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TOPICS - Extremist phase; Gandhian Phase (1915-1930) Part-1

RISE OF THE EXTREMISTS

Causes for the Recognition of  Politically conscious Indians were able to see the
rise of the true nature true nature of British rule.
Extremists of the British rule  They were convinced that its main purpose was to
exploit India economically.
 They were able to see that the Indian economy and
industry could progress only under an Indian
government which would protect and promote it.
Increasing  Destitution famines and diseases increased.
miseries of Plight of the Indians in their own country moved
Indian life many Indian leaders into extremism.
 On the social cultural front, no progress was being
made under the British rule.
 Primary and Technical Education was already
neglected.
 In 1904 the Indian Universities Act was passed to
tighten British control over higher education.
Rise in number of  Educated Indians worked in the administration at
Educated Indians very low salaries and many others face
and unemployment.
Unemployment  This attracted them powerfully towards radical
politics
 Indians were thoroughly influenced by the
Western ideas of democracy, nationalism and
radicalism.
Social Cultural  The writings of Vivekananda the Dayanand and
Reforms after Bankim had begun to grasp the imagination of the
1858 educated Indians.
 This kind of literature filled the Indians with new
confidence and common vision for a new India.
International  Despised the humiliating treatment meted out to
Influences Indians in other British colonies.
 Boer War 1899-1902 in South Africa show the
Indians that United people willing to make
sacrifices could challenge even the most despotic
governments.
 They felt' inspired by the Nationalist movements in
Turkey Egypt.
 Defeat of the Italian army at the hands of
Abyssinians and the defeat of Russia by Japan
increased the confidence of Indians.
Disillusionment  The Congress had achieved little in its first 20 years
with the of existence.

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methods of the  Their existing rights were being taken away.

Moderates  Lala Lajpat Rai and Bal Gangadhar Tilak were main
critics of the methods.
Rise of Bal  Militant Nationalism found extemplary
Gangadhar Tilak personification in Bal Gangadhar Tilak.
and other  He felt that the Indians should withdrawal all
Militant cooperation with the foreign government and
Nationalism attains swaraj through self help.
 He gave the slogan Swaraj is my birthright and I
will have it.
 Other outstanding leaders of militant nationalism
were bipin Chandrapal Aurobindo ghose and Lala
Lajpat Rai.
Reactionary  He has the very low opinion of Indian intelligentia
policies of Lord refused to recognise India as a nation.
Curzon  Condemned Nationalist activities as letting go of
gas under his tenure the Delhi Durbar was held in
1903 at a time when India had not fully recovered
from the famines.
The Partition of  The partition of Bengal into two provinces was the
Bengal most hated act of curzon administration.

Extremist leaders: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal, Aurobindo Ghosh, Lala Lajpat Rai

Ideology  Firmly believe that the remedy to Indian problems lay in the hands of
Indian themselves, had no faith in British benevolence.
 Declared Swaraj as the goal of the National Movement.
 Believed that Swaraj could be obtained through self Reliance self sacrifice
and strong will.
 Worked to make both the Congress and the National Movement as mass
movements.
 Inspired by India's glorious past.
 Inspired by the ideology of Swami Vivekananda, Dayanand Saraswati and
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.
 Emotionally charged nationalism was the Hallmark of extremist ideology.
Work of  Bal Gangadhar Tilak used Ganpati festival to propagate nationalism.
the  He also introduced the Shivaji festival to further stimulate nationalism.
extremists  Gokhale and Ranade were ousted from the Poona Sarvajanik Sabha, control
of the Saba came into the hands of the extremists.
 Deccan Sabha formed by Gokhale completed the division between the
extremist and the moderates in Maharashtra.

Extremist Boycott and  Extremist promoted boycott of British made goods.

program Swadeshi  Use of Swadeshi goods were encouraged.

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 They both proved to be one of the most effective

weapons.
National National scheme of education was set up for students
Education who boycotted the government schools and colleges.

