FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, VOL 8,Z-33 (1993)

On the Genuineness of Citrus Essential Oils. Part XLI. Italian

Bitter Orange Essential Oil: Composition and Detection of
Contamination and Additions of Oils and Terpenes of Sweet
Orange and of Lemon
Giovanni Dugo, Antonella Verzera, Ildefow Stagno d'Alcontres, Antonella Cotroneo and
Rita Ficarra
Dipartimento Farmaco-chimico, Facoltd di Farmacia, Universitd di Messina, 98100 Messina, Italy

The composition of the volatile fraction of Italian bitter orange essential oil, camed out by LC, HRGC and GC-
MS, is reported: 60 components have been identified. The results obtained are compared with those in the
literature for Italian and Spanish bitter orange oils.
Two methods are suggested which allows the detection of contamination or possible additions of terpenes and
oils of sweet orange and of lemon to genuine bitter orange oil. One is based upon the content of 6-3-carene and the
value of the ratios 6-3-carenelcamphene and 6-3-carenelterpinolene which permits the detection of the additions
of 5% of sweet orange terpenes and oils; the second is based upon the content of a-terpinene and the value of the
ratios a-terpinenelcamphene and a-terpinenelcis-B-ocimeneand allows the detection of the addition of even 3%
of lemon terpenes and oils.
KEY WORDS Citrus uuruntium L. Bitter orange essential oil Volatile fraction Commsition Adulteration
Sweet orange oil Sweet orange terpenes Lemon oil Lemon terpenes'

INTRODUCTION Therefore, we thought it useful to study the

At present, the production of bitter orange essen-
tial oil is limited owing to the inconstancy of the
demand on the national and international mar-
kets leading to decreased cultivation. Spain,
Morocco and Tunisia produce large volumes of
bitter orange oils at lower prices than Italy.
The fruits used for the extraction of the essen-
tial oils are sometimes mixed with a small number
of sweet orange fruits and often the production
lines used are the same as those used for lemon
essential oil.
It is possible, therefore, for bitter orange oil to
be contaminated by sweet orange and lemon
essential oils. Moreover, sweet orange terpenes
and lemon terpenes could be deliberately added
to bitter orange oil.
Lawrence' and then Boelens2 have reviewed
the literature on the composition of the volatile
fraction of bitter orange oil. The composition of
Italian bitter orange oil was studied by Boelens3
but the author does not report the number of the
samples analysed nor the variability ranges for
each component.
composition of bitter orange essential oil, indus-
trially produced, and to develop a method which
allows the detection of contamination and of
additions of extraneous products.
EXPERIMENTAL
The research has been camed out upon:
-ten genuine samples of bitter orange oils, pro-
duced by the usual industrial techniques (Pel-
atrice, Torchi and FMC)during the production
season 1991/92; each sample represents more
than 100 kg of essential oil;
-eight laboratory prepared blends, obtained by
the addition of sweet orange oils to genuine
bitter orange oils in percentages varying from
3% to 5 % ;
-eight laboratory prepared blends, obtained by
the addition of commercially available sweet
orange oil terpenes to genuine bitter orange
oils in percentages varying from 3% to 5%;
-eight laboratory prepared blends, obtained by

