Government of Tamilnadu

Department of Employment and Training

Course : TNPSC Group II Exam

Subject : Indian National Movement
Topic : Indian National Congress, Emergence of National Leaders
Gandhi, Nehru, Tegore, Netaji

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 Indian National Movement

INDIAN NATIONALMOMENT &

THE INDIANNATIONALCONGRESS
Factors for the Rise of
The rise and growth of
Nationalism Indian nationalism has been
 Unification of administration, traditionally explained in
terms of Indian response to
Modern Education System, Revolt
the stimulus generated by
of 1857 and other factor grew the Britishers through creation
nationalism in Indian people. of new institutions,
Following were the main causes of opportunities, resources etc.
Infact Indian nationalism
national consciousness. grew partly as a result of
Administrative Unification of colonial policies and
partlyas reaction to it.
India
middle classes, workers,
 Modernisation was essential
industrialists etc. The huge
for the colonial scheme of
economic drain on India‟s
administration and this
resources, commercialisation of
modernisation in one sense gave
agriculture, the policy of land
birth to Indian nationalism.
settlements accompanied with
 Common subjection, common
periodic famines was disastrous.
institutions and common laws
 Discriminatory British economic
began to shape India in a
and fiscal policies gave rise to
common mould.
economic nationalism in India.
 The establishment of political
People came to realise that
unity fostered the spirit of one
colonial rule was the real cause
mindedness.
of India‟s economic
Economic Causes
backwardness.
 The economic policies of the
 Thus, the spirit of nationalism
British adversely affected the
received a powerful stimulus in
interests of almost all sections of
the process.
Indian society viz the peasants,

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 Indian National Movement

Modern Postal System and

REASONS FOR THE GROWTH the introduction of electric
OF INDIAN NATIONAL telegraph during the reign of
MOVEMENTS: Dalhousie unified the country
Spread of Western Education and facilitated the growth of
and Thought nationalism.
 English Language It was made  Railways led to increase in
the medium of instruction in passenger traffic which in turn
schools and colleges in 1835 and increased interaction between
it became the language of the the people and maintained a
educated people of India. regular contact between them.
 The introduction of modern
Emergence of Modern Press
system of education afforded
 The rapid growth of press helped
opportunities for assimilation of
the nationalist Indians in
modern western ideas and made
spreading the message of
the Indians realise the evil effects
patriotism and modern liberal
of foreign rule, which in turn
ideas and to create a strong
gave a new direction to Indian
public opinion against the
political thinking.
excesses and inequities of the
 The liberal and radical thought,
colonial administration.
of European writers like Milton,
Bentham, Rosseau and Voltaire Rediscovery of India’s Past
etc.  Historical researches by
 Inspired the Indians in general European scholars, such as Max
and intelligentsia in particular Muller, Monier Willliams,
with the ideals of liberty, Sassoon and Roth and by
nationality and self-government. Indian scholars such as RG
Bhandarkar, RL Mitra and
Development of the means of Swami Vivekanada opened new
communication vistas of India‟s rich socio-
 Development of railways, political, economic and cultural

Page 2
 Indian National Movement

heritage. This gave new sense of Swaraj. Many Arya Samaji‟swere

self respect and confidence in the forefront of the national
among the nationalists. movement and were primarily
 Bankim Chandra wrote Anand responsible for the rise of
Math to expose the true extremism in the INC.
character of British Rule. Rise of Urban Middle Class
 Dina BandhuMitra wrote Neel Intelligentsia
Darpanto expose the  The Western education and
exploitation by indigo planters British administrative and
and Bharatendu Harishchandra economic innovations gave rise
put forward the idea for the use to a new urban middle class in
of swadeshi things. towns. This class had close ties
Socio-Religious Movement with the ruling class and were
 Various socio-religious reform aware of the imperialistic
movements like BrahmoSamaj, policies of the British, came to
Arya-Samaj, the Ramakrishna the forefront.
Mission were launched to reform Impact of Contemporary Global
the society. Movements
 In the religious sphere, the  Some contemporary national
reform movements criticised movements in the European
religious superstition, idolatry, nations like German Unification,
polytheism and hereditary Italian Unification, nationalist
priesthood. These movements movements against the Turkish
criticised the caste system, empire, Liberation Movement of
untouchability and other social Greece and Italy in general and
and legal inequalities. of Ireland in particular helped
Indian nationalism.
 They played a vital role in Lord Lytton’s Reactionary
arousing nationalist feeling, like Policies
Swami Dayananad for instance,  The highly expensive Second
was the first to use the word Afghan War, which was financed

Page 3

out of Indian revenues, the
abolition of import duties on
British textile and the Arms Act
of 1878, which was an attempt to
disarm the Indian
created widespread discontent
against the British empire.
 Another anti Indian move of
Lytton‟s regime was the lowering
the age limit (from 21 to 19) for
appearing in the Indian Civil
Service Examination that was
held only in London. Against
this Indian Association started a
massive agitation under
leadership of SN Bannerjee and
Lal Mohan Ghose. The Grand
Durbar organised by
Lytton in 1877 at Delhi to
proclaim the assumption
imperial title by Queen Victoria
when the country was in the
severe grip of famine.
Vernacular Press Act
 The Vernacular Press Act, (1878)
that curbed the liberty of the
Indian Press (later the Act was
repealed by Lord Ripon), was
popularly known as Gagging Act.
To bypass
restrictions imposed
Indian National Movement
Vernacular Press, Amrita Bazaar
Patrika was immediately
converted to an English Paper.
The founding of the newspaper
people, Hindu in Madras was also in
reaction to Lytton‟s Press Act.
The Ilbert Bill Controversy
(1883)
Officially called the Criminal
Procedure Amendment Code Bill was
introduced by Sir Courtenay Ilbert
(law member in the Governor-
General Executive Council) in the
Governor Generals Legislative
Council in February, 1883. Its aim
was to give Indian district
magistrates and sessions judges the
right to try European and British
the offenders, in criminal Cases. The bill
gave birth to strong protest
movement by the members of the
European community and they stood
united against the Bill. They sought
Lord of protect their rights and privileges
by forming a European and Anglo-
Indian Defe
of nce Association. Ripon had to modify
the bill which now provided the
European British subjects, accused of
criminal offences, the right to claim
trail by jury, to which no less than
half the member had to be
Europeans or Americans. The Ilbert
Bill Controversy proved an eye-
opener to the Indians and intensified
the growing feeling of unity and
nationalism among Indians.
Pre-Congress Political
Associations
the  During the course of 19th century
by various organisations started
emerging at regional level to
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 Indian National Movement

represent interests of various foundation for the emergence of

sections of Indian Society. These a Pan-Indian Nationalist
organisations prepared the Organisation.
PRE-CONGRESS ORGANISATIONS/EARLY POLITICAL MOVEMENTS
Organisation Founder Place Year
Landholder‟s Society/ Dwarakanath Tagore Calcutta 1837
Zamindari Association /1838
Indian National Union AO Hume Calcutta 1883
Bengal British India Society George Thompson Calcutta 1843
British Indian Association DevendraNath Tagore Calcutta 1851
Madras Native Association Lakshmi NarasuChetty, PS Madras 1852
Chettiar
Bombay Association JaganathShankersheth Bombay 1852
East India Association Dada Bhai Naoroji London 1866
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha MG Rande, GV Joshi Puna 1870
Indian Association SN Banerjee, Anand Calcutta 1876
Mohan Bose
Madras Mahajan Sabha First Leader P. Rangaiya Madras 1884
Naidu,
M. Viraraghavachari, G.
SubramanyaAiyer, Ananda
Charlu
Bombay Presidency Pherozshan Mehta, Bombay 1885
K.T.Telang, Badruddin
Tyabji
Indian Society Anand Mohan Bose London 1872
British Indian Society Willian Adam Calcutta 1839
London Indian Society Badruddin Tyabji, WC London 1865
Banerjee, Pherozshah
Mehta
National Indian Association Mary Carpenter London 1867
Deccan Association Gopal Hari Deshmukh Pune 1852
National Respresentative London 1883
committee

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 Indian National Movement

INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT  Members of the committee

(1885-1905) included AO Hume, SN
Birth of Indian National Congress
Bannerjee, Narendra Nath Sen,
 Congress
Subramanya Aiyar, P Ananda
was the natural
Charlu, SardarDayal Singh,
and inevitable
LalaSriram, KT Telang and VN
product of various
Mandalik.
forces of the 19th
 Before the formation of Indian
century.
National Congress, two sessions
 The credit for the birth of the
of the Indian National
congress is often given to AO Hume,
Conference had been held in
who with the blessings of the
1883 and 1885 under the
Viceroy Lord Dufferin successfully
guidance of SN Bannerjee and
organised the prominent political
Anand Mohan Bose.
leaders and founded Indian
 AO Hume was a retired British
National Congress.
member of Indian Civil Service.
Background of INC He played an important role in
 Indian Association decided to
the foundation of the Indian
hold its first Indian Conference
National Congress in 1885.
in Calcutta at the same time, so
 Earlier, he founded the Indian
that it can reach to the masses,
National Union in 1884, which is
but the plan failed.
considered to be the fore runner
 In 1884, at the annual
of the Indian National Congress.
convention of the
 He served as the General
Theosophical Society at
Secretary of INC from 1885 to
Adyar in Madras, AO Hume
1906.
proposed formation of a
 AO Hume published a pamphlet,
committee, so as to make
an old man’s hope in the
necessary preparations for a
Madras Session in 1887.
session at Pune to be held in
1885.
The first Indian pilot- JRD Tata (1929)

