FLAVOUR AND FRAGRANCE JOURNAL, VOL.

1, 69-86 (1986)

On the Genuineness of Citrus Essential Oils. Part X. Research on

the Composition of Essential Oils Produced from Sicilian Lemons
Using ‘Pelatrice’ and ‘Sfumatrice’ Extractors during the Entire
1983/84 Production Season
A. Cotroneo, A. Verzera, G. Lamonica and Giovanni Dugo*
Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Facolta di Farmaca, Universita, 981 00 Messina, ltaly

G . Licandro
Panagrum, Milazzo (Messina), ltaly

The authors report the results of a study made on 488 samples of genuine lemon oil obtained by industrial
processing during the 1983/84 season. The lemons, which came from Sicilian lemon-growing areas, were
processed using ‘pelatrice’ or ‘sfumatrice’ extractors. Gas chromatography of all samples was effected using
capillary columns. The ‘citral’ content and ‘CD’-values were also determined. From the gas chromatography of the
oils and the fractions obtained by separation on neutral alumina columns, it has been possible to identify 34
components, which correspond to about 99.3% of the volatile fraction of the essential oil, and to establish the class
to which numerous other components belong. The quantitative data obtained by gas chromatography are
expressed separately, as the average of the values for each month, for the ‘pelatrice’ and ‘sfumatrice’ extracted
oils. The quantitative variations found in the various classes of substances and in the principal components present
in the lemon essential oils during the whole season of production are commented upon and the fundamental
quantitative differences between ‘pelatrice’ and ‘sfumatrice’ extracted oils are illustrated. The results obtained are
compared to those which resulted from an analogous study effected during the 1982/83 citrus production season,
and confirm that the composition of lemon essential oil undergoes cyclic variations lasting one year.

KEY WORDS Lemon essential oils Extraction technology Composition

INTRODUCTION Furthermore, the data collected have been used

The results relative to the research made on the
composition of genuine lemon essential oils
obtained industrially during the entire 1982/83
production season have already been
These studies led to the determination of
the trends shown in the average monthly
composition of the essential oils, as regards
both single components and classes of sub-
stances;
the quantitative differences between ‘pelat-
rice’ extracted and ‘sfumatrice’ extracted
oils;
the fundamental differences between
‘winter’ oils (higher value) and ‘summer’ oils
(lower value).
to develop the specific analysis procedures now
utilized to discover certain frauds, such as the
addition of extraneous ~ i t r a I , ~and
- ~ distilled
essential oils,’ to cold-pressed essential oils.
This article, which continues the research con-
ducted previously, reports the results of the study
of the lemon essential oils produced during the
1983/8 4 season.
EXPERIMENTAL
Sample
All of the essential oils analysed were produced
during the period November 1983-November
1984. As in the preceeding studies, the date and

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed

0882-5734/86/020069-18$09.00 Received 15 August 1985

0 1986 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted I 4 March 1986
70 A . COTRONEO, A. VERZERA, G. LAMONICA, G. D U G 0 AND G. LICANDRO

the method of production are known for each
sample. The fruit-growing area, on the other
hand, is only known with precision for a part of
the samples, due to the fact that the remaining
samples were produced with lemons which came
from more than one fruit-growing area. However,
for each month, the proportion of lemons coming
from the various fruit-growing areas used to pro-
duce the oils sampled and analysed, are known to
a fair degree of approximation. The month of
production, the method employed to process the
essential oils, the fruit-growing areas, and the
types of lemon processed are listed in Table 1. As
can be seen, samples were not available for the
month of June; and, due to the same causes
previously no samples of ‘sfumatrice’
oils were analysed for the period from May to
September. All the samples analysed were taken
from batches formed by an entire daily produc-
tion cycle, and were representitve of at least
100 kg of oil: it can be seen, therefore, that the
samples represented more than 45 tonnes of
essential oil in all.
Method of Analysis
The CD-values of all samples were determined
using the American method;’the total content in
carbonyl compounds, expressed as ‘citral’, was
determined using the hydroxylamine methodg,
and the composition percentages relative to the
peak areas were determined by gas chromatogra-
phy.
Gas chromatographic analysis was carried out
using a CARL0 ERBA gas chromatograph
(series MEGA, model 5160) equipped with glass
or fused silica capillary columns coated with
SE 52, under the experimental conditions
described previously.’
A certain number of essential oil samples were
fractionated into classes of substances by
chromatography on neutral alumina columns
using hexane, hexane/ethyl ether mixtures, and
ethyl ether as eluents. The fractions thus obtained
were analysed by gas chromatography under the
same conditions that were used for a whole essen-
tial oil.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Figure 1 shows the chromatograms of a lemon
essential oil and of the fractions obtained by
separation on alumina. As can be seen from the
indications given, it has been possible to identify
34 components and to determine, according the
chromatographic behaviour on neutral alumina
columns, the class to which many of the others
belong.
The quantitative data regarding all the samples
analysed were divided according to production
month, and further, according to the extraction

Table 1. Time and technology of production of essential oils, production areas and type of lemons

Lemons production areas (%) Type of lemons (%)

Number of Number of
a5 -rn0
U
C
m
‘
.!
Time of Number of ‘Pelatrice’ ‘Sfumatrice’ 2 2 .
production samples samples samples Z < ? 3
November 83 45 22 23 40 - 28 27 5 50
December 73 32 41 62 - 21 16 1 100
January 84 91 40 51 53 - 5 38 4 100
February 88 43 45 57 - - 39 4 100
March 72 35 37 43 - 3 38 16 100
April 41 22 19 69 - - 13 18 95
May 11 11 - - - - 100 - 40
June - - _ - - - -
July 7 7 17 72 7 4 80
August/Sept. 21 21 25 49 22 4 100
October 18 18 2 47 - 51 75
November 21 10 11 23 7 63 7 45
Z Nov. 83/Nov. 84 488 261 227 51 3 11 30 5
 ON THE GENUINENESS OF LEMON ESSENTIAL OILS 71

tb

Fig. 1 Chromatogram of a lemon oil and of the fractions obtained from its separation on neutral alumina column. A) Essential oil
B) Terpene fraction C) Esters D) Carbonyl compounds E) Alcohols.
1) a-thujene 2) a-pinene 3) Camphene 4) Sabinene 5 ) fi-pinene 6) Myrcene 7) a-phellandrene 8) Octanal 9) A3-carene
10) a-terpinene 11)p-cymene 12) Limonene 13) y-terpinene 14) Terpinolene 15) Linalol 16) Nonanal 17) Citronella1
18) Terpinen-4-01 19) a-terpineol 20) Decanal 21) Nerol + Citronellol 22) Neral 23) Geraniol 24) Geranial 25) Nonyl acetate
26) Citronellyl acetate 27) Neryl acetate 28) Geranyl acetate 29) Caryophyllene 30) Bergamotene 31) Humulene
32) Valencene 33) Bisabolene T) Unidentified monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes E) Unidentified esters C) Unidentified
carbonyl compounds A) Unidentified alcohols

