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Cayley Olympiad: Past Papers and Solutions 2003-2009
Cayley Olympiad: Past Papers and Solutions 2003-2009
Olympiad
Write your answers in the boxes provided on the Cover Sheet. Do not hand in your working.
You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
A1 There are 17 trees along the road from Basil’s home to a swimming pool. On his way to and
from a swim Basil marks some trees with a red stripe. On his way to the pool he marks the
first tree, the third tree, the fifth tree and so on. On his way back again, he marks the first tree
he comes to, the fourth tree, the seventh tree and so on, missing out two trees each time. By
the time he gets home, how many trees have no mark?
A2 A straight line is drawn across a 4 × 4 grid (like a chessboard). What is the greatest number of
1 × 1 squares which can be divided into two by the line?
A3 There used to be 5 parrots in my cage. Their average value was ¤6000. One day while I was
cleaning out the cage the most beautiful parrot flew away. The average value of the
remaining four parrots was ¤5000. What was the value of the parrot that escaped?
A4 Start with a positive integer with 2 digits. Crossing out the units digit gives a new single digit
number. If you multiply this new number by an integer x you get the original number back.
What is the greatest possible value of x?
A5 Mike has 42 identical cubes, each with edges of length 1 cm. He used all the cubes to
construct a cuboid. The perimeter of the base of that cuboid was 18 cm. What was its height?
Section B
Answer each question on a separate sheet of A4 paper. Do not hand in rough working.
Try to finish whole questions even if you cannot do many: few candidates will do all five questions.
You should give full solutions, including clear mathematical explanations, and express all
calculations and answers as exact numbers such as 4π, 2 + 7. Just stating an answer, even a
correct one, will earn you very few marks; also, incomplete or poorly presented solutions will not
receive full marks.
K R Q
B3 At McBride Academy there are 300 children each of whom represents the school in both
summer and winter sports. In summer, 60% of these play tennis and the other 40% play
badminton. In winter they play hockey or swim but not both. 56% of the hockey players
play tennis in summer and 30% of the tennis players swim.
How many both swim and play badminton?
2. Mars, his wife Venus and grandson Pluto have a combined age of 192. The ages of Mars and
Pluto together total 30 years more than Venus's age. The ages of Venus and Pluto together
total 4 years more than Mars's age. Find their three ages.
3. A quadrilateral ABCD has sides AB, BC, CD, DA of length x, y, z and t , respectively. The
diagonals AC and BD cross at right angles. Prove that
x2 + z2 = y2 + t 2.
4. The first two terms of a sequence are the numbers 1, 2. From then on, each term is obtained
by dividing the previous term by the term before that. Thus the third term is obtained by
dividing the second term, 2, by the first term, 1.
(a) Write down the first five terms.
(b) Calculate the fiftieth term.
(c) What happens if other non-zero numbers are chosen for the first two terms, but the rule
for calculating the next term remains the same?
5. Four football teams—the Apes, the Baboons, the Chimps and the Gorillas—play each other
once in a season. After some of the matches have been played the table of results, with some
entries missing, looks like this:
Team Played Won Lost Drawn Goals for Goals against
A 0 0 2 3
B 0 1
C 2 4
G 0 1 5
Complete the table, explaining how each entry is worked out, and find the score in each
match played so far.
4. The five-digit number ‘a679b’, where a and b are digits, is divisible by 36. Find all
possible such five-digit numbers.
6. If you have an endless supply of 3 × 2 rectangular tiles, you can place 100 tiles end
to end to tile a 300 × 2 rectangle. Similarly, you can put k tiles side by side to tile a
3k × 2 rectangle.
Find the values of the integers k and m for which it is possible to tile a 6k × m
rectangle with 3 × 2 tiles.
The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
Z Y
4. Find the positive integer whose value is increased by 518059 when the digit 5 is
placed at each end of the number.
5. Mij the magician has a large bag of red balls and a large bag of green balls. Mij
wanders round the audience selecting volunteers, asking each volunteer to remove
two balls, one from each bag, until 25 of the red balls and 37 of the green balls have
been removed. The balls remaining in the bags are then emptied into a bucket.
What fraction of all the balls does the bucket contain?
2. Before the last of a series of tests, Sam calculated that a mark of 17 would enable
her to average 80 over the series, but that a mark of 92 would raise her average
mark over the series to 85.
How many tests were there in the series?
D P Q C
4. How many right-angled triangles can be made by joining three vertices of a cube?
6. (a) You are told that one of the integers in a list of distinct positive integers is 97
and that their average value is 47. If the sum of all the integers in the list is
329, what is the largest possible value for a number in the list?
(b) Suppose the sum of all the numbers in the list can take any value. What would
the largest possible number in the list be then?