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 Indian National Movement

Formation of INC Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya,

 Indian National Congress was Badruddin Tyabji,
finally formed on 28th December, G.SubramanyaAiyar, AO Hume,
1885. MG Ranade, C ShankaranNaiyar,
 The first session of the Indian VS Shrinivas Shastri, Tej Bahadur
National Congress was held on Sapru, Anand Mohan Bose, Ras
28th December, 1885 at Bihari Ghosh, Mohanlal Ghosh, P.
Tejpal Sanskrit Pathshala, Anand Charlu, CY
Bombay under the president Chintamani, RC Dutt, KT Tailang,
ship of WC Bannerjee. Madhusudan Das, Rahimtulla M
 In 1886, the delegates to Sayani.
Congress became 436. Moderate  Surendranath Banerjee was called
leaders dominated the Congress the Indian Burke. He firmly
in its early phase. The moderate opposed the Partition of Bengal.
belief in the essential sense of He founded the Indian
justice and goodness of the Association (1876) to agitate for
British nation was strong. political reforms. He had
 In 1889, a British Committee convened the Indian National
of Indian National Congress Conference (1883) which
was founded under the merged with the Indian National
Chairmanship of W Wedderburn Congress in l886.
(biographer of AO Hume) in G.Subramanya Aiyar preached
London and a journal India was nationalism through the Madras
also started. Mahajana Sabha. He also founded
The Hindu and Swadesamitran.
MODERATE NATIONALISM Dadabhai Naoroji was known as
 The leading figures during the the Grand Old Man of India.
first phase were W.C. Banerjee, He is regarded as India‟s
Surendra Nath Banerjee, unofficial Ambassador in
Dadabhai Naoroji, Pheroze Shah England. He was the first Indian
Mehta, Gopalakrishna Gokhale, to become a Member of the British

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 Indian National Movement

House of Commons. Gopal British. They looked to England

Krishna Gokhale was regarded as for inspiration and guidance.
the political guru of Gandhi. In  The Moderates used petitions,
1905, he founded the Servants resolutions, meetings, leaflets and
of India Society to train Indians pamphlets, memorandum and
to dedicate their lives to the cause delegations to present their
of the country. demands.

Main Demands of Moderates  They confined their political

 Expansion and reform of activities to the educated classes

legislative councils. only. Their aim was to attain

 Greater opportunities for political rights and self-

Indians in higher posts by government stage by stage.

holding the ICS examination Achievements of Moderates

simultaneously in England and
in India.
 Separation of the judiciary from
the executive.
 More powers for the local bodies.
 Reduction of land revenue and
protection of peasants
unjust landlords.
 Abolition of salt tax and sugar
duty.
 Reduction of spending on army.
 Freedom of speech
expression and freedom to form
associations
Methods of Moderates
 The Moderates had total faith in
the British sense of justice and fair
play. They were loyal to the
1. The Moderates were able to create
a wide national awakening among
the people.
2. They popularized the ideas of
democracy, civil liberties and
representative institutions.
from 3. They explained how the British
were exploiting Indians.
Particularly, Dadabhai Naoroji in
his famous book Poverty and Un
British Rule in India wrote his
and Drain Theory. He showed how
India‟s wealth was going away to
England in the form of: (a)
salaries, (b)savings, (c) pensions,
(d) payments to British troops in
India and (e) profits of the British
companies. In fact, the British
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 Indian National Movement

Government was forced to appoint the Boer wars (1899-1902)

the Welby Commission, with demolished the myth of
Dadabhai as the first Indian as its Whiteman supremacy.
member, to enquire into the 4. The famine and plague of 1896-
matter. 97 which affected the whole
4. Some Moderates like Ranade and country and the suffering of the
Gokhale favoured social reforms. masses.
They protested against child 5. The economic conditions of the
marriage and widowhood. people became worse.
5. The Moderates had succeeded in 6. The ill-treatment of Indians in
getting the expansion of the South Africa on the basis of
legislative councils by the Indian colour of skin.
Councils Act of 1892, which 7. The Russo-Japanese war of 1904-
allowed some members to be 5 in which Japan defeated the
indirectly elected by Indians, but European power Russia. This
keeping the official majority encouraged Indians to fight
intact. against the European nation,
Britain.
INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT 8. The immediate cause for the rise
(1905-1917) of extremism was the reactionary
Causes for the Rise of Extremism rule of Lord Curzon:
1. Dissatisfaction with the methods  He passed the Calcutta
and achievements of moderates Corporation Act, (1899)
2. The failure of the Moderates to reducing the Indian control of
win any notable success other this local body.
than the expansion of the  The Universities Act (1904)
legislative councils by the Indian reduced the elected members
Councils Act (1892). in the University bodies. It
3. Growing consciousness about the also reduced the autonomy of
exploitative character of the the universities and made
British rule. Loss of Britain in them government

Page 9
 Indian National Movement

departments. Ghosh, Chakravarti Bose,

 The Sedition Act and the T.Prakasham and Chidambaram
Official Secrets Act (1904) Pillai
reduced the freedoms of all  Bipan Chandra Pal began his
people. career as a moderate and turned
 His worst measure was the an extremist. He played an
Partition of Bengal (1905). important role in the Swadeshi
Main Objective of Extremists Movement. He preached
 Their main objective was to attain nationalism through the nook and
Swaraj or complete independence corner of Indian by his powerful
and not just self-government. speeches and writings.
The methods used by the  Aurobinda Ghosh was another
extremists were: extremist leader and he actively
1. Not cooperating with the British participated in the Swadeshi
Government by boycotting Movement. He was also
government courts, schools and imprisoned. After his release he
colleges. settled in the French territory of
2. Promotion of Swadeshi and Pondicherry and concentrated on
boycott of foreign goods. spiritual activities.
3. Introduction and promotion of
Bal Gangadhar Tilak is regarded as
national education.
the real founder of the popular anti-
British movement in India. He was
Leaders of the Extremists known as „Lokamanya‟. He attacked
the British through his weeklies, The
Mahratta and the Kesari. He was
jailed twice by the British for his
nationalist activities and in 1908
deported to Mandalay for six years.
He set up the Home Rule League in
1916 at Poona and declared “Swaraj is
my birth-right and I will have it.”
 LalaLajpat Rai,
BalGangadharTilak, Bipin
Chandra Pal, Sir Aurobindo

Page 10

LalaLajpat Rai is popularly
known as the ‘Lion of Punjab’.
He played an important role in
the Swadeshi Movement. He
founded the Indian Home Rule
League in the US in 1916. He was
deported to Mandalay on the
ground of sedition. He received
fatal injuries while leading a
procession against the Simon
Commission and died on
November 17, 1928.
Partition of Bengal
 Through a royal proclamation,
Lord Curzon ordered Partition
of Bengal creating East Bengal
and Assam out of rest of Bengal
on 16th October, 1905.
 The objective was to set up a
communal gulf between the
Hindus and Muslims.
 The Indian National Movement
entered its second phase after
the Partition of Bengal.
 The British said that the existing
province of Bengal was too big to
be efficiently administered by a
single Provincial Government.
 The Indian National Congress
and the nationalists of Bengal
firmly opposed the Partition.
Within Bengal, different sections
Indian National Movement
of population-Zamindars,
merchants, law years, students
and even women rose up in
spontaneous opposition to the
partition of their province.
 Divide and Rule The
nationalists could see that it was
a deliberate attempt to divide the
Bengal‟s territory on religious
grounds as far Eastern part
Muslims will be in majority and
for the Western part, the Hindus.
 Rabindranath Tagore
composed the National Song
Amar Sonar Bangla for the
occasion. This song was adopted
as National Anthem by
Bangladesh in 1971, after its
liberation from Pakistan.
The Anti-Partition Movement
 The
Anti-
Partition
movement was initiated on 7th
August, 1905. On that day, a
massive demonstration against
the partition, was organized in
the Town Hall in Calcutta.
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 Indian National Movement

 The partition took effect on 16th Bengal Technical Institute,

October, 1905. Bengal National College.
The Swadeshi and Boycott  BC Pal and Chidambram Pillai
 It had its origin in the Anti- Vandemataram Movement
Patition movement of Bengal. Madras.
Mass meetings were held all over  LalaLajpat Rai and Ajit Singh led
Bengal, where Swadeshi or the the movement in Punjab.
use of Indian goods and the Failure of Swadeshi Movement
boycott of British goods were  Severe government repression.
proclaimed and pledged. Public  Split in nationalists at Surat
burning of foreign cloth were (Moderates and Extremists).
organized and shops selling  Lack of effective organization.
foreign cloths were picketed.  The movement was rendered
 An important aspect of the leaderless.
Swadeshi Movement was the Formation of Muslim League
emphasis placed on self reliance (1906)
or Atmashakti.  Set-up in 1906, under the
 Acharya PC Roy organized his leadership of Aga Khan, Nawab
famous Bengal Chemical Salimullah of Dhaka and Nawab
Swadeshi stores. Mohsin-ul-Mulk.
 The Swadeshi Movement had  It supported partition of Bengal,
several consequences like opposed the Swadeshi
flowering of nationalist poetry, Movement, demanded special
prose, journalism, self-reliant safe gurards for its community
and constructive activity, and separate electorate for
coupled with opening up of Muslims.
many national educational  Calcutta Session of INC
institutions. (1906) Dadabhai Naoroji, the
 Nationalist Educational President of the session,
Institutions were founded e.g., declared that Self Government of
Swaraj, like that of United