0882-5734/93/010025~$09.50 Received 3 July 1992

0 1993 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 24 August 1992
26
the addition of lemon oils to genuine bitter
orange oils in percentages varying from 3% to
5%;
-eight laboratory prepared blends, obtained by
the addition of commercially available lemon
oil terpenes to genuine bitter orange oils in
percentages varying from 3% to 5%;
Each sample of oil has been analysed by GC on
a Carlo Erba gas chromatograph 5160 Mega
Series, equipped with a Shimadzu data processor
C-R3A using the following experimental con-
ditions, previously described for other citrus
essential glass capillary column, 25 m x
0.32mm i.d. coated with SE 52; column tempera-
ture, 60°C (8 minutes) to 100°C at 3"C/min, to
130°C at 2.5"C/min7to 180OC at 3"C/min; injector
and detector temperatures, 280°C; carrier gas,
hydrogen, 0.40 kg/cm2; injection mode, split; de-
tector, FID.
The compounds were identified by retention
time and by GC-MS using a Finnigan Mat ITD
800 with a 25 m x 0.32mm i d . fused-silica capil-
lary column coated with SE 52; column tempera-
ture 60°C to 240°C at 3"C/min; ionizing voltage
70 eV.
A bitter orange oil was fractionated into differ-
m N 4 m
T i m e (minutam)
Fig. 1 . Chromatogram of a bitter orange essential oil. For identification of components see Table 1
G.DUG0 E T A L.
ent classes of compounds on a neutral alumina
column using the following experimental con-
ditions: glass column (1.6cm i.d.; adsorbent,
neutral alumina, grade I1 activity, 20g; sample,
100 pl of essential oil. Eluents: fraction 1 (hydro-
carbons), light petroleum (b.p. 30-50°C); frac-
tion 2 (esters), light petroleum: diethyl ether
(97:3 v:v); fraction 3 (carbonyl compounds), light
petroleum: diethyl ether (80:20); fraction 4 (alco-
hols), diethyl ether. Each fraction was analysed
by GC using the same conditions as for each oil.
RESULTS
Composition of Bitter Orange Essential Oil
Figure 1 shows a chromatogram of the volatile
fraction of bitter orange essential oil.
Sixty components were identified and, based on
the chromatographic behaviour on neutral alumina
columns, the class to which some of the others
belong was determined. Table 1 reports the com-
position, as relative percentage of the areas of the
peaks, of the single components and of the classes
of substances of bitter orange oils analysed. The
same table shows the average value ( X ) , the
52
I
N
t
I,,
I.
N
N 4 m v
t
.
)
*
 ITALIAN B I T E R ORANGE ESSENTIAL OIL
standard deviation (s), the minimum and the
maximum value for each parameter. The pro-
duction technology and period are indicated for
each sample.
We can observe from the results reported in
Table 1 that the percentage content of monoter-
pene hydrocarbons varies from 97.3% to 97.8%,
while sesquiterpene hydrocarbons have a percen-
tage of about 0.2%. Oxygenated compounds have
a percentage between 1.8% and 2.2%. Esters are
the main oxygenated class; their content ranges
from 0.8% to 1.4%; carbonyl compounds from
0.35% to 0.63% and alcohols from 0.33% to
0.46%. The main component of bitter orange
essential oil is limonene, its content being always
more than 93%. Among the minor monoterpene
hydrocarbons, only myrcene always exceeds 1%;
its content ranges from 1.7% to l.8%, P-pinene
has a percentage of about 1% and a-pinene about
0.5%. Linalyl acetate is the main oxygenated
compound and it represents the major part of the
esters. Linalol is the main alcohol and octanal and
decanal the main carbonyl compounds.
Our results on bitter orange oil agree with
those of Boelens3 with the exception of the con-
tent of aliphatic aldehydes, in particular octanal,
nonanal and decanal, for which Boelens gives
values approximately double those reported by
us. In addition the content of limonene is slightly
higher in our samples.
Further, Boelens3 reported two decadienals,
tridecanal, myrtenal, geraniol, p-menthane
acetate, carvone and p-sinensal which we have
not detected in our samples. We have detected
the presence of hexanol, 83tarene, a-terpinene,
cis-P-ocimene, cis-sabinene hydrate, trans-
sabinene hydrate, isopulegol, borneol, nonanol,
piperitone, nonyl acetate, a-terpenyl acetate,
citronellyl acetate, (3-sesquiphellandrene, trans-
nerolidol and, &,trans-farnesol, which were not
reported by Boelens.
With respect to the composition of the sesquiter-
pene hydrocarbons fraction, it is not possible to
make a comparison with our results because
Boelens reports only the total amount of these
components.
The sesquiterpene fraction of our bitter orange
oils is different from that of Spanish oils;*in fact we
have identified trans-P-bergamotene, p-santalene,
germacrene-B and P-sesquiphellandrene which
are not reported in the Spanish oils, while
Boelens found 8-elemene and p-elemene which
are lacking in our samples.
27
Detection of Contamination and Additions of
Essential Oils and Terpenes of Sweet Orange
Figure 2 compares the chromatogram of bitter
orange oil with those of the oil and the terpenes of
sweet orange. 8-3-Carene is present only as traces
in bitter orange oil, while in the oil and terpenes
of sweet orange it has a percentage of about
o.1%.6
It can be expected, therefore, as found with
lemon6 and mandarin’ essential oils, that the 8-3-
carene content and the percentage ratios of the
latter in regard to other components is particularly
suited to indicate possible additions of these
extraneous products.
In this case we have used the ratios 8-3-carene/
camphene and 8-3-carene/terpinolene.
Table 2 reports the 99% confidence limits for
the 8-3-carene content and for the ratios 6-3-
carene/camphene and 6-3-carene/terpinolene,
calculated on the basis of the average values and
the standard deviations for genuine bitter orange
oils, and the results obtained by the addition to
these of 3% and 5% of oils and of terpenes of
sweet orange.
As can be observed from the results reported in
Table 2, only a few 3% blends show values higher
than those of genuine oils, while all the blends
containing 5% of the terpenes and of the oils of
sweet orange show considerably higher values
for the three parameters considered than those
registered for the genuine bitter orange oils.
Even though a low amount of orange terpenes
can always be detected, its percentage cannot be
accurately determined, because it depends upon
thecomposition oftheproductsused fortheblends.
Detection of Contamination and Additions of Oils
and Terpenes of Lemon
Figure 3 compares the chromatogram of a bitter
orange oil with those of a lemon oil and the terpenes
of lemon oil.
As we can observe from the figure, a-terpinene
is present only as traces in bitter orange oil while
it has a percentage of approximate9 0.2% in
lemon oils and their terpene fraction.
Therefore, the content of a-terpinene and the
percentage ratios of the latter in regard to other
components can give useful indications for the
detection of possible additions of lemon products.
Our method uses the ratios a-terpinenej
camphene and a-terpinenelcis-P-ocimene.
 Table 1. Composition in single components and in classes of substances of the genuine bitter orange essential oils