The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
4. The number N is the product of the first 99 positive integers. The number M is the
product of the first 99 positive integers after each has been reversed. That is, for
example, the reverse of 8 is 8; of 17 is 71; and of 20 is 02.
Find the exact value of N ÷ M.
from B to AD is 24 cm.
c
C A
m
6. A regular tetrahedron ABCD has edges of length 2 units. The midpoint of the edge
AB is M and the midpoint of the edge CD is N .
Find the exact length of the segment MN .
The United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
4. In the rectangle ABCD, the side AB has length 2 and the side AD has length 1. Let
the circle with centre B and passing through C meet AB at X.
Find ∠ADX (in degrees).
5. Two candles are the same height. The first takes 10 hours to burn completely whilst
the second takes 8 hours to burn completely.
Both candles are lit at midday. At what time is the height of the first candle twice
the height of the second candle?
6. Teams A, B, C and D competed against each other once. The results table was as
follows:
Team Win Draw Loss Goals for Goals against
A 3 0 0 5 1
B 1 1 1 2 2
C 0 2 1 5 6
D 0 1 2 3 6
(a) Find (with proof) which team won in each of the six matches.
(b) Find (with proof) the scores in each of the six matches.
60
Solutions to the Olympiad Cayley Paper
Section A
Al Numbering the trees 1 to 17, Basil marks 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 on his way
out, and 17, 14, 11, 8, 5 and 2 on his way back. So the five trees 4, 6, 10, 12 and 16
have no mark.
A2 The diagram to the right shows that you can cut seven
squares. You cannot cut more because once the straight
line has entered the grid, and so cut into one small square,
it can enter other squares only by crossing an inside
dividing line, either horizontally or vertically. There are
only six of these, so it can cut only seven squares in all.
A3 The total value of the 5 parrots was 5 x €6000 = €30 OOO. After one has flown away,
the total value is 4 x €5000 = €20 OOO. So the value of the parrot that escaped was
€10000.
A4 If the original number is 19, then crossing out 9 leaves 1, and 1 x 19 = 19. If 'ab'
(meaning 1Oa + b) is the original two-digit number, then crossing out b leaves a. If
the original number was more than 19 times larger than a, then 1Oa + b > 19a
leading to b > 9a. This is impossible because b is a single-digit number and a is not
zero. The greatest possible value of x is 19.
AS The factors of 42 are 2, 3 and 7. If the perimeter was 18 then the base was 2 by 7.
Thus the height was 3 cm.
Section B
Bl The number 'sss' equals s x 111 = s x 3 x 37. Now 37 is prime, so one of the
two numbers 'pq' and 'rq' is 37 or 74.
The case 74 is not possible, since then q = 4, giving s = 6 and so 'sss' equals
9 x 74.
The case 37 gives q = 7, s = 9 and 'sss' = 27 x 37, so that p, r = 2, 3, in either
order.
There are 300 children, 60% of them play tennis and 40% play badminton, so 180
play tennis and 120 play badminton. Also, 30% of the tennis players swim, so there
are 54 tennis players who swim. Hence there are 180 - 54 = 126 tennis players
who play hockey.
Now 56% of the hockey players also play tennis, so 56% of the number of hockey
players= 126, therefore the number of hockey players=~ x 100 = 225.
Hence the number of hockey players who play badminton is 225 - 126 = 99 and so
the number of badminton players who swim is 120 - 99 = 21.
B4 Let the circles with diameters PQ and RS have radius x and the circle with diameter
QR have radius y. Then the radius of the circle with diameter PS is y + 2x, so that
the shaded area is
t.n (y + 2x)2 - .nx2 + ~.ny2 i.n (y2 + 4.xy + 4x 2) - .nx2 + i.nl
.n(x + y)2
which is the area of a circle with radius x + y. But MN= (y + 2x) + y = 2y + 2x, so
that the circle with diameter MN has radius x + y, as required.
[The shaded figure is known as a salinon and this result about its area appears in
Archimedes, Liber Assumptorum, Proposition 14.]
BS (a) The total of the numbers 1 to 9 is 45. Let the numbers placed at the vertices of
the triangle be a, b and c. The numbers along each side of the triangle add up to
T, so that adding the three sides together gives 3T. This total includes all nine
numbers, but with a, b and c included twice. So, 3T = 45 + a + b + c. The
smallest value for a + b + c is 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 and the largest is 7 + 8 + 9 = 24.
Hence 45 + 6 .;;;; 3T .;;;; 45 + 24 and so 17 .;;;; T .;;;; 23.
(b) We know from above that 7, 8 and 9 are placed at the
vertices. The diagram shows one possible solution.