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 Indian National Movement

Kingdom was the goal of Indian group (represented by BC Pal

people. and Aurobindo) and the

 Banaras Session of INC, Punjab group (led by

1905-Presided by GK Gokhale- LalaLajpat Rai).
first call for Swadeshi.
 Aurobindo published New
 Meeting of INC at Calcutta
7th August, 1905-Resolution to lamps for old in the Indu
boycott British goods was Prakash in 1954-94. It was the
adopted.
first systematic critique of the
moderates.
SURAT SPLIT (1907)
 The INC splited into two groups Indian Councils Act of 1909 or
during the session at Surat in the-Morley Minto Reforms
1907. Extremists were led by  Number of elected members in
Lal, Bal, Pal, While Moderates the imperial and provincial
by led by GK Gokhale. legislative councils increased.
Moderates Separate electorates introduced
 They demanded mild for Muslims.
constitutional reforms, economic  Non-official member to be
relief, administrative elected indirectly. Thus, election
reorganization and protection of introduced for the first time.
civil rights.  Legislatures could pass
Extremists resolutions, ask questions and
 They were dissatisfied with the supplementaries and vote for
achievement of the moderates. separate items on the budget.
They realized that the true  One Indian to be in Viceroy‟s
nature of British was executive council. Satyendra
exploitative. Sinha was first appointed.
 There were 3 groups of  Annulment of Partition in
extremists The Maharashtrian 1911, the government announced
group (headed by Bal annulment of the Partition of
GangadharTilak), the Bengal

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 Indian National Movement

Bengal. Western and Eastern  They began to return India in

Bengal were to be reunited. thousands for a co-oridinated
Ghadar party (1913) revolt, but unfortunately the
 Formed by LalaHardayal, authorities came to know about
Taraknath Das and Sohan Singh their plans and took immediate
Bakhna. action. The rebellions regiments
 The war period witnessed the were disbanded and their leader
growth of revolutionary were either imprisoned or
movement not only in India, but hanged.
outside India as well, by the  Some of the prominent Ghadar
Indians. leaders were-Baba Gurumukh
 Indian revolutionary in the Singh, Kartar Singh Saraba,
United States of America and Sohan Singh, Bakhna, Rahmat
Canada had established the Ali Shah, Bhai Paramanand and
Ghadar (Rebellion) party in Mohammad Barkatullah.
1913. Most of the members of  To carry out other revolutionary
the party were Punjabi Sikh activities, “Swadesh Sevak
peasants and ex-soldiers, who Home” at Vancouver and united
migrated. India house at Settle was set-up.
 The party was built around the
weekly paper „The Ghadar‟, KomagataMaru Incident (1914)
which carried the caption  Komagata Maru was a
Angrezi raj ka Dushman. Japanese steam ship that carried
 Headquarters were at San Sikh and Muslim immigrants
Francisco. from Punjab to Vancouver,
 The outbreak of the First World Canada. But the Ship was forced
War provided the Ghadarites to return back to India by the
with an opportunity to free India Canadian authorities. The ship
from a government, which was docked at Budge in Calcutta.
indifferent to their cause. The Britishers considered the
passengers as dangerous

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 Indian National Movement

political agitators and tried to province and Berar excluding

arrest Baba Gurdit singh from Bombay. Tilak linked up the
among them. Police opened fire question of Swaraj with the demand
on them and 19 passengers died for the formation of linguistic states
in the incident. and education in Vernacular
language.
Home Rule Movement (1916)  He gave the slogan “Swaraj is my
 After Tilak’s return having birth right and I shall have it”.
served sentence of six years in Tilak‟s newspapers Maratha and
Mandlay, he tried securing the Kesari were organs for Home Rule.
readmission of himself and other
extremists into the Indian Annie Besant’s Home Rule
National congress. With the need Movement
being felt for popular pressure to  Started with Subramaniyam Iyer at
attain concessions, Adyar in September, 1916. Annie
disillusionment with Morley- Besant‟s league
Minto reforms and wartime worked in rest of
miseries. Tilak and Annie India.
Besant readied to assume  Annie
leadership. Besant‟s
 The Home Rule League was newspapers New
pioneered on lines of a similar India Commonwealth and
movement in Ireland. Muslim Young India became important
League supported the for this movement. She coined the
movement. Its objective was to term Commonwealth.
work for social and political  George Arundale was the organizing
reforms. secretary of the movement.
Tilak’s Home Rule Movement  Many moderate nationalists, who
 It started in April, 1916 at Poona. were dissatisfied with the Congress
Tilak‟s league was to work in inactivity, joined home rule
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Central agitation. In June 1917, Annie

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 Indian National Movement

Besant was arrested, popular Montague Declaration (1917)

pressure forced the government to  A British policy was announced
release her in September, 1917. after the Lucknow pact, which
came to be known as the August
Lucknow Session of the Congress Declaration. It aimed at
(1916) “increasing association of
 Presided by a moderate Ambika Indians in every branch of
Charan Majumdar. The administration for progressive
growing nationalist feeling in the realisation of responsible
country produced two historic government in India. The
developments at the Lucknow declaration formed the basis of
Session of the Indian National Montague-Chelmsford
Congress in 1916. Firstly-the two Reforms, of 1919.
wings of the Congress were
reunited. The Lucknow Rowlatt Act (1919)
Congress was 1st united  In 1919, a Sedition
Congress. i.e., brought about an Committee headed by Justice
union of moderates and Rowlatt led to the Rowlatt
extremists. Act. This act authorised the
 Secondly at Lucknow, the government to imprison any
Congress and the All India person without trial and
Muslim League sank their old conviction by the Court of Law
difference and put up a common for 2 years. The law also enabled
political demand for the government to suspend the
representative government and right of Habeas Corpus, which
dominion status, before the had been the foundation of Civil
government. Congress accepted Liberties in Britain. It led to a
the separate electorates. This led countrywide agitation and
to separate electorates. This led marked the foundation of Non-
to Congress-League pact. Cooperation Movement.

Indian‟s first man in space- Rakesh Sharma

Page 16
 Indian National Movement

 During March and April 1919, remission based on revenue

the country witnessed a code.
remarkable political awakening
in India. There were hartals,
strikes, processions and
demonstrations.
GANDHI’S RETURN TO INDIA
 Gandhi returned to India in 9th
January, 1915. He did not join
any political organization that
did not accept the creed of non-
violent Satyagraha.
During 1917 and 1918, he was
involved in three struggles.
Champaran Satyagraha (1917)
 1st Civil disobedience Movement.
 To look into the problems of
indigo planters (tinkathia
system)
Ahmedabad Mill Strike (1918)
 First hunger strike
 To settle disputes between the
mill owners of Ahmedabad and
the workers.
Kheda Satyagraha (1918)
 First Non-Cooperation
Movement. Due to failure of
crops, the farmers, with Gandhi,
withheld the revenue to get
JallianwalaBagh Massacre (13th
April, 1919)
 The dissatisfaction against
Rowlatt Act led to mass
agitations. The government was
determined to suppress the mass
agitation. A large but unarmed
crowd had gathered on 13th
April, 1919 at Amritsar
(Punjab) in the Jallianwala
Bagh, to protest against the
arrest of their popular leaders Dr
Saif-ud-din Kitchlew and Dr
Satyapal. General Dyer, the
Military Commander of
Amritsar, decided to terrorise
the people of Amritsar into
complete submission.
Jallianwala Bagh was a large
open space, which was enclosed
on three sides and had only one
exit. He surrounded the Bagh,
closed the exit with his troops
and then ordered his men to
shoot into the crowd. Thousands
were killed and wounded.
 On 13th March, 1940, Sardar
Udhamsingh Killed O‟ Dyer,

Page 17
 Indian National Movement

when the latter was addressing a  The Central Khilafat Committee

meeting in Coxton Hall, London. met at Allahabad. The meeting
 Rabindranath Tagore was attended by number of
returned his knighthood in Congress and Khilafat leaders.
protest. In this meeting, a programme of
 Hunter Commission was non-cooperation towards the
appointed to inquire into it. government was declared. This
The Khilafat Movement included boycott of titles
 During the first World War, conferred by the government,
Turkey allied with Germany boycott of civil services, army
and Austria against British. The and police, i.e., of all
Indian Muslim regarded the government jobs.
Sultan of Turkey as their
spiritual leader, Khalifa. Non-Cooperation Movement
 After the war, the British (1920)
removed the Khalifa from his  It was the first mass based
power and fragmented Turkey. political movement under
Hence, the Muslim started the Gandhi.
Khilafat Movement in India,  Non-cooperation through the
for the restoration of Khalifa‟s most peaceful manner with the
position. government and its laws, was
 The leaders were Ali brothers endorsed at the annual session of
(Shukat Ali and Mohammed the Congress held at Nagpur, in
Ali), Maulana Azad, Hakim 1920. The Nagpur Session also
Ajmal Khan and HasratMohani. made changes in the
Gandhi saw this as an Constitution of the Congress.
opportunity to bring about  Anti-Rowlatt agitation,
Hindu-Muslim unity against the JallianwalaBagh tragedy,
British, although CR Das Khilafat Movement, general
opposed it initially. economic distress during and