technology used to obtain the essential oils ana-
lysed. This follows the division used previously in
the study made during the 1982/83 season.
For each group, the average (X)and the stan-
dard deviation (s) have been calculated, and these
data are illustrated in Table 2. The results for
components which were always present in
amounts less than 0.01% are not shown.
The quantitative results for each sample indi-
a t e that the identified components represent on
the average 99.3% of the total; if we add to these
the percentages of the components shown on the
72 A. COTRONEO, A . VERZERA, G. LAMONICA, G. D U G 0 AND G. LICANDRO

Table 2. Monthly average composition as single components of analysed essential oils

November December
Pelatrice Stumatrice Pe Iat rice Sfumatrice
x S x S x S x 5

a-thujene 0.426 0.018 0.462 0.023 0.438 0.020 0.451 0.017

a-pinene 1.883 0.084 2.063 0.091 1.932 0.077 2.000 0.076
Camphene 0.057 0.003 0.062 0.003 0.058 0.003 0.059 0.003
Sabinene 2.005 0.117 2.140 0.128 1.977 0.087 1.992 0.110
B-pinene 11.646 0.65 1 12.245 0.661 11.530 1.657 11.947 0.694
Myrcene 1.530 0.017 1.557 0.026 1.527 0.027 1.536 0.036
a-phellandrene
0.094 0.005 0.096 0.005 0.096 0.006 0.095 0.004
Octanal
a-terpinene 0.190 0.020 0.199 0.010 0.186 0.017 0.187 0.01 7
Limonene 66.250 0.991 66.391 1.092 66.088 1.036 66.847 1.110
p-cymene
Terpene 0.05 1 0.005 0.045 0.005 0.048 0.005 0.047 0.006
Terpene 0.107 0.01 1 0.094 0.009 0.099 0.009 0.095 0.01 1
y-terpinene 9.587 0.2 14 9.170 0.276 9.447 0.331 9.160 0.325
Alcohol 0.038 0.006 0.034 0.003 0.044 0.005 0.029 0.005
Terpinolene 0.401 0.018 0.388 0.013 0.386 0.018 0.378 0.017
Alcohol 0.036 0.008 0.029 0.003 0.040 0.006 0.024 0.005
Linalol 0.1 14 0.014 0.103 0.007 0.112 0.008 0.091 0.010
Nonanal 0.103 0.011 0.102 0.008 0.104 0.01 1 0.101 0.010
Citronella1 0.071 0.008 0.070 0.008 0.087 0.008 0.085 0.009
Terpinen-4-01 0.031 0.01 1 0.024 0.003 0.024 0.004 0.019 0.002
a-terpineol 0.1 76 0.035 0.141 0.014 0.180 0.021 0.121 0.025
Decanal 0.028 0.004 0.025 0.004 0.028 0.004 0.026 0.004
Nerol 0.039 o.oox 0.027 0.006 0.033 0.007 0.020 0.005
Citronellol
Carbonyl compound 0.017 0.016 0.009 0.006 0.017 0.014 0.011 0.006
Neral 1.057 0.124 0.947 0.104 1.077 0.065 0.945 0.072
Geraniol 0.020 0.004 '0.01 1 0.002 0.025 0.004 0.012 0.003
Geranial 1.768 0.205 1.585 0.168 1.809 0.121 1.609 0.125
Carbonyl compound 0.021 0.003 0.019 0.002 0.019 0.002 0.019 0.003
Citronellyl acetate 0.018 0.003 0.016 0.002 0.020 0.002 0.019 0.004
Neryl acetate 0.355 0.047 0.318 0.045 0.353 0.034 0.345 0.058
Geranyl acetate 0.270 0.03 1 0.231 0.026 0.295 0.040 0.278 0.042
Caryophyllene 0.240 0.030 0.209 0.018 0.214 0.025 0.213 0.027
Bergamotene 0.356 0.03~ 0.316 0.031 0.352 0.038 0.340 0.036
Humulene 0.017 0.003 0.015 0.001 0.015 0.001 0.014 0.002
Sesquiterpene 0.050 0.006 0.046 0.005 0.048 0.005 0.045 0.006
Sesquiterpene 0.019 0.002 0.016 0.002 0.018 0.002 0.017 0.002
Valencene (?) 0.010 0.003 0.005 0.002 0.010 0.003 0.007 0.003
Sesquiterpene 0.070 0.012 0.081 0.655 0.059 0.009 0.057 0.008
Sesquiterpene 0.042 0.006 0.038 0.004 0.042 0.005 0.040 0.005
Bisabolene 0.539 0.074 0.473 0.055 0.526 0.071 0.506 0.064
Sesquiterpene 0.015 0.002 0.013 0.002 0.014 0.002 0.014 0.002
 ON THE GENUINENESS OF LEMON ESSENTIAL OILS 73

