1.

For a named country you have studied, describe and explain the problems caused by
under-population.
Name of country Australia
> Low level of Production and low value of exports – The Oil production is 4.82 billion
barrels per day compared to 9.02 billion barrels per day. The value of exports is
US$258.8 billion compared to US$1.564 trillion.

> Shortage of workers: Due to low fertility and replacement rates and with ageing
population retiring, this problem is noticed and has led to lower optimum
productivity. Boston Consulting Group has released a report predicting a shortfall of
2.3 million workers by 2030.

> Resources underused: Northern territory is rich with energy, agriculture, business
and other industries, and has vibrant and growing communities but remains under-
utilised relative to the rest of Australia, despite its natural, geographic and strategic
assets as it is not possible to exploit all resources and large areas of outback
undeveloped/underutilised.

> High taxes: Australia's tax take from individuals and businesses is one of the highest
in the developed world. Since there are less people paying tax and 43% of the labour
force will be due to retire in next 20 years, high taxes are levied on the lower and
middle income earners and higher income earners are thinking of overseas
relocation.

Rising conflicts: With Australia’s labour shortage, it is likely to be more attractive to

foreign immigrants. If too many come in, then locals may feel that their culture is
threatened and as people of various cultures and countries come together, many of them
can’t speak English and therefore causes problems in many areas of Sydney, Melbourne
and Adelaide.

Closure of public services: Schools, hospitals and Public transport links may close
because there are not enough people to support them.It is unlikely that new transport
systems will develop as there is not enough people to support them. This increases
people’s reliance on cars.

Other problems like lack of government income, small market for goods and services are
also the result of under population in a country like Australia

2. For a named country you have studied, describe and explain the problems caused by
over-population.
Name of country Nigeria
> High crime rate
In 2013, Nigeria had a population of 175 million people with over 60% living on less than one dollar
a day. It occupies only 3% of Africa but is a home to over 15% of its people.(Introduction with
statistics that relate to the problem and a little description)
> Pressure on natural resources – In Lagos, the largest city in Africa,(place specific
reference with development) there is not enough housing and there are people living
in tin-and-cardboard shacks under the elevated motorways as there is no open land
or resources available to build proper houses with all facilities . The public utilities
cannot cope with the number of people who need to use them and there is shortage
of food and water in Yola.

> High levels of water and air pollution – In Makoko, a slum in Lagos, the shacks are on
stilts in the filthy waters and the canoes collide as they hustle between the places.
Many live in unhygienic conditions and the gutters are filled with rubbish made of
soggy paper, bulging black nylon bags and empty water bottles. There are many cars
causing traffic congestion, noise and air pollution running on the narrow roads.

> Lack of essential services such as healthcare and education – In Lagos and Ibadan,
there are very few schools and some schools started through donations. They have
wood-frame classrooms. Overcrowding and lack of accommodation have resulted in
increased disease levels, inadequate sanitation (four families in place of two shares
the same wash area in Surulere) and scarcity of resources for medical care and
education.

> High crime rate – Lack of employment and poverty, and the desperation to survive
have increased the crime rates in Jos. Armed robbery is very common and there were
220 murder cases officially reported in 2015.

3. For a named urban area you have studied, describe and explain the characteristics of
the CBD.
Name of urban area New York
> Tall/multi-story buildings.
> Expensive land values.
> High density of roads and buildings.
> Lack of open space.
> Shops, eg department stores.
> Modern shopping malls and pedestrian precincts.
> Cultural/historical buildings, eg museums and castles.
> Offices, eg business sector.

4. Explain the causes of an eruption of a named volcano

Name of volcano Mount Sinabung

The eruption hazard characteristics of Mount Sinabung consist of primary and secondary
hazards. The primary hazards of eruption of Mount Sinabung consist of the pyroclastic
flow (hot clouds), pyroclastic fall (volcanic ash and rocks), and lava flows. While the
secondary hazards of Sinabung eruption is the lahar flow. Moreover, the main danger
threatens the eastern, southern, southeastern and southwestern regions of Mount
Sinabung. Consequently, these region are higher hazard than the other
 region of Mount Sinabung.

5. Describe the impacts of large-scale deforestation of tropical rainforest on the global

natural environment.
Environmental Effects of Deforestation From Above
> Loss of Habitat
One of the most dangerous and unsettling effects of deforestation is the loss of animal and plant
species due to their loss of habitat. 70% of land animals and plant species live in forests. Not only
does deforestation threaten species known to us, but also those unknown.
The trees of the rainforest that provide shelter for some species also provide the canopy that
regulates the temperature. Deforestation results in a more drastic temperature variation from day
to night, much like a desert, which could prove fatal for many inhabitants.

> Increased Greenhouse Gases

In addition to the loss of habitat, the lack of trees also allows a greater amount of greenhouse gases
to be released into the atmosphere. Healthy forests absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,
acting as valuable carbon sinks. Deforested areas lose that ability and release more carbon.

> Water in the Atmosphere

The trees also help control the level of water in the atmosphere by helping to regulate the water
cycle. In deforested areas, there is less water in the air to be returned to the soil. This then causes
dryer soil and the inability to grow crops.