The first Indian to reach Mount Everest without oxygen- Sherpa

AngaDorjee
Page 18
 Indian National Movement

after the war were the reasons attacked on a police station at

for Non-Cooperation Movement. ChauriChaurain Gorakhpur
 The TilakSwarajya Fund district of Uttar Pradesh on 5th
started financing the Non- February, 1922. This changed
Cooperation Movement. The the whole situation and Gandhiji
movement envisaged boycott of was compelled to withdraw the
school, colleges, law courts, Non-Cooperation Movement.
foreign clothes and advocated
the use of Charkha. Spread of Non-Cooperation
 Boycott of the forthcoming visit Movement
of Prince of Wales in  United Province became a
November, 1921. strong base for the Non-
 Popularisation of Charkha and Cooperation Movement.
Khadi and Jail Bharoby  Agrarian-riots under the
Congress volunteers. leadership of Baba
 The movements demanded- Ramchandra, Eka
- Swaraj or self-rule. Movement under
- Redressal of the Punjab MadariPasi.
wrongs and Khilafat issue.  In Punjab-Akali Movement
 LalaLajpat Rai organized for reforms and control of
educational Boycott in Punjab. Gurudwaras.
 CR Das, C Rajagopalachari, Saif-  In Andra Pradesh, the Non-
ud-din Kitchlew, VB Patel, Cooperation Movement was a
ArunaAsaf Ali and Motilal Nehru great success. Alluri Sitaram
gave up their legal practice. Raju organized the tribals in
 The Congress Session at Andra and combined their
Allahabad in December, 1921 demands with those of the Non-
decided to launch a Civil Cooperation Movemnts.
Disobedience Movement. The Swarajists
But before it could be launched,  Major developments in Indian
the angry peasants (mob) politics occurred during 1922-

Page 19
 Indian National Movement

28. Differences arose among Central Legislative Assembly.

leaders after the withdrawal of With the cooperation of other
the Non-Cooperation Indian group, they repeatedly
Movement. One school of out-voted the government in the
thought headed by CR Das and Central Assembly and in several
Motilal Nehru advocated that of the provincial councils.
nationalists should end the  Swarajists were split by
boycott of legislative council, Communalism. The
enter them, obstruct their responsivists offered
working according to official cooperation to the government
plans, expose their weaknesses, to safeguard the Hindu
transform them into arenas of interests. Madan Mohan
political struggle and thus use Malaviyaand LalaLajpat Rai
them to arouse public founded the Independent
enthusiasm. They were „pro- Congress Party, later in 1933.
changers‟. It was recognized as Congress
 SardarVallabhbhai Patel, Dr Nationalist Party.
Ansari BabuRajendra Prasad
and others opposed council Simon Commission (1927)
entry. They were known as „no  In 1927, the British Government
changers’. appointed the Indian
 In December, 1922, CR Das and Statutory Commission,
Motilal Nehru formed known popularly by its chairman
congress- Simon to go into the question of
KhilafatSwarajyaparty, with further Constitutional Reform.
CR Das as President and Motilal  The committee had to review the
Nehru as Secretary. It worked working of the diarchy system,
within the Congress. introduced by Montague
 In the 1923 elections, the Chelmsford Reform of 1919 and
Swarajists won 42 seats out of to report to what extent a
the 101 elected seats in the

Page 20
 Indian National Movement

representative government can and he succumbed to his injuries

be introduced in India. on 17th November, 1928.
 All the members of the
commission were white. Nehru Report (1928)
 The Indians, protested, against
the Simon Commission, because
of the exclusion of Indians from
the Commission and in the fear
that the foreigners would discuss
and decide upon India‟s fitness,
for self government.
 All important Indian leaders and
 The National Congress decided
parties tried to meet the
to boycott the commission in its
challenge of the Simon
Madras Session in 1927,
Commission by getting together
presided over by Dr Ansari.
and trying to evolve an
 The Muslim League and Hindu
alternative scheme of
Mahasabhadecided to support
Constitutional Reforms. Nehru
the Congress.
report was tabled in 1928 by
 The Commission‟s arrival in
Motilal Nehru.
India led to a powerful protest.
 It remains memorable as the
On 3rd February, 1928, the
first major Indian effort to draft
Commission was greeted with
a constitutional framework for
Hartals and balck flag
Indian complete with lists of
demonstrations, under the
central and provincial subjects
slogan Simon Go Back.
and Fundamental Rights.
 The government used brutal
 However, the recommendations
suppression and police attacks to
evoked a debate concerning the
break the popular opposition.
goal of India-Dominion status
 At Lahore, LalaLajpat Rai was
or Complete Independence.
severely beaten in a Lathi charge

The first Indian woman Olympic Medal Winner- KarnamMalleswari

Page 21
 Indian National Movement

 Other members of committee-  The report recommended equal

Tej Bahadur Sapru, Ali Imam, rights for women, freedom to
MS Aney, Mangal Singh, Sohaib form unions and disassociation
Qureshi, GR Pradhan and SC of the state from religion in any
Bose. form.
Members of the Nehru  It demanded for reorganization
subcommittee which of the North-West provinces on
produced the famous Nehru linguistic basis.
Report Jinnah’s 14 points (9th March,
1929)
Pt.Moti Lal Nehru President
 Jinnah, the leader of Muslim
Sardar Manal singh Member
League did not accept the Nehru
Sir Sapru Member
Report and drew up a list of
Sir M.S. Aney Member
fourteen demands, which
Sir Ali Iman Member
became famous as 14 points of
Mr. ShoaibQurehi Member
Jinnah.
Sir Subash Bose Member
Lahore Session (1929)
G.K.Pradhan Member
 This session was presided by
Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi came
Outcome of the Nehru Report
back to active politics by that
 It demanded responsible
time.
government both at the center
 Draw in talks broke down on the
and in the provinces. But, it
issue of dominion status, which
advocated dominion status, not
the British were reluctant to give.
complete independence.
 This session passed a resolution
 It demanded Universal Suffrage.
of Poorna Swaraj (Complete
It rejected separate communal
independence) as its ultimate
electorate. It proposed Muslim
goal.
reservation in the center and
 On 31st December, 1929 the
provinces, where they were in
newly adopted tricolor, was
minority.
hoisted and 26th January, 1930

Page 22
 Indian National Movement

was fixed as the First morning (6th April) Gandhi and

Independence Day. his volunteers picked up salt
 The Congress Session also lying on the coast, symbolically
announced a Civil breaking the Salt Laws.
Disobedience Movement  Salt production had geographical
under the leadership of limitations. So, in other parts of
Mahatma Gandhi. the country, the movement
 Congress decided to boycott the included-picketing of liquor
first Round Table Conference. shops and auctions, no revenue
campaign in Bardoli, defiance of
Civil Disobedience Movement forest laws in Maharashtra,
(1930) Karnataka and the central
 Before starting the Civil provinces, refusal of chaukidari
Disobedience Movement, tax in Eastern India,
Gandhiji placed an eleven prabhatpheris-singing of
point ultimatum before Irwin National songs.
for administrative reforms and  The notable feature of the
stated that if Lord Irwin movement was a wide
accepted them, them there will participation of women.
be no agitation.
 The Civil Disobedience Spread of Civil Disobedience
Movement was started by Movement
Gandhi on 12th March, 1930  Peshawar under the leadership
with his famous Dandi March. of Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Together with 78 chosen popularly known as The
followers, Gandhi walked Frontier Gandhi, the Pathans
nearly 375 km from Sabarmati organized the society of Khudai
Ashram to Dandi, a village on Khidmatgars (servants of God)
the Gujarat sea-coast. known popularly as Red Shirts.
On April 5, Gandhi and his They were pledged to non-
party reached Dandi. Next violence and freedom struggle.