Table 2. Continued

January February
Pelatrice Sfumatrice Pelatrice Sfumatrice
x S x S x S X 5

a-t hu j e ne 0.457 0.022 0.457 0.018 0.472 0.021 0.464 0.020

a-pinene 1.995 0.084 1.982 0.290 2.073 0.065 2.047 0.099
Camphene 0.060 0.002 0.061 0.004 0.063 0.003 0.062 0.004
Sabinene 2.041 0.089 2.037 0.124 2.128 0.100 2.097 0.152
fi-pinene 12.467 0.310 12.564 0.744 13.240 0.560 13.006 0.962
Myrcene 1.512 0.022 1SO2 0.030 1.490 0.022 1.481 0.035
a-phellandrene 0.107 0.005 0.109 0.006 0.106 0.008
0.109 0.004
Octanal
a-terpinene 0.205 0.009 0.202 0.009 0.202 0.016 0.201 0.015
Limonene 64.884 0.919 65.635 1.250 63.997 0.966 64.802 1.284
p-cymene
Terpene 0.057 0.007 0.053 0.007 0.058 0.007 0.057 0.009
Terpene 0.108 0.010 0.103 0.013 0.109 0.010 0.109 0.015
y-terpinene 9.756 0.331 9.474 0.305 9.871 0.279 9.641 0.369
Alcohol 0.047 0.004 0.03 1 0.005 0.046 0.004 0.031 0.003
Terpinolene 0.402 0.015 0.392 0.01 3 0.399 0.016 0.396 0.017
Alcohol 0.041 0.004 0.023 0.006 0.035 0.004 0.022 0.004
Linalol 0.111 0.006 0.093 0.009 0.106 0.007 0.088 0.01 1
Nonanal 0.113 0.008 0.112 0.01 1 0.105 0.016 0.107 0.020
Citronella1 0.104 0.008 0.099 0.009 0.111 0.009 0.106 0.01 1
Terpinen-4-01 0.021 0.003 0.021 0.006 0.022 0.003 0.023 0.006
a-terpineol 0.180 0.014 0.118 0.013 0.171 0.018 0.121 0.016
Decanal 0.034 0.003 0.033 0.003 0.036 0.005 0.035 0.006
Nerol 0.030 0.006 0.01 8 0.004 0.032 0.01 1 0.023 0.006
Citronellol
Carbonyl compound 0.007 0.004 0.014 0.010 0.01 1 0.012 0.014 0.007
Neral 1.074 0.070 0.984 0.050 0.983 0.071 0.918 0.089
Geraniol 0.027 0.006 0.016 0.007 0.034 0.013 0.020 0.007
Geranial 1.825 0.127 1.635 0.096 1.687 0.128 1.598 0.150
Carbonyl compound 0.02 1 0.003 0.021 0.003 0.019 0.003 0.021 0.004
Citronellyl acetate 0.024 0.003 0.024 0.003 0.028 0.002 0.029 0.004
Neryl acetate 0.371 0.041 0.364 0.042 0.392 0.030 0.406 0.049
Geranyl acetate 0.357 0.038 0.344 0.045 0.410 0.043 0.405 0.064
Caryophyllene 0.207 0.024 0.213 0.027 0.200 0.017 0.213 0.025
Bergamotene 0.360 0.042 0.349 0.032 0.353 0.034 0.363 0.038
Humulene 0.014 0.002 0.014 0.002 0.014 0.002 0.015 0.003
Sesquiterpene 0.049 0.006 0.045 0.006 0.043 0.009 0.045 0.006
Sesquiterpene 0.0 18 0.002 0.018 0.002 0.017 0.002 0.018 0.002
Valencene (?) 0.013 0.003 0.01 1 0.004 0.018 0.004 0.017 0.004
Sesquiterpene 0.060 0.008 0.061 0.008 0.055 0.030 0.059 0.015
Sesquiterpene 0.043 0.006 0.042 0.005 0.042 0.005 0.044 0.007
Bisabolene 0.540 0.077 0.522 0.057 0.525 0.062 0.546 0.074
Sesquiterpene 0.015 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.014 0.002 0.015 0.002
74 A. COTRONEO, A. VERZERA, G. LAMONICA, G. D U G 0 AND G. LICANDRO

Table 2. Continued
~ ~ ~~

March April
Pelatrice Sfumatrice Pelatrice Sfumatrice
X S X S x s X 5

a-thujene 0.468 0.022 0.465 0.017 0.444 0.033 0.469 0.018

a-pinene 2.047 0.083 2.065 0.086 1.980 0.131 2.099 0.093
Camphene 0.062 0.002 0.064 0.003 0.062 0.004 0.066 0.004
Sabinene 2.119 0.077 2.162 0.112 2.138 0.123 2.250 0.144
8-pinene 13.466 0.493 13.736 0.732 13.650 0.768 14.333 0.932
Myrcene 1.453 0.025 1.455 0.035 1.418 0.036 1.438 0.032
a-phellandrene 0.110 0.008 0.107 0.006 0.115 0.016 0.1 16 0.010
Octanal
a-terpinene 0.204 0.016 0.200 0.014 0.194 0.015 0.198 0.015
Limonene 63.577 0.850 64.124 0.909 63.516 0.977 63.052 0.963
p-cymene
Terpene 0.068 0.008 0.062 0.006 0.066 0.007 0.066 0.007
Terpene 0.122 0.010 0.116 0.010 0.120 0.010 0.120 0.012
y-terpinene 9.996 0.291 9.720 0.246 9.984 0.355 9.792 0.355
Alcohol 0.045 0.003 0.030 0.005 0.044 0.004 0.029 0.004
Terpinolene 0.402 0.017 0.394 0.015 0.394 0.015 0.393 0.018
Alcohol 0.03 1 0.003 0.018 0.005 0.028 0.003 0.015 0.004
Linalol 0.104 0.005 0.085 0.009 0.101 0.007 0.082 0.007
Nonanal 0.112 0.013 0.107 0.015 0.114 0.01 8 0.114 0.016
Citronella1 0.121 0.008 0.115 0.009 0.129 0.016 0.125 0.013
Terpinen-4-01 0.023 0.004 0.021 0.007 0.027 0.006 0.020 0.004
a-terpineol 0.171 0.015 0.112 0.020 0.167 0.022 0.102 0.016
Decanal 0.040 0.005 0.039 0.005 0.047 0.012 0.046 0.007
Nerol 0.041 0.010 0.025 0.006 0.041 0.016 0.024 0.003
Citronellol
Carbonyl compound 0.017 0.018 0.023 0.010 0.023 0.016 0.023 0.009
Neral 0.932 0.069 0.834 0.088 0.896 0.097 0.790 0.077
Geraniol 0.041 0.01 1 0.023 0.007 0.031 0.008 0.018 0.004
Geranial 1.603 0.125 1.450 0.157 1.540 0.183 1.363 0.141
Carbonyl compound 0.022 0.003 0.022 0.005 0.024 0.006 0.023 0.004
Citronellyl acetate 0.035 0.004 0.035 0.004 0.043 0.010 0.040 0.005
Neryl acetate 0.435 0.035 0.425 0.040 0.493 0.097 0.463 0.063
Geranyl acetate 0.545 0.064 0.507 0.065 0.586 0.112 0.546 0.072
Caryophyllene 0.207 0.024 0.203 0.025 0.223 0.038 0.202 0.025
Bergamotene 0.371 0.045 0.353 0.034 0.41 1 0.084 0.366 0.055
Humulene 0.016 0.004 0.016 0.004 0.018 0.005 0.018 0.003
Sesquiterpene 0.047 0.005 0.043 0.006 0.049 0.01 1 0.044 0.007
Sesquiterpene 0.018 0.002 0.017 0.003 0.021 0.006 0.018 0.004
Valencene (?) 0.030 0.006 0.029 0.007 0.043 0.014 0.036 0.007
Sesquiterpene 0.059 0.01 1 0.060 0.0 12 0.069 0.016 0.064 0.01 1
Sesquiterpene 0.045 0.008 0.044 0.008 0.053 0.014 0.046 0.008
Bisabolene 0.558 0.08 t 0.527 0.069 0.629 0.156 0.549 0.100
Sesquiterpene 0.015 0.022 0.015 0.003 0.017 0.005 0.015 0.003
 ON THE GENUINENESS OF LEMON ESSENTIAL OILS 75