No. Component Pelatrice Pelatrice Torchi FMC Pelatrice Pelatrice Pelatrice Pelatrice Pelatrice Pelatrice Min. Max. X s
Oct. 30 Nov. 8 Nov. 8 Nov. 27 Dec. 10 Jan. 13 Jan. 17 Jan. 17 Jan. 19 Jan. 21

1 Hexanol 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 - 0.001 0.001 O.OO0 0.003 0.001 0.001
2 a-Thujene 0.008 0.009 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.004 0.009 0.006 0.002
3 a-Pinene 0.565 0.574 0.585 0.562 0.547 0.521 0.558 0.555 0.581 0.584 0.521 0.585 0.563 0.019
4 Camphene 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.001
5 Sabinene 0.267 0.269 0.270 0.263 0.263 0.452 0.313 0.314 0.320 0.418 0.263 0.452 0.315 0.064
6 &Pinene 0.931 0.935 0.940 0.791 0.867 0.634 1.032 1.023 1.281 0.963 0.634 1.281 0.940 0.159 2
7 Myrcene 1.843 1.816 1.7% 1.832 1 .m 1.788 1.705 1.764 1.750 1.797 1.705 1.843 1.789 0.039 Q
8 Octanal 0.132 0.137 0.141 0.147 0. I31 0.191 0.109 0.I07 0.106 0.150 0.106 0.191 0.135 0.024 0
9 a-Phellandrene 0.056 0.059 0.061 0.063 0.056 0.082 0.047 0.046 0.045 0.064 0.045 0.082 0.058 0.010 3
10 S3-Carene 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.002 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.005 0.003 0.001
11 a-Terpinene 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.005 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.002 0.001 p
12 pCymene + Limonene 93.318 93.520 93.553 93.861 93.818 93.667 93.793 93.312 93.200 93.584 93.200 93.861 93.563 0.218 .
13 cis+-Ocimene 0.013 0.014 0.013 0.011 0.012 0.009 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.006 0.014 0.010 0.003
14 fram-&Ocimene 0.375 0.371 0.382 0.340 0.342 0.187 0.273 0.247 0.283 0.279 0.187 0.382 0.308 0.061
15 7-Terpinene 0.100 0.127 0.067 0.090 0.074 0.012 0.008 0.007 0.014 0.058 0.007 0.127 0.056 0.041
16 cirSabinene hydrate 0.004 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.008 0.002 0.008 0.003 0.002
17 Oaanol 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.009 0.014 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.014 0.005 0.004
18 Terpinolene 0.008 0.009 0.007 0.010 0.010 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.004 0.010 0.007 0.002
19 &am-Sabinene hydrate 0.001 0.001 - 0.001 - 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 o.oO0 0.001 0.001 o.Oo0
20 Linalol 0.333 0.267 0.268 0.267 0.204 0.312 0.258 0.275 0.199 0.316 0.199 0.333 0.270 0.042
21 Nonanal 0.033 0.034 0.035 0.031 0.030 0.036 0.015 0.017 0.016 0.026 0.015 0.036 0.027 0.008
22 cis-Limonene oxide 0.009 0.008 0.010 0.007 0.006 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.010 0.005 0.004
23 &am-Limonene oxide 0.006 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.002
24 Isopulegol 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.003 0.004 0.002 0.005 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.002
25 Citronella1 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.015 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.008 0.002 0.015 0.005 0.004
26 Borneol 0.002 0.001 0.005 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.005 0.002 0.001
27 Nonanol 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 o.Oo0
28 Terpinen-Qol 0.008 0.005 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.00s 0.004 0.003
29 a-Terpineol 0.050 0.040 0.030 0.037 0.059 0.036 0.043 0.045 0.037 0.039 0.030 0.059 0.042 0.008
30 Deanal 0.106 0.106 0.114 0.111 0.117 0.194 0.110 0.118 0.111 0.144 0.106 0.194 0.123 0.026
31 Octyl acetate 0.034 0.033 0.035 0.032 0.035 0.032 0.042 0.050 0.048 0.035 0.032 0.050 0.038 0.006
32 N e d Citronellol
+ 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.001 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.004 0.002
33 Ncral 0.053 0.048 0.052 0.050 0.055 0.049 0.034 0.038 0.032 0.044 0.032 0.055 0.045 0.008