Non-Cooperation Tilak was the most ardent preacher of Non-

or Passive Cooperation.
Resistance

Cooperative  The extremist also encouraged Cooperative bodies

organisation  Organisations were formed on voluntary basis for
rural sanitation organising fairs and pilgrimages

PARTITION OF BENGAL AND SWADESHI MOVEMENT

 Bengal originally comprised of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Assam.

 A vast province with the diverse population.
 According to British authorities, Bengal had grown too big to be efficiently administered.
 The real intention: Lord Curzon and his Advisors decided to partition Bengal along
religious lines to hurt the Bengali speaking educated middle class that was spearheading
the National Movement in Eastern India.
 A plan to make the Bengalis suffer both Physical and Mental division.
 On 20th July 1905, Curzon issued the order dividing Bengal into two parts:
1. Eastern Bengal and Assam comprising of Chittagong, Dacca, Rajashahi divisions, Hill
Tippera, Malda and Assam.
2. Another part was rest of Bengal.
 On 16th October 1905, the new province came into existence.
 During 1903 to 1905 leadership of the anti-partition movement was provided by the
moderates. They adopted methods like prayers, petitions to the government etc.
 On 7th August 1905, Swadeshi movement was formally announced. The famous Boycott
Resolution was passed.
 The leaders began touring the country urging people to Boycott Manchester cloth and
Liverpool salt.
 The partition day was declared as a national mourning throughout the Bengal.
 People took to the streets singing Vande Mataram, Rabindranath Tagore composed the
song Amar Sonar Bangla.
 In 1905 Banaras session of the Congress, presided by GK Gokhale the INC took up the
issue of Bengal partition.
 Both moderates and extremists supported the cause of Swadeshi and Boycott for
Bengal.
 Differences arose between moderates and extremists regarding the manner in which the
partition was to be imposed.
 The extremists wanted to turn anti partition movement into nationwide mass
movement.
 The moderates wanted to confine the boycott to Bengal and to foreign goods.

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 In 1906,Calcutta session of the INC, presided over by Dadabhai Naoroji, four resolutions
on Swaraj, Swadeshi Boycott and National Education were passed.
 For the first time, Swaraj was declared as a political goal of the Congress.
 Matters came to a head in 1907 Surat session where the party split with disastrous
consequences for the Swadeshi Movement
 The participation of peasants remained negligible because the Swadeshi activists did not
raise any voice to protest against peasants’ grievances.
 The Swadeshi Movement was unable to gain support of the mass of the Muslims due to
British divide and rule policy.
 In 1906 October, British efforts culminated in the formation of the All India Muslim
League under the leadership of Nawab Salimullah of Dacca.
 Some outstanding Muslim leaders played a lead role in the agitation such as Liaqat
Hussain, Abdul Rasul, Abdul Hakeem Ghaznavi.
 British unleashed powerful repressive measures to deal with the movement such as
expulsion of student participants, giving free hand to the police to launch physical
assault.
 Partition of Bengal was finally annulled in 1911.
 Reasons for decline of Swadeshi movement
1. No support of the Muslim masses
2. Methods were new and unfamiliar
3. Predominant Hindu overtone of the Swadeshi Movement
4. Better government repression split in the Congress in 1907

HOME RULE MOVEMENT

Factors leading Outbreak of the  The movement began in the background of the
to the Rise of First World War First World War.
the Home Rule  The war left a deep impact on Indian economy
Movement and society.
 Affected different classes differently.
 War time made the people desperate to join
any movement against the government.
Disillusionment  Constitutional reforms of 1909 thoroughly failed
with the reforms to satisfy the Nationalist leaders.
of 1909  Repression of the Ghadar Movement also
aroused the feeling of resentment.
 Tilak's release from Mandalay and efforts for re-
entry into Congress.
Annie Besant entry  Mrs Annie Besant, the President of
into Indian politics Theosophical Society, decided to expand her
activities and build up the Home Rule
movement on the lines of Irish Home Rule
League.
Formation of Tilak’s Home Rule  In December 1914 Congress Session the efforts
the two leagues League for re-entry of extremists failed.