Table 2. Continued
~ ~ ~~~

May July August/September

Pelatrice Pelatrice
x S x S x s

a-thujene 0.444 0.022 0.408 0.018 0.400 0.022

a-pinene 2.044 0.102 2.019 0.096 1.947 0.098
Camphene 0.065 0.003 0.071 0.005 0.067 0.005
Sabinene 2.330 0.102 2.550 0.144 2.391 0.157
fl-pinene 14.968 0.654 16.676 1.058 15.448 1.100
Myrcene 1.474 0.072 1.300 0.038 1.356 0.047
a-phellandrene 0.140 0.006 0.140 0.014 0.114 0.015
Octanal
a-terpinene 0.192 0.009 0.174 0.019 0.131 0.026
Limonene 61.935 0.828 60.930 1.184 62.515 1.192
p-cymene
Terpene 0.068 0.005 0.080 0.013 0.056 0.013
Terpene 0.121 0.007 0.137 0.026 0.097 0.020
y-terpinene 10.040 0.195 9.556 0.453 9.164 0.444
Alcohol 0.043 0.005 0.046 0.008 0.060 0.007
Terpinolene 0.397 0.039 0.359 0.024 0.320 0.028
Alcohol 0.027 0.002 0.037 0.007 0.053 0.007
Linalol 0.100 0.007 0.099 0.007 0.126 0.009
Nonanal 0.145 0.021 0.151 0.019 0.116 0.023
Citronella1 0.135 0.009 0.085 0.010 0.077 0.020
Terpinen-4-01 0.034 0.01 1 0.044 0.010 0.038 0.005
a-terpineol 0.192 0.018 0.209 0.022 0.244 0.018
Decanal 0.064 0.009 0.064 0.004 0.049 0.01 1
Nerol 0.080 0.020 0.141 0.036 0.139 0.050
Citronellol
Carbonyl compound 0.014 0.006 0.01 1 0.005 0.048 0.021
Neral 0.793 0.062 0.701 0.151 0.795 0.174
Geraniol 0.039 0.014 0.030 0.006 0.025 0.006
Geranial 1.320 0.124 1.114 0.217 1.276 0.281
Carbonyl compound 0.030 0.006 0.032 0.002 0.034 0.008
Citronellyl acetate 0.047 0.007 0.027 0.003 0.020 0.003
Neryl acetate 0.537 0.071 0.539 0.092 0.635 0.218
Geranyl acetate 0.608 0.094 0.571 0.067 0.455 0.098
Caryophyllene 0.197 0.049 0.235 0.023 0.260 0.056
Bergamotene 0.380 0.068 0.375 0.022 0.389 0.094
Humulene 0.013 0.004 0.014 0.001 0.016 0.004
Sesquiterpene 0.045 0.01 1 0.047 0.004 0.05 1 0.012
Sesquiterpene 0.020 0.006 0.018 0.003 0.019 0.005
Valencene (?) 0.074 0.021 0.042 0.018 0.012 0.006
Sesquiterpene 0.069 0.015 0.087 0.01 1 0.094 0.030
Sesquiterpene 0.050 0.012 0.047 0.004 0.049 0.017
Bisabolene 0.570 0.126 0.574 0.048 0.604 0.100
Sesquiterpene 0.015 0.002 0.015 0.002 0.017 0.005
76 A. COTRONEO, A. VERZERA, G . LAMONICA. G. D U G 0 AND G. LICANDRO

Table 2. Continued

October November
Pe I a t rice Pelatrice Sfurnatrrce
,v S x r x 5

a-thujene 0.404 0.0 13 0.433 0.017 0.453 0.020

a-pinene 1.935 0.065 1.998 0.084 2.085 0.129
Carnphene 0.063 0.004 0.063 0.003 0.064 0.007
Sabinene 2.215 0.131 2.207 0.159 2.212 0.245
8-pinene 13.713 1.155 13.765 1.187 13.505 1.823
Myrcene 1.437 0.044 1.461 0.065 1.477 0.057
a-phellandrene 0.099 0.015 0.100 0.003 0.100 0.010
Octanal
a-terpinene 0.139 0.022 0.162 0.025 0.178 0.021
Limonene 64.869 1.784 64.308 1.546 65.278 2.292
p-cymene
Terpene 0.016 0.006 0.059 0.01 1 0.050 0.01 1
Terpene 0.087 0.008 0.108 0.015 0.099 0.016
y-terpinene 9.034 0.252 9.696 0.441 9.232 0.394
Alcohol 0.052 0.008 0.042 0.006 0.037 0.008
Terpinolene 0.332 0.024 0.363 0.026 0.367 0.017
Alcohol 0.048 0.007 0.034 0.006 0.03 1 0.009
Linalol 0.123 0.006 0.1 11 0.014 0.108 0.017
Nonanal 0.097 0.01 1 0.119 0.018 0.120 0.021
Citronella1 0.077 0.0 15 0.065 0.012 0.068 0.010
Terpinen-4-01 0.040 0.007 0.039 0.009 0.028 0.004
a-terpineol 0.222 0.020 0.179 0.027 0.154 0.030
Decanal 0.040 0.01 1 0.036 0.004 0.032 0.007
Nerol 0.102 0.05 1 0.042 0.010 0.032 0.009
Citronellol
Carbonyl compound 0.038 0.016 0.057 0.075 0.024 0.016
Neral 0.840 0.089 0.810 0.138 0.821 0.181
Geraniol 0.024 0.006 0.022 0.005 0.014 0.004
Geranial 1.372 0.153 1.365 0.216 1.360 0.278
Carbonyl compound 0.028 0.005 0.029 0.004 0.024 0.003
Citronellyl acetate 0.02 1 0.003 0.018 0.002 0.017 0.001
Neryl acetate 0.580 0.059 0.459 0.063 0.379 0.067
Geranyl acetate 0.35 1 0.076 0.386 0.059 0.302 0.068
CaryophyIlene 0.238 0.020 0.249 0.022 0.228 0.018
Bergamotene 0.353 0.044 0.340 0.021 0.308 0.013
Humulene 0.015 0.002 0.015 0.003 0.016 0.004
Sesquiterpene 0.05 1 0.006 0.050 0.005 0.040 0.009
Sesquiterpene 0.017 0.004 0.01 3 0.005 0.013 0.004
Valencene (?) 0.010 0.005 0.01 7 0.006 0.01 1 0.006
Sesquiterpene 0.087 0.018 0.080 0.016 0.072 0.01 1
Sesquiterpene 0.043 0.008 0.040 0.003 0.037 0.003
Bisabolene 0.501 0.140 0.514 0.037 0.458 0.021
Sesquiterpene 0.01 5 0.003 0.015 0.002 0.013 0.001