Page 23
 Indian National Movement

Two platoons of Garhwali declared illegal. Meanwhile,

soliders refused to open fire non- the British Government
violent mass demonstrations. summoned the First Round
 North-East India Manipur Table Conference in London,
took a brave part in it and in 1930, to discuss the Simon
Nagaland produced a brave Commission report. But, the
heroin, Rani Gaidilieu, who at National Congress boycotted the
the age of 13 responded to the conference and its proceedings
call of Gandhi. The young Rani proved abortive.
was captured in 1932 and  Dandi March was led by Gandhi
sentenced to life imprisonment. from Sabarmati Ashram.
She was released only after the First Round Table Conference
independence of India. (12th November 1930 – 19th
Chittagong Armoury raided by January 1931)
Surya Sen in 1930.  Congress boycotted the
 DarshanaIt was led by Sarojini conference
Naidu, Imam Saheb and  Muslim League was represented
Maniklal Gandhi. by Mohammad Ali, Agha Khan,
 In Madras, Rajagopalachari FazlulHaq, MA Jinnah and
led a march from Trichirapalli Hindu Mahasabha by Mooje and
toVedaranyam along the Jayakar.
Coromandal coast. In Kerala,  Tej Bahadur Sapru, Chintamani
K Kelappanmarched from and Srinivas Shastri (Liberals)
Calicut to Payannur. appeared.
 The government adopted  Princes of Hyderabad, Mysore
ruthless repression, lathi charges attended it. No result came out
and firing on unarmed crowd of of the conference.
men and women. Over 9000  The government now made
Satyagrahis including Gandhiji attempt to negotiate an
and other Congress leaders were agreement with the Congress, so
imprisioned. Congress was

Page 24
 Indian National Movement

that it could attend the Round
Table Conference.
 Moderate stateman Jaikar,
Sapru and Srinivas Shastri
initiated efforts to break the ice
between Gandhiji and
government. The negotiation
between Irwin and Gandhi in 5th
March, 1931 came to be known
Gandhi-Irwin pact or known
Delhi Pact.
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
 Under this pact, the government
agreed to release all those
political prisoners, who had
remained non-violent.
 The Right to make salt for
consumption was agreed to
 The Congress was to suspend
Civil Disobedience Movement
and take part in Second Round
Table Conference.
Karachi Session (1931)
 It endorsed the Gandhi-Irwin
Pact. This Session is
memorable for its resolution on
Fundamental Right and National
Economic Programme, with the
efforts of Jawaharlal Nehru and
Subhash Chandra Bose.
 Six days before this session,
Bhagat Singh, Sukhdav, Rajguru
were executed. (23rd March 1931)
Secound Round Table Conference
the (7th September – December 1931)
 Gandhiji went to England in
September, 1931, to attend the
Second Round Table Conference.
But the British Government
refused to concede the basic
nationalist demand for freedom
on the basis of the immediate
grant of dominion status with
complete control over defence,
external affairs and finance.
 The Congress officially
suspended the movement in
1933 and withdrew it in 1934.
Gandhiji resigned from active
politics.
Poona Pact (Communal Award)
 On August 16, 1932, British
also
Prime Minister Ramsay
McDonald announced the
proposal on minority
representation, known as the
Communal Award.

The first woman President of United Nations General Assembly-

VijayaLaxmiPandit
The first woman chief justice of High Court-Leela Seth

Page 25
 Indian National Movement

 Under this the depressed classes depressed classes in civil

(Muslims, Sikhs, Indian services.
Christians, Anglo Indians,  Gandhiji coined the word
Women and Backward Classes) Harijan for depressed classes
were to be considered as a and their upliftment became his
minority, would be entitled to prime concern. All India Anti
the right of separate electorate. Untouchability League was
Gandhi reacted strongly to the started in September, 1932. On
proposal. He considered the 8th May, 1933 Gandhiji decided
depressed class as the integral to begin a 21 day fast for self
part of Hindu society. purification for the Harijan
 He thought that there was no cause.
need to protect the depressed  He started the Individual Civil
classes through representation, Disobedience on 1st August,
rather the need was to eradicate 1933.
untouchability.
 Gandhi restored to fast unto Impacts of Civil Disobedience
death in Yervada Jail against this Movement
separate electorate for depressed  The Congress swept polls in
class, which Ambedkar was most provinces in 1937. The left
insisting on. This resulted into parties emerged as an alternative
the Poona-pact between in politics.
Gandhi and Ambedkar on  Some Congress activists formed
25th September, 1932. Socialist group.
 148 seats were to be allotted to  Nehru and Subhash Chandra
the depressed classes in the Bose emerged as leaders.
provincial legislature as against
71 provided by the Communal Third Round Table Conference
Award. The pact also called for (17th November – 24th December
adequate representation of 1932)
 Held in London in 1932.

Page 26
 Indian National Movement

 The Congress did not participate. Second World War

 The British government, on the  Lord Linlithgow declared India
basis of the discussion at the to be at war without the prior
three sessions, drafted its assent of the Central
proposals for the reform of the Legislature. The Congress
Indian constitution, which were Ministry resigned in the wake of
embodied in the White Paper the war.
published in March 1933.  Congress agreed to support
 The discussion led to Britain only in return of
Government of India Act, independence being granted.
1935. The viceroy could promise this
only after the war. In October-
Government of India Act, 1935 November 1939, the Congress
 The discussions of the Third Ministries resigned in protest.
Round Table Conference and The Muslim League observed
Simon Commission report this as the Deliverance Day
eventually led to the passing of (22nd December, 1939). The
the Government of India Act Satyagraha was kept limited so
of 1935. The act provided for as not to embarrass Britain‟s war
the establishment of an All effort by a mass upheaval in
India Federation and a new India.
system of government for the  The viceroy refused to accept
Provinces on the basis of preconditions set by the
provincial autonomy. Congress. (Constituent
 The Congress rejected the 1935 Assembly for establishment of
Act and demanded the Responsible Government at the
convening of a constitutional Center). But, the British
assembly elected on the basis of Government desperately wanted
adult franchise to frame a the active cooperation of Indians
Constitution for independent in the war effort. To secure this
India. cooperation, it sent to India in

Page 27
 Indian National Movement

March, 1942, a mission headed India. Gandhi decided to start

by a Cabinet Minister Sir the Individual Satyagraha.
Stafford Cripps and before that  Vinoba Bhave was the first to
the August Offer. offer individual Satyagraha, by
15th May, 1941 and more than
August Offer (1940) 250000 Satyagrahis had been
The Viceroy Linlithgow put forward jailed.
proposal that included-  Delhi Chalo Movement began.
 Dominion status in the
unspecified future. Cripps Mission, 1942
 A post war body to enact Sir Stafford Cripps declared that the
Constitution. aim of British Policy in India was “the
 Expansion of Governor- earliest possible realization of self-
General‟s council with government in India”. The British
representation of the minorities. Government‟s refusal of accepting
 Establishment of a War Advisory immediately the Congress demand was
Council the cause of failure of the mission.
 Congress rejected this offer as
there was no suggestion for a Constitutional Proposal of the
National government Muslim Cabinet Mission
League accepted it. a) Dominion status to be granted
after the war.
Individual Satyagraha b) Constitution making body to be
 Congress elected from provincial
rejected the August assemblies and nominated by
offer because the rulers in case of princely
Congress was states.
convinced that the c) Individual princes could sign a
British would not separate agreement with the
modify their policy the British British.
would not modify their policy in

Page 28
 Indian National Movement

d) British would however, control violent mass struggle under

the defence for war period. Gandhi’s leadership.
The British Government undertook to  It is also called Vardha
accept and implement the Constitution proposal and leaderless revolt.
in two conditions.
 Any province(s) unwilling to  Gandhi told the British to quit
accept the Constitution could and leave India in God‟s hand.
form a separate union with His message was Do or Die.
separate Constitution.  Repressive policy of the
 The new Constitution making government and indiscriminate
body and the British government arrest of the leaders provoked
would negotiate a treaty to sort people to violence.
out matters arising out of  Nehru was lodged in Almora
transfer of power to Indian Jail, Maulana Azad in Bankura
hands. and Gandhi was kept in Agha
 Gandhi termed this proposal as Khan’s palace, Poona. In
a post dated cheque in many areas, government lost
crashing bank. control and the people
 Though, Cripps proposal failed established Swaraj. Parallel
but it provided legitimacy to the governments were established.
demand for Pakistan by  In Satara, Pratisarkar was set up
accommodating it in the under Nana Patil and in Baliya
provision for provincial under ChittuPande. Others were
autonomy. in Talcher and Bihar. In Bengal,
Tamluk Jatiya Sarkar
Quit India Movement, 1942 functioned in Midnapore.
 The All India Congress  Underground revolutionary
Committee met at Bombay on activity also started by
8th August, 1942. It passed the Jaiprakash Narayan and
famous Quit India resolution Ramanandan Mishra escaped
and proposed to start off a non- from Hazaribah Jail and

Page 29
 Indian National Movement

organized an underground  Chaudhary Rehmat Ali coined

movement. the term „Pakistan‟ (later
 In Bombay, the socialist leaders Pakistan).
continued their underground  The fear of Muslims to be
activities under leaders like subjugated by Hindus in free
Aruna Asaf Ali. Congress radio India was realized by Jinnah
was established with Usha and he demanded for the
Metha as its announcer and creation of Pakistan.
Rammanohar Lohia in Bihar.  Pakistan Resolution Muslim
 School and college students and League first passed the proposal
women actively participated, of seperate Pakistan in its
workers went on strikes. There Lahore Session in 1940 (called
were no communal clashes Jinnah‟s Two-Nation theory). It
during the movement. was drafted by Sikandar
 The merchant community and Hayat Khan, moved by
capitalist did not participate. FazlulHaq and seconded by
Muslim League kept aloof and Khaliquzzaman. It rejected the
the Hindu Mahasabha federal scheme envisaged in the
condemned the movement. Government of India Act, 1935.
Communist party did not In December 1943, the Karachi
support the movement. Session of the Muslim League
Rajagopalachari also did not adopted the slogan-„Divide and
participate. Quit‟.
Demand for Pakistan Gandhiji’s fast
 In 1930, Md Iqbal for the first (10th February-7th March,
1943)
time suggested that the Frontier Gandhiji undertook a 21 day
Province, Sind, Baluchistan and fast for condemning the
violence of the people during
Kashmir be made the Muslim the Quit India Movement.
state within the federation.