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 Tilak and Annie Besant decided to revise the

Nationalist activity on their own.
 In December 1915, Congress Session it was
decided that the extremists be allowed to join
the Congress.
 In April 1916 at Belgaum Tilak launched his
Home Rule League..
 GS khaparde was a founding member of the
League.
 It was during this agitation that Tilak gave the
slogan, ‘Swaraj is my birthright and I will have
it.’
Annie Besant  The Congress failed to keep its promise of
Home Rule League starting a program of educated propaganda by
September 1916.
 Thus, Annie Besant announced the formation of
her all India Home Rule League in September
1916 in Madras
 Sir S. Subramania Iyer agreed to serve as the
honorary president.
Program of the  Aim of achieving Home Rule or self-government
leagues for India.
 It was to be achieved by promoting political
education and discussion, through propaganda
including public meetings, circulation of
pamphlets, press campaign, setting up libraries.
 Objective was to educate the people and unite
the country under one common aim.
 The two leagues did not merge and avoided any
friction.
 Demarcated their areas of operation:
Tilak's League operated in Maharashtra
Karnataka Central provinces and Berar
Annie Besant league operated in the rest of
India including Bombay city.
Decline of the  The moderates lost interest due to bait of fresh
Home Rule reforms.
movement  Communal riots were witnessed during1917-18.
 Increased talk of civil disobedience among the
League.
 Annie Besant herself could not take a definite
stand and remained inconsistent.
 Tilak left for England at the end of 1918 in
matter of a libel case.
Significance of  Most remarkable achievement was the change
Home Rule in British attitude.

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movement  Acceptance of the demand for home League as

a legitimate demand.
 Change in Policy was reflected in the Montagu
declaration.
 The creation of a rich cadre of Nationalist
workers including the likes of Jawaharlal Nehru.
 Narrowed the urban-rural divide in National
politics.
 The reunion of moderates and extremists.

Lucknow Pact, 1916

 Extremists were readmitted to congress.
 It was the coming together of the Muslim League and the Congress and the presentation
of joint demands by them to the government and congress accepted league position on
separate electorates.

Reasons for Muslim League changing its stand

 Britain’s refusal to help Turkey during World War I
 Annulment of Bengal’s partition
 Refusal by British government to set up university at Aligarh with powers to affiliate
colleges
 Rise of younger members in the League who were more anti-imperialistic- Maulana Azad
(his work ‘Al Hilal’), Mohammad Ali (his work ‘Comrade’)
 Congress agreed to the League’s demand of separate electorate. Muslims were granted
a fixed proportion of seats at all-India and provincial levels.

Joint demands made by them include: self-government, representative assemblies, reforms

in viceroy’s council, secretary of state to be paid by British treasury

Montagu statement of August 1917

The Statement Said: “The government policy is of an increasing participation of Indians in
every branch of administration and gradual development of self-governing institutions with
a view to the progressive realization of responsible government in India as an integral part
of the British Empire”.

INITIAL GANDHIAN MOVEMENTS

Champaran  Rajkumar Shukla invited Gandhi to look into the problems of

Satyagraha 1917 - 1st farmers in the context of Indigo planters in Bihar.
Civil Disobedience  Peasants were forced to grow indigo on 3/ 20th part of the
land. (Tinkathia System).

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 European planters demanded high rents and illegal dues to

maximise their profits.
 A committee was constituted to look into the issue, and
Gandhi was a member of the committee.
 The tinkathia system was abolished and 25 percent of the
compensation was provided. (Not full)
 Other leaders associated were- Rajendra Prasad, Mazhar-ul-
Haq, Mahadeo Desai, Narhari Parekh, J.B. Kripalani etc.
Ahmedabad Mill Strike  Dispute between cotton mill owners and workers over the
1918 - 1st Hunger issue of discontinuation of plague bonus.
Strike  Workers demanded for a rise of 50 percent in wages.
 Gandhi demanded for a 35 percent hike and took a fast unto
death. Anusuya Sarabhai was a social worker who invited
Gandhi to fight for workers.
Kheda Satyagraha  Crops failed in Kheda district of Gujarat.
1918 - 1st Non-  The farmers were entitled to remission according to revenue
Cooperation code if yield is less than 1/4th of normal produce.
 Government was adamant to the demands and ordered
seizure of property if taxes were not paid.
 Gandhi asked the farmers not to pay the taxes.
 Other leaders associated with the movement were- Sardar
Vallabhai Patel, Narhari Parekh, Mohanlal Pandya etc.
Rowlatt Act 1919 - 1st  The act officially called Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes
All India Mass Strike Act.
 It recommended imprisonment of activists without trial for
two years. Gandhi called for a mass protest at all India level.
 He organized Satyagraha Sabha and roped in youngsters of
Home rule leagues and Pan Islamists.
 Form of protest finally chosen included observance of a
nationwide hartal accompanied by fasting and prayer and civil
disobedience was against specific laws etc.