34 Piperitone 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001
35 Linalyl acetate 0.940 0.840 0.924 0.757 0.819 0.642 1.033 1.173 1.047 0.765 0.642 1.173 0.894 0.152
36 Geranial 0.098 0.086 0.086 0.084 0.079 0.083 0.048 0.054 0.051 0.066 0.048 0.098 0.074 0.017
37 Perillaldehyde 0.01 1 0.010 0.010 0.009 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.011 0.009 0.002
38 Undecanal 0.015 0.015 0.012 0.007 0.008 0.008 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.004 0.001 0.015 0.008 0.005
39 Nonyl acetate 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.001 0.008 0.003 0.002
40 Ester 0.005 0.017 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.012 0.005 0.028 0.016 0.007
41 a-Terpenyl acetate 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.007 0.005 0.006 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.006 0.001
42 Citronellyl acetate 0.008 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.009 0.007 0.001
43 Neryl acetate 0.018 0.018 0.019 0.022 0.024 0.016 0.018 0.022 0.023 0.018 0.016 0.024 0.m0.003
44 Geranyl acetate 0.111 0.105 0.110 0.110 0.114 0.075 0.081 0.099 0.101 0.079 0.075 0.114 0.098 0.014
45 Dodecanal 0.014 0.014 0.015 0.015 0.018 0.026 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.015 0.010 0.026 0.015 0.004
46 Decyl acetate 0.018 0.018 0.022 0.020 0.023 0.030 0.031 0.037 0.038 0.030 0.018 0.038 0.027 0.007
47 p-Caryophyllene 0.063 0.058 0.062 0.061 0.060 0.035 0.042 0.047 0.046 0.044 0.035 0.063 0.052 0.010
48 tram-p-Bergamotene 0.019 0.009 0.017 0.018 0.017 0.011 0.011 0.014 0.015 0.009 0.009 0.019 0.014 0.004
49 p-Humulene 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.006 0.007 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.004 0.009 0.007 0.002
50 0-Santalene 0.01 1 0.010 0.012 0.010 0.011 0.011 0.003 0.008 0.007 0.006 0.003 0.012 0.009 0.003
51 Carbonyl compound 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.015 0.013 0.007 0.011 0.012 0.009 0.007 0.015 0.012 0.002
52 Germacrene-D 0.134 0.115 0.125 0.111 0.115 0.087 0.089 0.102 0.108 0.095 0.087 0.134 0.108 0.014
53 Germacrene-B 0.011 0.009 0.01 1 0.010 0.010 0.008 0.007 0.009 0.008 0.007 0.007 0.011 0.009 0.001
54 PBisabolene 0.004 0.004 0.001 0.004 0.006 0.006 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.006 0.003 0.002
55 p-Sesquiphellandrene 0.009 0.008 0.010 0.01 1 0.012 0.008 0.07 0.009 0.008 0.008 0.007 0.012 0.009 0.001
56 bons-a-Nerolidol 0.045 0.047 0.054 0.057 0.064 0.062 0.062 0.081 0.083 0.062 0.045 0.083 0.062 0.012
57 Tetradesanal 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.003 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.002 0.001
58 cb,trans-Famesol 0.003 0.001 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.012 0.004 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.012 0.004 0.003
59 a-Sinensal 0.001 0.001 - 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 o.oO0 0.002 0.001 0.001
60 Nootkatone 0.002 0.001 - 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 o.oO0 0.002 0.001 0.001

Hydrocarbons 97.756 97.935 97.940 98.081 98.046 97.555 97.920 97.486 97.695 97.96097.486 98.079 97.836 0.195
Monoterpenes 97.4% 97.714 97.693 97.847 97.806 97.383 97.753 97.291 97.498 97.78297.291 97.845 97.625 0.185
Sesquiterpenes 0.260 0.221 0.247 0.234 0.240 0.172 0.167 0.195 0.197 0.178 0.167 0.260 0.211 0.032
Oxygenated compounds 2.089 1.887 2.018 1.847 1.896 1.897 1.959 2.202 1.978 1.872 1.847 2.202 1.964 0.106
Carbonyl compounds 0.487 0.470 0.486 0.478 0.477 0.629 0.349 0.376 0.360 0.480 0.349 0.629 0.459 0.078
Alcohols 0.459 0.371 0.381 0.387 0.357 0.442 0.379 0.419 0.333 0.440 0.333 0.459 0.397 0.039
Esters 1.143 1.046 1.151 0.982 1.063 0.825 1.231 1.407 1.285 0.952 0.825 1.407 1.108 0.163
30 G . DUG0 E T A L .