(c) Now, a + b + c = 15 and so the only possible
choices for the values of a, b and c are: 9 5 1; 9 4 2; 8 6
1; 8 5 2; 8 4 3; 7 6 2; 7 5 3; 6 5 4. Some of these may
lead to a solution and some may not, but we can
conclude that there are at most these 8 possible choices.
® CD ® ®
25
Solutions to the Olympiad Cayley Paper
Second solution
The sum of all five odd digits is 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 = 25.
Subtracting 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 in turn we get 24, 22, 20, 18 and 16, only one of which is a
multiple of 9, namely 18 = 25 − 7. Since the sum of the digits of a multiple of 9 is also
a multiple of 9, it follows that the four digits can only be 1, 3, 5 and 9.
The number of arrangements of these four digits is 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 24. Hence there
are 24 four-digit multiples of 9 that consist of four different odd digits.
2. A hexagon is made by cutting a small equilateral triangle
from each corner of a larger equilateral triangle. The
sides of the smaller triangles have lengths 1, 2 and 3
units. The lengths of the perimeters of the hexagon and
the original triangle are in the ratio 5 : 7.
What fraction of the area of the original triangle
remains?
First solution
Let the side length of the large equilateral triangle be x units; this triangle therefore has a
perimeter of length 3x units.
Now consider the hexagon, which has sides of lengths 1, x − 3, 2, x − 5, 3 and x − 4
units. Hence the hexagon has perimeter length 3x − 6 units.
Since the ratio of the perimeter lengths of the hexagon and the large triangle is 5 : 7, we
have
3x − 6 5
= .
3x 7
Rearranging and solving for x we obtain
x = 7. (∗)
26
Now, in order to find the area of the large equilateral triangle, we determine the height h
units using Pythagoras' theorem:
h2 = 72 − ( 27 )
2
= 49 (1 − 1
4 ) = 49 × 34 .
3 3
Hence h = 49 × = 7 × .
4 2
Therefore the area of the large equilateral triangle is
1 7 3 49 3
× 7 × = .
2 2 4
We may find the areas of the three small equilateral triangles in a similar way. These
areas are
3 4 3 9 3
, and .
4 4 4
The area of the hexagon is the area of the large equilateral triangle minus the areas of the
three small equilateral triangles, that is,
49 3
4
− ( 4
3
+
4 3
4
+
9 3
4
= )
35 3
4
.
Note:
The observant reader will have noticed that the answer to this problem is surprising: the
ratio of the areas is the same as the ratio of the perimeters. There is no reason to expect
this to happen.
27
3. In the rectangle ABCD the midpoint of AB is M and AB : AD = 2 : 1. The point X is such
that triangle MDX is equilateral, with X and A lying on opposite sides of the line MD.
Find the value of ∠XCD.
Solution
The key to this solution is to draw MC and consider triangle MCX.
We are given that ABCD is a rectangle, so that BC = AD and ∠DAM = 90° = ∠MBC.
We are also given that AB = 2AD and that M is the midpoint of AB. Therefore
DA = AM = MB = BC.
X
D C
A M B
It follows that triangles DAM and MBC are congruent (SAS) and we deduce that
DM = MC.
But triangle MDX is equilateral, so MX = DM and hence MX = MC . In other words,
triangle MCX is isosceles.
Now consider the angles at M.
1. Triangle DAM is right-angled with ∠DAM = 90°. It is also isosceles, so
∠AMD = ∠ADM = 45°, since the angle sum is 180°.
2. Similarly, from triangle MBC , ∠CMB = 45°.
3. Finally, because triangle MDX is equilateral, ∠DMX = 60°.
Hence ∠CMX = 180° − 45° − 45° − 60°
= 30°
since angles on a straight line add up to 180°.
Lastly, we consider the angles at C.
We know that triangle XCM is isosceles and that ∠CMX = 30°. Hence each base angle
is 12 (180° − 30°) = 75°; in particular, ∠XCM = 75°.
Also, ABCD is a rectangle, so ∠DCB = 90°, and triangle MBC is right-angled and
isosceles, so ∠MCB = 45°. Therefore
∠DCM = ∠DCB − ∠MCB
= 90° − 45°
= 45°.
We can now calculate the value of ∠XCD.
We have ∠XCD = ∠XCM − ∠DCM
= 75° − 45°
= 30°.
28
4. The number N is the product of the first 99 positive integers. The number M is the
product of the first 99 positive integers after each has been reversed. That is, for
example, the reverse of 8 is 8; of 17 is 71; and of 20 is 02.
Find the exact value of N ÷ M.
First solution
From the given definition we have
N = (1 × 2 ×… × 9) × 10 × (11 × 12 ×… × 19) × 20 ×… × 90 × (91 ×… × 99) ,
which rearranges to
N = (1 × 2 ×… × 9) × (11 × 12 ×… × 19) ×… × (91 ×… × 99) × (10 × 20 ×… × 90) .