Environmental Effects of Deforestation From Below

> Soil Erosion and Flooding
Further effects of deforestation include soil erosion and coastal flooding. Trees help the land to
retain water and topsoil, which provides the rich nutrients to sustain additional forest life.
Without forests, the soil erodes and washes away, causing farmers to move on and perpetuate the
cycle. The barren land which is left behind in the wake of these unsustainable agricultural practices is
then more susceptible to flooding, specifically in coastal regions.

Effects of Deforestation on Indigenous People

> Destruction of Homelands
As large amounts of forests are cleared away, allowing exposed earth to whither and die and the
habitats of innumerable species to be destroyed, the indigenous communities who live there and
depend on the forest to sustain their way of life are also under threat.
The loss of forests has an immediate and direct effect on their lifestyle that we in the highly
industrialized parts of the world, despite our own dependency on what the rainforest provides, will
never know. The level of immediacy is exponentially greater for indigenous peoples.
The governments of nations with rainforests in their borders often attempt to evict indigenous tribes
before the actual clear-cutting begins. This is one of the pre-emptive effects of deforestation.

6. Describe a named transnational corporation (TNC) you have studied and its global
links.
Name of transnational corporation (TNC) ……………………………..
>McDonald’s first restaurant was built in San Bernardino, California in 1948.
>McDonald’s was found by Maurice and Richard McDonald.
>At the end of 1961, McDonald’s started to expand internationally, with more than
35,000 outlets by the 21st century
>Mcdonald’s outlets:
> USA with 16,000 restaurants
> Asia with 7,000 restaurants
> Europe with 6,000 restaurants
> Oceania with 1,000 restaurants
> South America with 1,000 restaurants
> Africa with 500 restaurants

7. For a named country you have studied, describe the methods used to supply energy.
Name of country …………………..China
Coal. Coal remains the foundation of the Chinese energy system, covering close to 70
percent of the country's primary energy needs and representing 80 percent of the fuel
used in electricity generation. China produces and consumes more coal than any other
country.
8. For a named area you have studied, describe the hierarchy of service provision.
Name of area .......................................... Damascus
Damascus Hospital (also known as Al Mujtahid Hospital) in Damascus is one of the
largest hospitals in Syria. It was founded in 1947 and is run by the Ministry of Health.
The hospital has facilities for MRI and CT scan, a gamma camera and lithotripsy
device.
The operations ward contains 11 operation rooms suitable for laparoscopic and open
heart surgery as well as computerized neurosurgery.
Analyses performed by the hospital lab include hormonal, immune, tumor,
pharmaceutical, and lymphatic tests/ It has a stem cell bank.
The hospital provides medical, therapeutic and surgical services to patients. It is used
to train students and graduate doctors from Syrian universities and contributes to
scientific research.
Hospital activities include internal specialties, including cardiac, neurological,
gastrointestinal and kidney. It also performs general, endoscopic, vascular and cardiac
surgery, neurosurgery and urosurgery. It has a kidney transplant unit and a
physiotherapy unit.
The hospital contains 645 beds, 36 of which are for intensive care, and has a special
emergency ward for internal diseases.
9. For a named area of hot desert you have studied, describe and explain the characteristics of
its natural vegetation.
Name of hot desert .......................................... Australian Desert
Allocasuarina decaisneana or desert oak is a medium-sized, slow-growing tree found in the
dry desert regions of the Northern Territory, South Australia and Western Australia.
The dioecious tree typically grows to a height of 10 to 16 metres (33 to 52 ft) and as high as
20 m (66 ft). and a width of 3 to 8 m (9.8 to 26.2 ft). Young trees have a narrow trunk and
form< and grey/green feathery foliage. They mature to an adult form with spreading limbs
and bushy foliage. It is the only member of its family in Central Australia and its large
cylindrical cones are the biggest in its family.
The trees have a cork-like bark that is deeply furrowed and is known to protect the trees
from fire.
 Instead of leaves the tree has long segmented branchlets, known as cladodes, that resemble
olive green pine needles. Each of the needles is composed of thin striped segments, which
are leaf stalks, linked by a ring of projections, each of which is a tiny leaf. These perform the
same function as leaves but conserve moisture. As the cladodes are shed from the tree they
form a dense mat around the base preventing other plants from becoming established and
competing for moisture and nutrients. The roots have nodules that contain nitrogen fixing
bacteria, which allows them to survive in sandy soils with low nutrient levels. In the first few
years, the slow growing tree develops a fast growing tap-root that can reach a depth of over
10 metres (33 ft) and can reach any sub-surface water
10. For a country you have studied, describe the positive and negative impacts of a
named transnational corporation being located there.
Name of country ..........................................
Name of transnational corporation ........................................ Name of Country: Indonesia

Name of TNC: McDonald’s

>Advantages for the country:

-Provides employment opportunities for the local people

-Provides chance to know other countries’ culture

>Disadvantages for the country:

-Increase the rate of obesity

-Create a business competition between local food store and the TNC food store