table simply as classes of compounds, an average
of 99.8% can be accounted for.
For each sample, moreover, the total amount of
hydrocarbons, oxygenated substances, mono-
terpenes, sesquiterpenes, carbonyl compounds,
alcohols and esters, the ratio of oxygenated com-
pounds to hydrocarbons, and the ratio of neral to
geranial have been calculated, and are illustrated
in Table 3.
The data recorded in Tables 2 and 3 refer to the
volatile part of the essential oil and do not include
the non-volatile residue which generally consti-
tutes 1.5-3.0% of the essential oil.
Figures 2-8 illustrate the average variations
that were found monthly in the classes of sub-
stance, the various single components, the ‘citral’
content, and CD-values, by (a), a comparison of
the results obtained using the two different tech-
nologies in the 1983184 season, and (b), a com-
parison of the results for the two production
seasons 198213 and 198314.
 ON THE GENUINENESS OF LEMON ESSENTIAL OILS 77

Table 3. Monthly average composition as classes of substances, “citral” and CD of analysed essential oils

November December
Pelatrice Sfumatrice Pelatrice
x S x S x S x Sfurnatrice 5

Hydrocarbons 95.391 0.472 95.908 0.399 95.267 0.392 95.857 0.266

Oxygenated compounds 4.333 0.477 3.890 0.364 4.457 0.255 3.957 0.226
Monoterpenes 94.027 0.611 94.714 0.487 93.966 0.466 94.605 0.354
Sesquiterpenes 1.363 0.166 1.198 0.120 1.299 0.156 1.252 0.143
Carbonyl compounds 3.226 0.342 2.940 0.284 3.294 0.195 2.952 0.198
Alcohols 0.379 0.065 0.305 0.029 0.373 0.035 0.266 0.044
Esters 0.643 0.068 0.563 0.067 0.668 0.069 0.642 0.090
Oxygenated/Hydrocarbons 0.046 0.005 0.041 0.004 0.046 0.001 0.041 0.003
Neral/Geranial 0.602 0.008 0.600 0.006 0.595 0.007 0.588 0.006
Citral 3.882 0.289 3.590 0.273 4.045 0.166 3.684 0.206
CD-value 0.703 0.064 0.607 0.027 0.730 0.140 0.620 0.055

January February
Pelatrice Sfumatrice Pelatrice Sfumatrice
x S X S x S x 5

Hydrocarbons 95.179 0.343 95.726 0.289 95.303 0.269 95.650 0.372

Oxygenated compounds 4.580 0.361 4.120 0.224 4.420 0.296 4.159 0.333
Monoterpenes 93.859 0.500 94.431 0.386 94.021 0.382 94.301 0.499
Sesquiterpenes 1.320 0.169 1.294 0.126 1.282 0.137 1.336 0.165
Carbonyl compounds 3.345 0.210 3.029 0.157 3.113 0.225 2.956 0.243
Alcohols 0.371 0.028 0.277 0.047 0.365 0.040 0.278 0.033
Esters 0.753 0.075 0.728 0.077 0.830 0.065 0.839 0.103
Oxygenated/Hydrocarbons 0.049 0.011 0.043 0.005 0.045 0.001 0.043 0.003
Neral/Geranial 0.588 0.004 0.580 0.005 0.582 0.005 0.575 0.004
Citral 4.125 0.220 3.755 0.180 3.926 0.227 3.684 0.225
CD-value 0.766 0.047 0.616 0.076 0.754 0.120 0.627 0.093