Page 30
 Indian National Movement

Rajagopalachari Formula (1944) Indian members.

 Also The viceroy and
known as Rajaji commander in
formula (1944). chief would be
Rajagopalachari the only non-
proposed that a Indian members
commission of the council.
could be appointed for  It would work under the existing
demarcating district in the North- Constitution. But the door was
West and East, where Muslims open for discussion of new
were in absolute majority. Constitution.
Plebiscite would be held on the  Hindus and Muslims would have
basis of adult suffrage, that would equal representation. Jinnah
ultimately decide the issue of demanded the Muslim League to
separation from Hindustan. have absolute choice in choosing
 If majority decides in favour of the Muslim members, so he
forming a separate sovereign rejected the plan.
state then such could be accepted.
 Jinnah objected this as he wanted The Cabinet Mission
Congress to accept two-nation  The Attlee Government
theory and wanted only Muslims announced in February 1946, the
of the North-West and East to decision to send a high powered
vote in the plebiscite. mission of three British Cabinet
 Desai-Liaqat pact reached no members (Patrick Lawrence,
settlement between the league secretary of state for India,
and Congress. Stafford Cripps, President of
the Board of Trade and AV
Shimla Conference or Wavell
Alexander, first Lord of
Plan (1945)
Admiralty) to India to find out
 Proposed by Lord Wavell.
ways and means for a negotiated
 Suggested to set up a new
executive council with only
Page 31
 Indian National Movement

and peaceful transfer of power  On 29th July, 1946, Jinnah

India. withdrew his earlier acceptance
 The British bid for a united and to the plan and fixed 16th August,
friendly India and they rejected 1946 as Direct Action Day.
the demand for a full-fledged Calcutta, Noakhali and
Pakistan. Garmukteshwar were the storm
 The Congress demanded that centres. Jinnah celebrated
power should be transferred to Pakistan Day on 27th March,
one center and the minorities 1947.
demands be worked out in a
framework ranging from Interim Government (1946)
autonomy to Muslim-majority  Interim Government headed by
province to self determination or Jawaharlal Nehru was sworn
recession. on in 2nd September, 1946.
 The plan failed on the issue of  Muslim League refused to join
the nature of grouping. initially. Wavell persuaded the
 Congress wanted the grouping to league to join in October, 1946.
be optional till the formation of  The Constituent Assembly
Constituent Assembly, but begins its session in 9th
Jinnah was in the favour of December, 1946 and Dr
compulsory grouping. Rajendra Prasad was elected its
President, but, the league did not
Jinnah’s Direct Action Resolution attend.
 He was alarmed by the election  Liaqat Ali Khan of Muslim
results of the Constituent League was made the Finance
Assembly (Congress won 209 of Minister.
the total 273 seats) and was
afraid of being totally eclipsed in
the Constituent Assembly.

Page 32
 Indian National Movement

Interim Government

Members Port folios held

Jawaharlal Nehru External Affairs and common wealth relations
Sardarvallabhai Patel Home, information and broad casting
Dr.Rajendra Prasad Food and agriculture
Jagjivan Ram Labour
SardarBaldev Singh Defence
C.H.Bhabha Works, Mines & power
Liaquat Ali Khan Finance
AbdeaRabNishtar Posts & Air
C.Rajagopalachari Education and Arts
Chundrigar Commerce
Ghaznafar Ali Khan Health
JoginderNath Mandal Law
Attlee’s Statement  Partition of the country was
(20th February, 1947) implicit in the provision that if
 A deadline of 30th June, 1949 the Constituent Assembly was
was fixed for transfer of power, not fully representative, than
even if the Indian politicians had power would be transferred to
not agreed by that time on the more than one Central
Constitution. Governments.
 British power and obligations
vis-a-vis the princely states Mountbatten Plan
would lapse with transfer of (3rd June, 1947)
power but these would not be  As Viceroy, Mountbatten proved
given to any successor more decisive and quick in
government. taking decisions than his
 Mountbatten was to replace predecessors.
Wavell as the Viceroy.  His task was to explore the
option of unity of division till

Page 33
 Indian National Movement

October, 1947 and then advise  Mountbatten‟s formula was to

the British government on the divide India, but retain
form of transfer of power.
 3rd June Plan, in case of
partition, two dominions and
two Constituent Assemblies
would be created. The plan
declared that power would be
handed over by 15th August,
1947.
maximum unity.
 The plan was put in effect
 Punjab and Bengal Assemblies
without the slightest delay.
would meet in two groups,
 The Legislative Assemblies of
Hindus and Muslims to vote for
Punjab and Bengal decided in
partition.
favour of partition of these two
provinces. Thus, East Bengal
Indian Independence Act, 1947
and West Punjab joined
 On 18th July, 1947, British
Pakistan. West Bengal and East
Parliament ratified the
Punjab remained with India.
Mountbatten Plan as the
Referendum in Sylhet resulted
Independence of India Act,
in the incorporation of that
1947.
district in East Bengal.
 The act provided for the creation
 The referendum in NWFP
of two independent dominions
decided in favour of Pakistan.
of India and Pakistan. Each
 Princely states were given the
dominion was to have a
option to join either of the two
Governor-General to be
dominions for remain
responsible for effective
independent.
operation of the act.
 Boundary Commission was to be
 Sovereignity of British power
set up if partition was effected.
was to be abolished.

Page 34
 Indian National Movement

Integration of States  Integration of Portuguese

 Vallabhai Patel, played the most Colonies Dadra and Nagar Haveli
important role in the integration of (1954); Goa and Daman and Diu
states. Except Kashmir, (1961).
Hyderabad and
Junagarh, all states
signed an
instrument of
accession with
Indian Government.
On October 1947, the Pakistani
troops invaded Kashmir and in the
crisis, the Maharaja of Kashmir
acceded to the Indian Union.
 Through a referendum in the state
of Junagarh in February 1948,
Junagarh was merged in the
Indian Union. The Nawab left for
Pakistan.
 Due to the pressure of internal
anarchy and military action in the
state, the Nizam of Hyderabad was
forced to join the Indian Union.
 Integration of French
Colonies Pondicherry,
Chandrangar, Mahe, Karaikal and
Yaman were integrated (by the end
of 1954).

The first Indian woman to receive Jnanpith Award- Ashapoorna

Devi (Bengali Writer)

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 Indian National Movement

IMPORTANT NATIONALLEADERS

ANNIE BEASANT (1847 – 1933)

ACHARYA NARENDRA DEV
 She founded
(1889 – 1956)
the
 He was a scholar, socialist,
Theosophical
Society in
India and
started the
Home Rule League.
 She established Central Hindu
School and College at Banaras
(later BHU). nationalist and a lawyer by
 She was elected the President of profession. He gave up his
the Calcutta Session of INC, 1917. practice and joined Non-
 She did not attend the 1920 Cooperation Movement.
Session at Nagpur due to growing  He became the President of
difference with Gandhiji as she Patna‟s Socialist Conference in
felt that government of India Act, 1934 and a member of UP
1919 were as means to free India. Legislation Assembly in 1937.
 She edited famous Newspapers –  He was appointed as the Principal
New India and Commonwealth. of Kashi Vidyapeeth in 1925 and
 She prepared – The Lotus song, a also became the Vice – Chancellor
translation of Gita into English. of Lucknow and Banaras
Universities. He founded the
socialist Party in 1948.

The first woman to receive Nobel Prize- Mother Teresa

Page 36
 Indian National Movement

school at Poona. He was the

ARUNA ASAF ALI (1909 – 1996) editior of Maharatha in English
 Nicknamed as ArunaGanguly, she and Kesari in Marathi.
married to Asaf Ali, India‟s first  He joined INC in 1891 and moved
Ambassador of the USA. an Arms Act Resolution.
 She was imprisoned during the  He celebrated the Ganapati pooja
Civil Disobedience Movement and the Shivaji festival.
(1930, 1932) and for participating  He collaborated with Agarkar and
in Individual Satyagraha (1940). set up institutions to give cheap
 In 1942, she hoisted the Indian education to people.
National Congress tricolor Flag at  He was constituted the tries Lal,
Mumbai‟s Gowalia Tank Grounds. Bal, Pal an extremist group.
 She was elected as first Mayor of  He founded the Home Rule
Delhi, 1958. She was awarded the League in 1916 and helped in
International Lenin Prize in 1964. ushering the Lucknow Pact and
 Newspapers (alongwithEdanta the Reforms Act at the Amristar
Narayana and AV Baliga) – Link Congress in 1919.
and Patrol  He demanded swaraj and gave the
slogan “Swaraj is my birth right
BAL GANGADHAR TILAK (1857 – and I shall have it”.
1920)  VoleintineShirol described him as
 He was the Father of Indian unrest.
awarded  He wrote the books,The Artic
with the Home of Vedas and Gita
title Rahasya.
Lokmanya. BHAGAT SINGH (1907 – 1931)
 He  He was a member of Hindustan
established Socialist Republican Army.
new English  He started the „Militant Naujawan
Bharat Sabha‟ in Punjab.

