MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER 1: MATHEMATICS IN THE GENERAL KNOWLEDGE

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to learn and apply the following:

 Introduction to the basic concepts about mathematics

 Know and understand the different terms used in mathematics
 Rounding off process
 Properties of whole numbers
 Rules of exponents and order of operations
 Prime numbers and composite numbers
 Prime factorizations

Importance of Mathematics in the Natural World!

Nature Arranges itself in patterns. These patterns are found in
rivers, rainbows, spider webs, honeycombs, snowflakes, markings
on animal coats, flowers, trees, and the population growth of the
world. The role of mathematics is to explain these patterns
methodologically. To show that this patterns made by the nature
follows specific concepts in mathematics.

CONCEPT AND TERMS

Mathematics
It is the science that deals with numbers and their operations.
It is the abstract science of number, quantity, and space. 
Numbers
It is a mathematical object used to count, measure and label.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Real Numbers
Are whole numbers, rational numbers and irrational numbers.
Whole Numbers
These are simply the numbers 0,1,2,3,4,5….(and so on). This cannot be a
negative.
Counting Numbers
These are whole numbers, but without the zero, because you can’t count zero.
This may be called Natural Numbers.

REFRESHER TERMS IN ALGEBRA

 ALGEBRA
o the part of mathematics in which letters and other general symbols are
used to represent numbers and quantities in formulae and equations.

 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION
o Algebraic expressions include at least one variable and at least one
operation (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)

 ALGEBRAIC TERMS
o the values on which the mathematical operations take place in an
expression. 

 EQUATION
o An equation says that two things are equal. It will have an equals sign "="

EXAMPLE:
EQUATION
3X + 4Y = 85
3X + 4Y ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

3X ALGEBRAIC TERMS
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

WHAT ARE RATIONAL NUMBERS?

 It is a real number that can be written as a simple fraction or ratio.
 A rational number, in Mathematics, can be defined as any number which can be
represented in the form of p/q where q ≠ 0.
HOW TO IDENTIFY RATIONAL NUMBERS?
To identify if a number is rational or not, check the below conditions.
 It is represented in the form of p/q, where q≠0.
 The ratio p/q can be further simplified and represented in decimal
form.
The set of rational numerals:
 Include positive, negative numbers, and zero
 Can be expressed as a fraction

STANDARD FORM OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

• The standard form of a rational number can be defined if it’s no common factors
aside from one between the dividend and divisor and therefore the divisor is
positive.
• For example, 12/36 is a rational number. But it can be simplified as 1/3; common
factors between the divisor and dividend is only one. So we can say that rational
number ⅓ is in standard form.
EXAMPLES:
1.5 is rational, because it can be written as the ratio 3/2
7 is rational, because it can be written as the ratio 7/1
0.333... (3 repeating) is also rational, because it can be written as the ratio 1/3

ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS ON RATIONAL NUMBERS

Addition: When we add p/q and s/t, we need to make the denominator the same.
Hence, we get (pt+qs)/qt.
Example: 1/2 + 3/4
= (2+3)/4
= 5/4 or 1 ¼
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

*4 is the common denominator of 2 and 4

Subtraction: Similarly, if we subtract p/q and s/t, then also, we need to make the
denominator same, first, and then do the subtraction.
Example: 1/2 – 3/4
= (2-3)/4
= -1/4
*4 is the common denominator of 2 and 4
Note: Rules in Adding and Subtracting Positive and Negative Numbers.

“Same sign add and keep, different sign subtracts. Take the
sign of the bigger number then it will be exact”

Examples: -3/4 + -2/4 =-5/4 or 1 ¼

-3/4 +2/4 = -1/4
-3/4 - -2/4 = -1/4
Multiplication: In case of multiplication, while multiplying two rational numbers, the
numerator and denominators of the rational numbers are multiplied, respectively. If p/q
is multiplied by s/t, then we get (p×s)/(q×t).
Example: 1/2 × 3/4
= (1×3)/(2×4)
= 3/8
There are two simple rules to remember when multiplying Positive and Negative
numbers:

When you multiply a negative number by a positive number

then the product is always negative. When you multiply two
negative numbers or two positive numbers then the product is
always positive.
Example: -3/6 x 2/4
=(-3x2)/(-6x4)
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD

=-6/24
= -1/4
Example: -5/6 x -2/3
= (-5 x- 2) / (-6 x -3)
= 10/18
=5/9
Division: If p/q is divided by s/t, then it is represented as:
(p/q)÷(s/t) = pt/qs. In this scenario, we can do the cross multiplication or the inversion
process.
• CROSS MULTIPLICATION
Example: 1/2 ÷ 3/4
= (1×4)/(2×3)
= 4/6
= 2/3
 INVERT
Example: 1/2 ÷ 3/4
=1/2 x 4/3
= (1x4)/ (2x3)
=4/6
=2/3

When you divide a negative number by a positive

number, your answer is a negative number.  Dividing
two negative number will give a positive result.