~
~~~~ ~~ ~~~ ~

March April
Pelatrice Sfurnatrice Pelatrice Sfurnatrice
x S x S x S x 5

Hydrocarbons 95.278 0.288 95.734 0.395 95.280 0.575 95.944 0.280

Oxygenated compounds 4.504 0.279 4.059 0.364 4.511 0.512 3.859 0.237
Monoterpenes 93.911 0.441 94.428 0.521 93.779 0.902 94.650 0.350
Sesquiterpenes 1.367 0.191 1.305 0.154 1.504 0.341 1.294 0.102
Carbonyl compounds 2.995 0.203 2.732 0.254 2.905 0.298 2.520 0.166
Alcohols 0.379 0.03 1 0.270 0.048 0.366 0.048 0.235 0.020
Esters 1.015 0.097 0.965 0.100 1.222 0.212 1.020 0.087
Oxygenated/Hydrocarbns 0.047 0.001 0.042 0.004 0.002 0.040 0.040 0.002
Neral/Geranial 0.581 0.007 0.581 0.005 0.582 0.010 0.580 0.008
Citral 3.739 0.241 3.387 0.214 3.589 0.331 3.342 0.242
CD-value 0.727 0.254 0.606 0.085 0.666 0.148 0.599 0.080
-
78 A. COTRONEO, A. VERZERA, G. LAMONICA, G. D U G 0 AND G. LICANDRO

Table 3. Monthly average composition as classes of substances, “citral” and CD of analysed essential oils

May July August/September

Pelatrice Pelatrice Sfumatrice
x S x S x S

Hydrocarbons 95.380 0.484 95.691 0.470 95.336 0.805

Oxygenated compounds 4.382 0.4 14 4.074 0.497 4.400 0.842
Monoterpenes 93.946 0.780 94.235 0.479 93.823 1.167
Sesquiterpenes 1.434 0.303 1.455 0.087 1.513 0.41 1
Carbonyl compounds 2.632 0.209 2.324 0.362 2.564 0.480
Alcohols 0.446 0.061 0.613 0.066 0.685 0.067
Esters 1.190 0.167 1.136 0.126 1.151 0.343
Oxygenated/Hydrocarbons 0.046 0.003 0.043 0.003 0.046 0.004
Neral/Geranial 0.602 0.003 0.628 0.007 0.622 0.005
Citral 3.225 0.240 2.973 0.298 3.058 0.388
CD-value 0.674 0.053 0.634 0.084 0.65 1 0.076

October November
Pelatrice Pelatrice Sfumatrice
x S x S x S

Hydrocarbons 95.557 0.5 12 95.878 0.330 96.010 0.508

Oxygenated compounds 4.228 0.457 3.955 0.341 3.733 0.389
Monoterpenes 94.193 0.630 95.544 0.344 94.897 0.367
Sesquiterpenes 1.364 0.170 1.333 0.086 1.195 0.055
Carbonyl compounds 2.671 0.240 2.624 0.35 1 2.632 0.446
Alcohols 0.610 0.081 0.468 0.056 0.404 0.068
Esters 0.952 0.281 0.864 0.099 0.698 0.125
Oxygenated/Hydrocarbons 0.044 0.004 0.041 0.003 0.039 0.003
Neral/Geranial 0.618 0.006 0.594 0.005 0.603 0.006
Citral 3.178 0.343 3.167 0.421 3.240 0.482
CD-value 0.710 0.099 0.616 0.1 14 0.626 0.088

Hydrocarbons terpenes and total sesquiterpenes for 1983/84

On the average, total hydrocarbons account for
more than 95%of the composition of the essential
oils analysed. As noted previously, their average
content, which is fairly constant during the entire
production season, is about 0.3-0.6% higher for
the ‘sfumatrice’ oils as compared to the ‘pelatrice’
oils produced in the same period.
The variations in total monoterpenes are very
similar to those in total hydrocarbons; on aver-
age, they account for 94% of the oil, and can be
found in higher quantities, of approximately
0.3-0.8%, in ‘sfumatrice’ oil.
The variations shown by the total sesquiterpenes
are fairly limited; they vary from a minimum
content of 1.20% to a maximum of 1.34 for
‘sfumatrice’ oil, and from 1.28% to 1.50% for
‘pelatrice’ oil. Except for February, their average
content is slightly higher for ‘pelatrice’ oil when
compared to ‘sfumatrice’ oil produced in the same
period.
Variations in total hydrocarbons, total mono-
season are shown in Figure 2a.
The total monoterpene content, which is prac-
tically constant throughout the entire year, is not
due to the analogous behaviour of the single
terpenes, but is the result of the different
behaviour of some of the terpenes. Of the indi-
vidual monoterpenes, the most interesting and
characteristic variations are to be found in
limonene, /3-pinene and sabinene.
The limonene found in ‘pelatrice’ oils in
November (66%), gradually decreases to the
minimum value of 61 % found in July; after which
values gradually increase again to reach the val-
ues recorded at the beginning of the season.
B-pinene and sabinene, however, show an oppo-
site behaviour: their percentages increase from
November to July, when they reach their highest
values, decreasing from July onward to those
recorded at the beginning of the season.
The limonene, 8-pinene and sabinene variation
for 1983/84 season are shown in Figure 3a.
As can be seen in Figure 3, and as noted previ-
 ON THE GENUINENESS OF LEMON ESSENTIAL OILS 79

?ELATRICE- --- 1902-03

SfUUATRICE --- - 1983-04

1983-84
WVDROCAROONS
MVDROCARBONS PELATRICL

95

TLRPENES

SESQUITERPENCS SESQUITERPENES

! ’
0 (b )

Fig. 2. a) Variation in content of total hydrocarbons, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes for ‘pelatrice’ and ‘sfumatrice’ oils in the
1983/84 season; b) Comparison of the results, relative to hydrocarbons, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, for two seasons of
production (1982/83 and 1983/84)

ously for the 1982/83 season, limonene variations Carbonyl compounds

show an inverse trend to that of sabinene and
B-pinene; this suggests the hypothesis of
biosynthetic correlations among the three com-
pounds, especially if the size of the variations are
compared.
Oxygenated compounds
Oxygenated compounds are present in quan-
tities which vary from 3.7 to 4.6%. On the aver-
age, their content is 10%higher in ‘pelatrice’ oil
than in ‘sfumatrice’ oil produced during the same
period. The minimum amounts of oxygenated
compounds, for which the carbonyl compounds
are responsible, are to be found in the month of
July. The classes of substances which contribute
to the total content of oxygenated compounds
present trends which vary a great deal.
Carbonyl compounds are at their highest level
at the beginning of the season (November-Janu-
ary); decreasing to reach about 2/3rds of their
original values in July; from this month onwards
there is an increase which, however, reaches val-
ues that are distinctly lower than those found at
the beginning of the season.
Esters
The esters, on the contrary, increase from
November to April, remain fairly steady from
April to September, and then decrease from Sep-
tember onwards to arrive at values, which in
November 1984, were slightly higher than those
of November 1983.
80 A. COTRONEO, A. VERZERA, G. LAMONICA, G. D U G 0 AND G . LICANDRO

96
70 0

I PEL AlRlCE SFUYIIRICE

.b
1903-04

%
65 65 5

60 LIUONLNE
60 0

0 0 )

15 15 5

BSINENC

10 1c 0
,!I-PINENE

0 C I

2 2 2
SAOINENE

-PELATRICE
---SFUUAlIICC
---I90243 - 1903-04
1 1 1

C ( 3

tig. 3. a) Variation in content of limonene, 8-pinene and sabinene for ‘pelatrice’ and ‘sfurnatrice’ oils in the 1983/84 season;
b) Comparison of results, relative to limonene, p-pinene and sabinene, for two seasons of production (1982/83 and 1983/84)

Alcohols
The alcohol level remains steady from
November to April; it then increases till August/
September when it reaches a maximum at which it
is almost double its initial values. It then
decreases until, in November 1984, it had
reached values quite close to those found at the
beginning of season.
The average content for all classes of oxgenated
compounds was consistently higher in ‘pelatrice’
oils than in ‘sfurnatrice’ oils for the same period.
