,21/1410)

Internal CP when
fxlx.de/-y--9fyCqy1=I-x--o--7fll,l1=1
I .
;×+z Boundaries : ① go 0 HEY
flx o ) =

x ⇒
at x=4 min at
-

,q
x
-

, , , max
,
, , ② x -0
OEyt2 flo
y
) =

y ⇒ at -2
'

min at = o
, ,
max
y , y
③ FIX , Ix ) ( Ix th text
2) Ex +2
'
-

t2
=
x t -
-

x I -
=
Ix -

'
'
3=0--7 Z f
find f so ⇒ x IT llfindy by into
-

x
plugging
=

y
-

x
-