Also
M = (1 × 2 ×… × 9) × 01 × (11 × 21 ×… × 91) × 02 ×… × 09 × (19 ×… × 99)
which rearranges to
M = (1 × 2 ×… × 9) × (11 × 12 ×… × 19) ×… × (91 ×… × 99) × (01 × 02 ×… × 09)
= (1 × 2 ×… × 9) × (11 × 12 ×… × 19) ×… × (91 ×… × 99) × (1 × 2 ×… × 9) .
Comparing these arrangements for M and N , we see that M has the same terms as N
except that the product 10 × 20 ×… × 90 is replaced by the product 1 × 2 ×… × 9.
Thus when we divide N by M all the common terms cancel and we are left with
N 10 × 20 ×… × 90
=
M 1 × 2 ×… × 9
= 109.
Second solution
We may place the numbers from 1 to 99 into three categories, determined by how they
are transformed when they are reversed:
1. single digit numbers ‘a’ are unchanged;
2. a two-digit number ‘ab’, where neither a nor b is zero, is transformed to the two-
digit number ‘ba’; and
3. a multiple of 10 such as ‘a0’ is transformed to ‘0a’ = a, a single-digit number.
Thus there is a correspondence between the factors in N and M, as shown in the table:
N M
‘a’ ‘a’
‘aa’ ‘aa’
‘ab’ and ‘ba’ ‘ba’ and ‘ab’
‘a0’ ‘a’
Single-digit numbers are unchanged; two-digit numbers with a repeated digit are
unchanged; pairs of two-digit numbers, with different digits and neither digit zero, are
unchanged as a pair; the multiples of 10 in N are replaced by single-digit numbers in M.
Thus when we divide N by M all the identical factors cancel and we are left with
N 10 × 20 ×… × 90
=
M 1 × 2 ×… × 9
= 109.
29
5. A kite has sides AB and AD of length 25 cm and B
sides CB and CD of length 39 cm. The m 25
perpendicular distance from B to AD is 24 cm. 39 c c m
24
h cm
cm
The perpendicular distance from B to CD is h C A
cm. 39 c
m cm
Find the value of h. 25
D
First solution
As shown in the figure below, let the perpendicular from B to the line AD meet the line
AD at the point X; let the perpendicular from B to the line CD meet the line CD at the
point Y and let the distance DY be y cm.
B
39 25
h 24
C A
X
39 − y 25
Y y
D
Considering triangle ABX and using Pythagoras' Theorem we obtain
AX = 252 − 242 cm
= 7 cm.
Similarly, from triangle BDX we have
BD = 242 + (25 − 7)2 cm
= 30 cm . (∗)
Now from triangles BDY and BCY , again by Pythagoras' theorem, we deduce that
h2 + (39 − y)2 = 392
and h2 + y2 = 302. (1)
Second solution
Another solution uses the length of BD obtained in (*) above to find the area of isosceles
triangle BCD. Once the area is known the value of the height h may be found from
area = 12 × 39 × h.
Can you see how to find the area of triangle BCD and so complete the solution?
M
B
N
D
First solution
We make use of the following result. R
Theorem (Median of isosceles triangle): The line joining the apex
to the midpoint of the base of an isosceles triangle is perpendicular
to the base. That is, in the following figure, ∠PSR = 90°.
P S Q
Applying the theorem to triangle ABC, we find that ∠AMC = 90°. Similarly, in triangle
ABD, ∠AMD = 90°.
Now applying Pythagoras' theorem to the triangles AMC and AMD we get
CM2 = AC2 − AM2 = 22 − 12
2 2
and DM2 = AD2 − AM2 = 2 − 1 .
Hence CM = 3 and DM = 3, so triangle CMD is isosceles.
Now apply the theorem to triangle CMD to obtain ∠CNM = 90°.
Then by Pythagoras' theorem in triangle CNM
MN 2 = CM2 − CN 2
= 3 − 1.
Therefore MN = 2.
Second solution
A tetrahedron may be formed by joining face diagonals of a cube, as shown below.
Since the faces of the cube are congruent squares the face diagonals have equal length
and so the tetrahedron is regular.
Now M and N are midpoints of opposite edges of the tetrahedron. Therefore they are
midpoints of opposite face diagonals of the cube, that is, centres of opposite faces of the
cube. Hence MN = AR.
Letting the sides of the cube have length a, from Pythagoras' theorem in triangle ARC we
get
AC2 = AR2 + RC2
2
so that 2 = a2 + a2
= 2a2.
Hence a = 2 and therefore MN = 2.
31
P
A
M
Q
D
R
N
S