The trends recorded in 1983/84 season for total
oxygenated compounds, carbonyl compounds,
esters and alcohols are illustrated in Figure 4a.
Neral and geranial, which are the carbonyl
compounds found in the largest quantities, regis-
ter, as expected, variations which are similar to
those of total carbonyl compounds. Citronellal, by
contrast, increases from November to May, and
then decreases to arrive at values, for November
 ON THE GENUINENESS OF LEMON ESSENTIAL OILS 81

- - - 1982-8 3
PLLATRICF- -198384
SFUIATRICL---

1983-84
PCLAlRlCE SFUYATRICE

OX YOE YATED COMPOUNDS ,6

.\..., .. =-..
. ~ *..-
. I -

OIYOENATED COYPOUNDS 0 - .Q
4 P

/- CARBONYL
COMPOUNDS ' b..

ESTERS /

ALCOHOLS

Fig. 4. a) Variation in content of oxygenated compounds, carbonyl compounds, esters and alcohols for 'pelatrice' and
'sfurnatrice' oils in the 1983/84 season; b) Comparison of results, relative to oxygenated compounds, carbonyl compounds,
esters and alcohols, for two seasons of production (1982/83 and 1983/84)

1984, which are quite close to those of November
1983. Nonanal and decanal values register quite
similar variations and both reach maximum
values in the period May-July.
Variations in neral, geranial, citronellal, nonanal
and decanal, for 1983/84 season are illustrated in
Figure 5a.
Figure 6a illustrates the variations recorded in
the 1983/84 season for the two esters which are
present in the greatest quantities in lemon essen-
tial oil: neryl acetate and geranyl acetate.
Geranyl acetate increases in a very definite
manner up till the month of April, registering its
highest values during the period April-July with a
peak in May, and then decreasing to reach values
which were, however, higher in November 1984
than they were in November 1983.
U p to July, neryl acetate, too registers increases.
However, these increases are slightly lower than
those for the other acetate. It reaches its max-
imum values in August/September and then
decreases. November 1984 values are, in any
case, higher than those for November of the
preceding year.
The single alcohols (Figure 7a) register broadly
similar trends. All show practically constant val-
ues for more or less the same period, increasing to
their peaks during the summer months in such a
way that a-terpineol and linalol manifest the high-
est values in August/September, t e r p i n e n 4 d in
July, and nerol in July-September. The variations
in alcohols which, for the greater part of the
production season, are similar to those of nonanal
and decanal, confirm the relationship existing
between the alcohols and these aldehydes.' These
variations can be utilized to reveal any additions
of distilled essential oil made to the cold-pressed
oils.
82 A . COTRONEO. A. VE.RZERA, G. LAMONICA, G. D U G 0 AND G. LlCANDRO

---1982-83
PELATRICE-
% ,985-84 -1983-8a
CFUYATRICE--- %
2 2 PELATRICE SFUYATRICE

1 1

0 0

0: 0:

CITROWELLAL
CITRONELLAL

0
a
UONAUAL
C

0.

,+

DECANAL
I I

Fig. 5 . a) Variation in content of neral, geranial, citronellal, nonanal and decanal for ‘platrice’ and ‘sfumatrice’ oils in the
1983/X4 season; b) Comparison of results, relative to neral, geranial, citronellal, nonanal and decanal, for two seasons of
production (1982/83 and 1983/84)

Figures 8a illustrates the average monthly val-
ues of chemically determined carbonyl com-
pounds expressed as ‘citral’. The trend of these
values is almost identical to that of the carbonyl
compounds determined by gas chromatographic
analysis. Obviously, the values chemically deter-
mined are higher than those determined by gas
chromatography, because the latter are obtained
directly from the percentages relative to the peak
areas, and are not corrected with respect to the
different response which the components of
lemon essential oil register with a FID.
The ‘citral’ content for the same period is con-
sistently higher in ‘pelatrice’ oil than in ‘sfumat-
rice’ oil,: as demonstrated by the variation in
average monthly values which, for the ‘sfumat-
rice’ oils are 3.4-3.7; whereas for the ‘pelatrice’
oils, they are 3.0-4.1. The minimum values are
registered during the summer months when there
is a higher proportion of the ‘verdelli’ type of
lemon in the fruit being processed to produce the
essential oil.
The average CD-values (Figure Sa) are higher
for ‘pelatrice’ oils as compared to ‘sfurnatrice’ oils
for the same period, varying from a minimum of
0.60 to a maximum of 0.77. The variations
recorded for the 1983/84 season are somewhat
irregular and are not very typical.
The results obtained with lemon essential oil
produced during the 1983/84 season, while not
exactly similar, are fairly consistent with the
values reported for the preceeding year.’-’
 ON THE GENUINENESS OF LEMON ESSENTIAL OILS 83

PELAlRlCE-
-- -1982-83 - 1583-84
SFUYATRICE-. .
’% SFUYATRICE

i/’D
P E LA T RICE
1983-84 06 16

04 34

d GERANVL ACETATE 36
GERANVL A C E T A T E

36

3.4

N E R V L ACETATE
NERVL ACETATE

1.2

I D J F Y A
(a)
Y J J M O II T I D J F Y A I J J @ O
( b)
N O N D J F Y A
0

Fig. 6. a) Variation in content of geranyl acetate and neryl acetate for ‘pelatrice’ and ‘sfurnatrice’ oils in the 1983/84 season;
b) Comparison of results, relative to geranyl acetate and neryl acetate, for two seasons of production (1982/83 and 1983/84)

The differences in the composition of ‘pelat-
rice’ and ‘sfumatrice’ oils are confirmed, as is also
the possibility of distinguishing, on the basis of
their composition, the more valuable ‘winter’ oil
from the less valuable ‘summer’ oil.
It is undeniable, however, that some differ-
ences do exist between the two seasons. The
differences and similarities which exist between
the two seasons can be seen immediately on the
graphs shown in Figures 2b-8b, where the
results obtained for each of the two production
technologies are compared for the 1982183 and
1983184 seasons.
Except at the end of the two seasons, total
hydrocarbons, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes
(Figure 2b), register higher average values during
the 1982183 season; the trends for both ‘pelatrice’
and ‘sfumatrice’ oils are, however, very similar.
Limonene, 8-pinene and sabinene (Figure 3b)
show, for both seasons and for both technologies,
almost identical trends with maximum and
mimium values occurring at identical periods of
the two years. The average limonene content is
higher for the 1982/83 season, while those for
8-pinene and sabinene is somewhat lower. The
sum of the average content of the three terpenes
for the same period is practially identical. This
characteristic suggests, as previously stated, the
existence of a biosynthetic relationship between
the three compounds.
 A. COTRONEO, A. VERZERA, G. LAMONICA, G. D U G 0 AND G. LICANDRO

PELATRICE-
SFUUATRICE ---

>

TERPIUC - OL

Fig. 7 a) Variation in content of a-terpineol. terpinen-4-01, linalol and nerol + citronellol for ‘pelatrice’ and ‘sfumatrice’ oils in
the 1983/84season; b) Comparison of results, relative to a-terpineol, terpinen-4-01. linalol and nerol + citronellol, for two
seasons of production (1982/83and 1983/84)