Table 2. Values for the 63-carene content, the 8-3-carenelcampheneand 63-carenelterpinolene ratios for
genuine bitter orange essential oils and for samples of bitter orange oils with 3% and 5% additions of sweet
orange oils and sweet orange terpenes

6-3-Carene 6-3-Carene/camphene 6-3-Carenelterpinolene

Bitter orange oil

x 0.003 0.424 0.389
S 0.001 0.259 0.189
99% confidence Min. 0.Ooo 0.Ooo 0.000
limits Max. 0.006 1.092 0.875
Bitter orange oils with sweet orange oils added
1.ooo 0.778
0.857 0.750
3% 1.286 0.900
0.714 0.500
1.500 1.Ooo
0.008 1.143 0.889
5% 0.012 1.714 1.091
10.007 1.Ooo 0.777
Bitter orange oils with sweet orange
1.Ooo 0.778
1.Ooo 1.Ooo
3%
0.857 0.857
0.857 0.750
1.375 1.Ooo
1.286 1.125
5%
1.125 0.900
1.111 1.Ooo

Table 3. Values for the a-terpinene content, the a-terpinenelcamphene and a-terpinene/ci.s-B-ocimeneratios
for genuine bitter orange essential oils and for samples of bitter orange oils with 3% and 5% additions of lemon
oils and of lemon terpenes

a-Terpinene a-Terpinenelcamphene a-Terpinenelcir-~-ocimene

Bitter orange oil
x 0.002 0.2% 0.266
S 0.001 0.201 0.107
99% confidence Min. 0.Ooo 0.Ooo 0.000
limits Max. 0.005 0.814 0.429
Bitter orange oils with lemon oils added
0.010 1.111 0.588
0.889 0.364
3%
1.Ooo 0.409
0.008 0.889 0.348
0.014 1.400 1.000
0.01 1 1.100 0.440
5%
0.013 1.300 0.619
0.010 1.111 0.526

*0.011 1.100 0.61 1

0.01 1
' 0.015 1.222 0.524
3%
1.250 0.555
0.014 1.273 0.538
'0.017 1.417 0.809
5% ' 0.017 1.700 0.809
0.020 1.538 0.714
-0.019 1.461 0.704
 ITALIAN B I T E R ORANGE ESSENTIAL OIL 31

W E T ORAWCL OIL

L * - ? . e : l f

T h e (minut.8)
1,L
X
*

i
,

t
I

Fig. 2. Chromatograms of a bitter orange oil, of sweet orange oil terpenes and of sweet orange oil
32 0 . DUG0 ET AL.

i,
LEMON OIL

li. LEMON OIL TLRPEWES

L - f ~ z : z

T i m (minutom)
a a v t v

Fig. 3. Chromatograms of a bitter orange oil, of lemon oil terpenes and of a lemon oil
 ITALIAN B I T E R ORANGE ESSENTIAL OIL
Table 3 reports the values of the a-terpinene
content and of the ratios a-terpinene/camphene
and a-teminene/ck-B-ocimene in genuine bitter
orange oiis and in the blends obtahed adding to
these 3% and 5% of terpenes and oils of lemon.
As can be observed from the results reported in
Table 3, all blends even those containing 3% of
lemon products, showed considerably higher
values than those registered for the genuine bitter
orange at least for two out of three parameters
taken into account.
It is evident that our method allows the detec-
tion of even low amounts of oil and of terpenes
of lemon even though its percentage cannot be
accurately determined for the same reason as
mentioned for the addition of sweet orange oils
and terpenes.
Acknowledgements-This research was supported by
'Minister0 dell'Universit8 e della Ricerca Scientifica' of Italy
33
(6OY0 and 40% research funds) and by National Re-
search Council of Italy, Special Project 'Chimica Fine e
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(1989).
4. A. Cotroneo, G. Dugo, L. Favretto and L. Gabrielli
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G. Licandro, Flavour Frugr. J . , 5, 205 (1990).
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Frugr. J., 2 , 13 (1987).
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