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 Indian National Movement

 He killed British official Saunders Swaraj (English weekly in

in 1928 and was involved in London); Hindu Review (English
Lahore Conspiracy and bombed monthly); Independent (daily);
the Central Legislative Assembly. Democrate (weekly).
 He was executed on March 23,
1931. CHAKRAVARTHI
RAJAGOPALACHARI (1879 –
BANKIM CHANDRA 1972)
CHATTOPADHYAY (1833 – 1894)  He was a
 He was politician and
great scholar lawyer from
best known for Tamil Nadu.
the composition  He gave
of the hymn up his practice
BandeMataram. during NCM.
 His first novel was Durgesnandini,  He held the post of the General –
published in 1864 and he started Secretaryof the INC in 1921 –
the journal Bangadarsan. 1922 and was a member of
Congress working committee from
BIPIN CHANDRA PAL (1858 – 1922 to 1925.
1932)  He hoisted the CDM in Tamil
 He was awarded with the title Nadu and was arrested for leading
Mightiest Prophet of Nationalism a Salt March from Thiruchirapalli
by Aurobindo Ghosh. to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore
 He supported Age of consent Bill coast.
1891, Swadeshi movement and  He was elected as the Chief
fought for the cause of the Assam Minister of Madras in 1937
tea-gardeners. Elections.
 He started Newspapers –  He resigned from INC in 1942 for
Paridaashak (weekly); Public not accepting the Cripp‟s
Opinion and Tribune (editor); Proposal.

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 Indian National Movement

 He prepared the CR Formula for  He highlighted the draining of

congress – League Co–operation. wealth from India by the British
 He served as the Governor of and its effect in his book Poverty
Bengal (August-November 1947) and un-British Rule in India
and was the first and last Indian (1901).
Governor-General of India (1948 DR. BHIMARAO AMBEDKAR
– 50). (1891 – 1956)
 He became the Minister of Home
Affairs in the country‟s first
Cabinet.
 He founded the Swatantra Party
in 1959.
 His rational ideas are reflected in
 Dr.Ambedkar was the great leader
the collection SatyamevaJayate.
of the depressed class and an
 He was awarded the Bharat
eminent jurist.
Ratna in 1954.
 He set up a network college in the
name of People Education Society.
DADABHAI NAOROJI (1825 –
 He founded the Depressed Class
1917)
Institute (1924) and
 He was the first
SamajSamataSangh (1927).
Indian to
 He participated in all the three
demand Swaraj
Round Table Conferences and
in the Calcutta
signed the Poona Pact with
Session of INC,
Gandhiji in 1932.
1906.
 He was in the Governor General‟s
 He was also known as the Indian
Executive Council from 1942 to
Gladstone, Grand Old Man of
1946 and organized the Indian
India.
Labour Party and Scheduled Caste
 He was first Indian to be selected
Federation.
to the House of Commons on
Liberal Party ticket.

Page 39
 Indian National Movement

 He became the Chairman of the  He became the first President of

Drafting Committee of Indian the Indian Republic. He was
Constitution. honoured with Bharat Ratnain
 As the first Law Minister of the 1962.
Independent India, he introduced  He edited the newspaper – Desh
the Hindu Code Bill. (Hindi weekly).
 He started The Republican Party
in 1956. GOPALA KRISHNA GOKHALE
 Towards the end of his life, he (1886 – 1915)
embraced Buddhism.  Gandhiji regarded him as his
political guru.
DR RAJENDRA PRASAD (1884 –  He was the president of the
1963) Banaras Session of INC, 1905.
 He participated in Swadeshi Supported the Swadeshi
Movement (established Bihari Movement.
 He was the founder of the
Servants of Indian Society in
1905, to train people who would
work as national missionaries.

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU (1889 –

Students Conference), Champaran
1964)
Satyagraha, NCM, CDM and Quit
 He became the General Secretary
India Movement.
of INC in
 He founded the National College
1928 and
at Patna.
it
 He was elected as the minister
president
incharge of Food and Agriculture
in 1929.
in the Interim Government
 The
(1946).
 He was the President of the
Constituent Assembly.
Page 40
 Indian National Movement

Independence resolution was KHAN ABDUL GHAFFAR KHAN

passed under his President ship at (1890 – 1998)
the Lahore Session.  He was a great freedom fighter
 He was the first Prime Minister of and known as the – Frontier
Republic India (from 1947 to Gandhi, Badshah Khan or Sarhadi
1964) also known as Architect of Gandhi, Fakhar-e-Afghan.
Modern India.  He founded an organization of
 He authored the Doctrine of non violent revolutionaries known
Panchseel and believed in the as Red Shirts or
policy of non-alignment. KhudaiKhidmatgars.
 Books – The Discovery of India,  He participated in NCM, CDM
Glimpses of World History, A and Quit India.
Bunch of Old Letters, The Unity of  He was the editor of the
India, Independence and After, newspaper – Pakhtoon (In
India and the World, etc., Pushto), later published as Das
 His autobiography was entitled as Roza.
Auto-biography.  He was honoured with Bharat
Ratna in 1987.
KHUDIRAM BOSE (1889 – 1908)
 A revolutionary from Midnapore, LALA HARDAYAL (1884 – 1939)
he participated in the Swadeshi  A revolutionary from Delhi, he
Movement and later joined the took up the cause of India‟s
Revolutionary Party of Bengal. freedom to foreign land in order
 He was arrested for organising a to win international support for
bomb attack on the carriage of the freedom movement.
Kingsford, the Session Judge at  He was the first President of the
Musaffarpur (Bihar) and was Ghadar Party founded in San
sentenced to death. Franchisco in 1913.
 He founded the Indian
Independence Committee in
Germany and an Oriental Bureau

Page 41
 Indian National Movement

to translate the writings in local  He was injured during a

language. demonstration against Simon
 Books – Wealth of Nations and commission in 1928.
Hints for Self Culture.  He was the editor of the
Bandematram, The Punjab and
LALA LAJPAT RAI (1865 – 1928) The People.
 He was a courageous man so he
was called The Lion of Punjab MAHATMA GANDHI
(Sher-a-Punjab).  Gandhi came to India in 1915. He
 He inspired by Mahatma Hans already had
Raj. Satyagrahas in
South Africa.
In 1907,
Satyagraha
against compulsory reiteration
and passes for Indian. In 1910,
Satyagrah against immigration
 Being an Arya Samajist, he helped
restrictions, derecognition of Non-
in establishment of the DAV
Christian Indian marriages.
College at Lahore.
 He followed the Doctrine of
 He withdraws his name from the
Ahimsa.
presidency list of the INC at Surat
session.
Facts about Gandhi
 He was the President of the
 Name: Mohan Das Karam Chand
special session of the Congress at
Gandhi.
Calcutta, 1920.
Titles
 He opposed the withdrawal of
 Mahatma (by Rabindranath
NCM in 1922.
Tagore, 1917).
 He founded Swaraj Party with
 Malang Baba/Nanga Fackir (by
Motilal Nehru and CR Das.
Kabailas of North-West
Frontier, 1930).

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 Indian National Movement

 Faqir (by Winston Churchill,  The Champaran Satyagraha in

1931) 1917, against the Tin-Kathia
 Half Naked Saint (by Franq System led by Mahatma Gandhi
Mores, 1931). was his first success in India.
 Rashtrapita (by Subhash  The Ahmedabad Satyagraha
Chandra Bose, 1944) where there was dispute between
the mill owner and workers over
 Birth 2nd October, 1869 at
the “plague bonus” was also a
Porbandar in Gujarat.
success. Gandhi then advised the
 Mother – Putali Bai.
worker to go on strike and he
 Father – Karam Chand
undertook hunger strike after
Gandhi
which the mill owners were
 Political Guru – Gopal
pressureised to accept the tribunal
Krishna Gokhale
award of 35 per cent increase in
 Private SecretaryMahadev
wages.
Desai.
 Kheda Satyagraha the peasants of
 Influenced by John Ruskin
Kheda district were in extreme
(Unto the last); Le Tolstoy;
distress due to the failure of crops
Thoreau; Emerson; the Bible;
and the government ignored their
the Gita.
appeals for the remission of land
 As an Editior
revenue. Gandhiji advised them to
 Indian Opinion (1903 – 15) in
withhold the revenue and fight to
English, Gujarati, Hindi and
death.
Tamil.
 Harijan (1919 – 31) in English,
MAULANA ABUL KALAM AZAD
Gujarati and Hindi.
(1890 – 1958)
 Young India (1933 – 42) in
 He presided INC during Swadeshi
English and Gujarati.
Movement.
 Literary works
 He was the President of Khilafat
 Hind Swaraj (1909)
Committee.
 My Experiments with Truth
(Auto Biography, 1927)
Page 43
 Indian National Movement

 He presided over the Congress  She founded the Free India

special Session at Delhi in 1923, to Society and the BandeMataram.
become the youngest President.
Also the longest serving President MADAN MOHAN MALAVIYA
of INC. (1861 – 1946)
 He headed the Nakiat-ul-Ulema A moderate
(1924), Nationalist Muslim leader and a
conference, Shimla conference lawyer by
(1945) and negotiated with profession,he
Cabinet Mission, 1946. served the
 He was elected as the member of provincial and
constituent Assembly in 1946 and central legislature for many terms.
became Minister of Education and  Through his efforts memorial was
Arts in the Interim government. built at the JallianwalaBagh site.
 He was first Education Minister of  He founded the nationalist Party
Independent India, also given the in 1926. He was appointed as the
portfolios of natural resources and Vice-Chancellor of Banaras Hindu
scientific reaserch. University.
 He contributed in the foundation  He served as the editor of
of UGC, AUCTE and IIT Hindustan, Abyudaya and the
Kharagpur. Indian Union.
 He authored the book – India  BharathRatna, 2015.
Wins Freedom. MOHAMMAD ALI
JINNAH (1876 – 1948)
MADAM BHIKAJI CAMA (1861 –  He was inspired by the
1936) ideas of Gopal Krishna
 She was a freedom fighter from Gokhale.
Mumbai  In 1906, he signed a
 She participated in the Socialist memorandum against separate
Congress in 1907. electorates for Muslims.