On the average, oxygenated compounds
(Figure 4b) are present in higher quantities dur-
ing the 1983/84 season than in the preceding
season; the same trend can be noted for the
classes of compounds which contribute to the
content of total oxygenated compounds. The only
exceptions, and they are limited to the last
months of the two seasons, are to be found in the
carbonyl compounds. The essential oil produced
in the months of October 1984 and November
1984, contrary to the situation of all the other
periods, present definitely low quantities of car-
bony1 compounds than those contained in the
essential oils produced in the same period of the
preceding year. This phenomenon is probably due
to the type of lemon being processed.
From October to November 1983, the essential
oils analysed were obtained from lemons which
contained rather small quantities of the ‘verdelli’
type of fruit (20% in October and only 3% in
November); but, the essential oils analysed in the
same months of 1984 were produced from lemons
composed for a large part of the ‘verdelli’ (75% in
October and 45% in November). This type of
lemon yields essential oils which have a very low
content in carbonyl compounds.
 ON THE GENUINENESS OF LEMON ESSENTIAL OILS 85

16
SFUYATRICE
a
P E L ATRICE-
SCUIATRICE---

I ClTRAL

1 2
1982-83
- 1983-84

0- c
T
0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4
#

Fig. 8. a) ‘Citral’ content and CD-values trends for ‘pelatrice’ and ‘sfumatrice’ oils in the 1983/84 season; b) Comparison of
results, relative to ‘citral’ and CD for two seasons of production (1982/83 and 1983/84)

This hypothesis is confirmed upon comparison
of the results recorded for carbonyl compounds of
the essential oils produced in November 1983 and
November 1982. The content in carbonyl com-
pounds of the essential oils produced in Novem-
ber 1983 is almost equal to and even slightly
higher, than that found in the essential oils the
preceding year. In both the periods under
consideration, the essential oils were produced
from lemons which contained very low or quite
negligible amounts of the ‘verdelli’ type: 3% in
November 1983, when the highest quantities of
carbonyl compounds were found.’
The trends registered by total carbonyl com-
pounds are due to neraf and geruniuf (Figure 5b),
which are the only aldehydes whose content
seems to decrease with the increase in the propor-
tions of ‘verdelli’ present in the fruit processed to
produce the essential oil. Citroneffaf,nonanal and
decunaf do not seem to be similarly linked to the
type of fruit processed, and their trends for the two
years are very similar.
The type of lemon processed may also be the
cause of the remarkable differences which can be
noted in the ester content for the months of
October 1983 and October 1984 (Figure 4b). We
noted previously3 that the essential oils obtained
from ‘primofiore’ lemons were characterized,
among other things, by their very low content of
esters.
Xh A. COTRONEO, A. VERZERA, G. LAMONICA, G. D U G 0 AND G . LICANDRO
In October 1983, the essential oils analysed
showed an average ester content of about 0.56%,
and were produced from lemons which were
composed of 80% ‘primofiore’ lemons; in
October 1984 only 25% of the lemons processed
were ‘primofiore’, and the average value for the
esters found in the essential oils was approxi-
mately 0.95%.
Neryl ucetate and geranyl acetate (Figure 6b)
have. with slight differences, very similar trends
for the two years. The high proportions of
‘primofiore’ lemons present among the fruits pro-
cessed in October 1983, seem mainly to influence
the rzeryl uetute content, which in this month was
almost half of that present in essential oils pro-
duced during the same period of the following
year when ‘primofiore’ lemons represented only
20%)of the fruit processed.
The trends for single alcohols (Figure 7b) are
quite similar for the two years, with an average
content which is almost constantly higher for the
1983/84 season. An exception to this trend is
found in October for linafof,which in this period
is higher than in 1983: again due to the
‘primofiore’ lemons that yield essential oils which
as we have already observed,j are particularly
high in linulol.
The differences between the two years, which
were observed in October for some values, had
already ‘been predicted when we discussed the
results relative to the 1982/83 ~ e a s o n .At
~ that
time, we stated that the October results would
have been different, and that they would have
corresponded more exactly to the preceding and
successive results if the presence of ‘primofiore’
lemons had been less preponderant.
As regards ‘citral’ values (Figure Sb), the same
observations previously made for the carbonyl
compounds apply, and we do not feel at present
that we can explain the reasons for the differences
found in the CD-values for the summary periods
of the two seasons.
CONCLUSIONS
On the whole, the results relative to the two
seasons are in fair agreement: although there are
some differences in quantities, the characteristic
trends of all values, with the exception of the
CD-values, are almost identical.
The greatest quantitative differences registered
for identical periods of the two years, can be
explained by the different proportions in the type
of lemons processed to obtain the essential oil.
Despite the fact that the lemon-growing areas
contributed in different proportions to the pro-
duction of the essential oils, the results do not
seem to be influenced by them in any particular
manner.
As regards the lemon-growing areas we must
specify, however, that we noted certain particular
characteristics in the quantitative composition of
the essential oils obtained with lemons from the
Avola area, concerning the levels of some oxy-
genated compounds. This will form the subject of
a future research note.
Acknowledgements-The authors wish to thank
the Simone Gatto Company, Dr. Salvatore Scud-
eri of Agrumaria Meridionale, and Dr. Calogero
Ragonese for their collaboration during the
course of this research, which was supported by a
CNR grant and which was conducted under the
overall direction of Professor G. Stagno
d’Alcontres.
REFERENCES
1. G. Dugo. G. Licandro, A. Cotroneo and Giacomo Dugo.
Essenze Derivati Agrumari, 53, 173 (1983).
2. G. Licandro, G. Dugo, G. Lamonica and A. Cotroneo.
Essenze Derivori Agrumari, 54, 22 (1984).
3. G. Dugo, G. Licandro, A. Cotroneo and A . Verzera. 1
Conferenza Nazionale sugli Aromatizzanti, Salsomaggoire
Terme, 2-3 Aprile 1984.
4. G. Dugo, A. Controneo, G. Licandro and Giacomo Dugo,
Essenze Derivari Agrumari, 53, 258 (1983).
5. A . Cotroneo, G . Dugo, G. Licandro and Giacomo Dugo,
Essenze Derivafi Agrumari, 53, 291 (1983).
6. G. Dugo, A. Cotroneo, G. Licandro, Giacomo Dugo and
A. Verzera, Riv. It. Sosranze Grassr, 61, 441 (1981).
7. G. Dugo, G. Licandro, A. Cotroneo and Giacomo Dugo,
Essenze Derivari Agrumari, 53, 218 (1983).
8. J. W. Sale, J.A.O.A.C.,36, 1188 (1953).
9. R. C. Stillman and R . H. Reed. Parjum Ess. Oil Rec.. 23,
278 (1932).
\ I