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 Indian National Movement

 Joined the All-India Muslim  His first poem was published in

League in 1913 and played a major the „Amrit Bazar Patrika‟ and then
role in signing of Lucknow Pact. he wrote „Banaphul‟ (story) and
 In 1917, joined the Home Rule „BhanusinherPadavali‟ (series of
Movement of Annie Besant. lyrics).
 His differences with Congress  He founded Shantiniketan near
began after the entry of Gandhiji Bolpore on December 22, 1901.
in Congress. He opposed the NCM  He wrote Gitanjali, which fetched
of Gandhiji. him the Nobel Prize in 1913.
 In 1929, he proposed his Fourteen  He innaugratedRakshaBandhan
Point Demands. festival to oppose the Partition of
 Lahore Session of Muslim League Bengal (1905).
(1940) passed the Pakistan  He founded the VishvaBharati
Resolution demanding for University.
separate state for Muslims.  In 1915, British Crown granted
Jinnah stuck to League‟s demand him a knighthood which he
in all the negotiations with Britain renounced after the
and finally Pakistan was formed. JallianwalaBagh Massacre.
 He became the first Governor-  His compositions were choosen as
General of Pakistan. National anthem by two nations.
i. India – Jana Gana Mana
RABINDRANATH TAGORE (1861 ii. Bangladesh – Amar shonar
– 1941) Bangla
 He was a poet,
phiolosopher, SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE
educationist, (1897 – 1945)
internationalist  He passed the
and a patriot. Indian Civil
 He has his elder Services
brother, Satyendranath Tagore, Examination in
the first Indian to become an ICS. 1920 in England

Page 45
 Indian National Movement

but left it on Gandhi‟s call of  She was married to

NCM. Dr.Govindarajulu Naidu in 1893.
 He founded the independence for  Under the
India League with Jawaharlal guidance of
Nehru. Gopal Krishna
 He elected as the President of INC Gokhale, she
at its Haripura Session (1938) and became the first
Tripuri Session (1939) but woman to participate in the
resigned from Tripuri due to India‟s struggle for independence.
differences with Gandhiji.  She participated in the Dandi
 He founded the Forward Block March with Gandhiji and presided
(1939) and Kisan Sabha. over the Kanpur Session of
 He escaped to Berlin in 1941 and congress in 1925.
met Hitler. He took the charge of  She was the first woman to
Indian Army (Azad Hind Fauz) in become the Governor of Uttar
1943 in Singapore and set up Pradesh, State.
Indian Provisional Government  Her famous poetries include –
there. The Golden Threshold (1905), The
 He addressed Mahatma Gandhi as Feather of the Dawn, The Bird of
the Father of the nation. Time (1912) and The Broken Wing
 He supposedly died in a plane (1917).
crash in 1945.
 He gave the famous slogans – VALLABHAI PATEL (1875– 1950)
Delhi Chalo and Jai Hind.  A freedom fighter and social
 The India Struggle was his reformer from
autobiography. Gujarat, he is
SAROJINI NAIDU (1879 – 1949) popularly known
 Popularly known as the as Sardar Patel
Nightingale of India, she was a and honoured
nationalist and poetess from Uttar with the title of
Pradesh. The Iron Man of India.

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 Indian National Movement

 His father, Jhaverbhai Patel, is

supposed to have fought in the
army of Rani of Jhansi in the
Revolt of 1857.
 He started the Kheda or Karia
Satygraha in 1918 and fought for
the rights of the peasants in
Bardoli Satygraha. Here, he was
honoured with the title Sardar.
 He was the first national leader to
be arrested during the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
 He participated in Gandhi‟s
Individual Satyagraha and Quit
India Movement.
 Impost independence period, he
was appointed as the first Deputy
Prime Minister of India along with
the portfolios of the Information
and Broadcasting and Home
Ministry.
 He played a major role in
integrating the 562 states in the
Indian Union.

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 Indian National Movement

INDIAN NATIONAL
CONGRESS ANNUAL SESSIONS

Year / Place President Detail

1885 (Dec 28) WC Bannerji 72 delegates attended
Bombay
1886 (Dec 28) Dadabhai Naoroji 436 delegates
Calcutta
1887 (Dec 27-28) Badruddin Tyabji 607 delegates, appeal to Muslim
Madras (First Muslim to join
President)
1888(Dec 28-29) George Yule First British President
Allahabad
1189 (Dec 27-28) William Wedderburn
Bombay
1890 (Dec 28-29) Pherozshah Mehta
Calcutta
1891 (Dec 26-27) P AnandCharlu
Nagpur
1892(Dec 28-29) WC Bannerji
Allahabad
1893 (Dec 28-29) DadabhaiNaoroji
Lahore
1894 (Dec 27-28) Alfred Webb
Madras
1895 (Dec 28-29) SurendranathBannerji
Poona
1896 (Dec 27-28) RohinlullaSeyenl
Calcutta
1897 (Dec 22-29) C Sankaran Nair
Amravati
1898 (Dec 27-28) AM Bose
Madras
1899 (Dec 27-28) Ramesh Chandra Dutt Demand for permanent fixation
Lucknow of land revenue
1900 (Dec 27-29) NG Chandrasekar
Lahore
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 Indian National Movement

1901 (Dec 27-28) DE Wacha

Calcutta
1902 (Dec 23-26) SurendranathBannerji
Ahmadabad
1903 (Dec 28-30) Lal Mohan Ghose
Madras
1904 (Dec 26-28) Hanry Cotton
Bombay
1905 (Dec 27-30) GK Gokhale Resentment against partition of
Banaras Bengal
1906 (Dec 26-29) DadabhaiNaoroji Word ‘Swaraj’ mentioned for 1st
Calcutta time
1907 (Dec 26-27) Rash Behari Ghosh Split in Congress into moderate
Surat and Extermist
1908 (Dec 29-30) Rash Behari Ghosh Constitution of Congress drawn
Surat
1909 (Dec 27-30) Madan Mohan Disapproval of separate electorate
Lahore Malviya
1910 (Dec 28-29) Sir William
Allahabad Wedderburn
1911 (Dec 26-28) BN Dhar
Calcutta
1912 (Dec 27-28) RN Mudhelkar
Bankipur
1913 (Dec 26-29) Syed Mohammed
Karachi
1914 (Dec 28-30) BhupendraNathBasu
Madras
1915 (Dec 27-30) SP Sinha
Bombay
1916 (Dec 26-30) AC Majumdar Reunion of Congress and
Lucknow Lucknow Pact
1917 (Dec 28-29) Annie Besant First Women President
Calcutta
1918 (Dec 26-31) Delhi Madan Mohan
Malviya
1919 (Dec 27-28) Motilal Nehru Condemned JalliwanwalaBagh
Amritsar boosted Khilafat Movement
1920 (Dec 26-31) C.VijayaRaghavacharia New Constitution of Congress

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 Indian National Movement

Nagpur formed
1921 (Dec 27-31) CR Das (Inprision)
Ahamadabad Hakim Ajmal Khan
(Acting President)
1922 (Dec 26-31) CR Das ‘Swarajya Party’ formed
Gaya
1923 (Dec 28-31) M Mohammed Ali
Kakinda
1924 (Dec 26-27) MK Gandhi
Belgaum
1925 (Dec 26-28) Sarojini Naidu First Indian Women President
Kanpur
1926 (Dec 26-28) SS Iyenger
Gauhwati
1927 (Dec 26-27) MA Ansari Independence Resolution
Madras adopted and to boycott Simon
Commission
1928 (Dec 28-31) Motilal Nehru 1 All India Youth Congress
st

Calcutta formed
1929 (Dec 29-31) Jawaharlal Nehru Passed Poorna Swaraj Resolution
Lahore and launch of civil disobedience
movement accepted
1931 (March 29) Vallabhai Patel Endorsement of Gandhi Irwin
Karachi Pact and resolution of
fundamental right
1932 (April 24) Delhi AR Seth
1933 (April 7) N Sengupta
Calcutta
1934 (Oct 26 – 28) RajendraPrashad
Bombay
1936 (April 12-4) JL Nehru Congress to adopt socialism as its
Lucknow goal
1936 (Dec 27-28) JL Nehru Session held in village 1st time
Faizpur
1938 (Feb 19-21) SC Bose National Planning Commission
Haripura set up
1939 (March 10) SC Bose Rajendra Prasad became
Tripuri President after resignation of SC
Bose

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 Indian National Movement

1940 (March) Maulana Azad

Ramgarh
1946 (Nov 22) Meerut JB Kriplani
1948 (Dec 18-19) P Sittaramaya
Jaipur
No Session 1930, 1935, 1941 to 45

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