KHILAFAT AND NON – COOPERATION MOVEMENT

Date Event Important Details

1919-22 Causes  The First World War ended with the Treaty of Versailles.
 Victorious British dethroned the Sultan of Turkey who was
also regarded as the Khalifa or Caliph.
 Indian Muslims organised the Khilafat Movement.
 Aim of Khilafat Movement:
1. The Khalifa's position should be restored
2. The Khalifa's control over the Muslim sacred places
should be retained
3. In territorial adjustments after the World War I, Khalifa
should be left with sufficient territories.

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 The Home Rule Movement started by Annie Besant and

Bal Gangadhar Tilak set the stage for the non-cooperation
movement.
 Economic hardships due to World War I: Prices of goods
began to soar which affected the common man.
 The Rowlatt Act and the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The
repressive Rowlatt Act and the brutal massacre at
Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar had a profound effect on the
Indian leaders and the people.
 The extremists and the moderates of the INC were united
and the Lucknow Pact also saw solidarity between the
Muslim League and the Congress Party
1919 Khilafat Leaders-Ali brothers, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan,
(Bombay) Committee Hasrat Mohani, Dr. MA Ansari.

November All India Dr. Hasrat Mohani made a call for boycott of British goods.
1919 Khilafat Non-cooperation with the British government.
Conference
1920 Alliance with Gandhi appointed as the President of the All India Khilafat
Congress Committee.
His attitude hardened after Hunter Committee Report on
Punjab Disturbances.
June 1920 Central  Attended by both Congress and Khilafat leaders.
(Allahabad) Khilafat  Ultimatum given to govt- unless the Khilafat and Punjab
Committee wrongs were undone, the movement shall be launched
Meet from 1st August 1920.
 Tilak opposed Hindu-Muslim alliance over a religious
question.

1st August Non- Non-Cooperation movement launched.

1920 Cooperation Tilak passes away.
Movement
20th Nagpur  President C.Vijayraghavachariar.
December Congress  CR Das turns from a critic to Gandhi's supporter
1920. Session  Resolution of non-violent non-cooperation endorsed with
(Nagpur) the triple purpose of Non-Cooperation as the follows:
1. Satisfactory solution to the Khilafat question.
2. Redressal of the Punjab wrongs and
3. Attainment of swaraj
 A new constitution of the Congress party (handwork of
Gandhi himself) was adopted.
 Gandhi gave the slogan, 'Swaraj in one year'.
 Mohammad Ali Jinnah, GS Khaparde, Bipin Chandra Pal
and Annie Besant left the Congress, they still believed in
the lawful methods of agitation.
January to First Phase of  Emphasis was on boycott of schools, colleges, law courts

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March Non- and promotion of Charkha.

1921 Cooperation  CR Das played a key role in encouraging boycott.
Movement  Subhas Chandra Bose became the principal of the National
College in Calcutta.
 Many leading lawyers like CR Das, Motilal Nehru, Asaf Ali
gave up lucrative legal practice.
December Government Congress and Khilafat Volunteer Corps were declared
1921 Repression unlawful.

1st Gandhi sends  Gandhi threatens with mass civil disobedience unless
February ultimatum to government repression was abandoned and political
1922 Viceroy. prisoners were released.
 The Viceroy was unmoved.
 Gandhi decided to begin mass civil disobedience and no
tax campaign from Bardoli taluqua of Surat district.
 5th February 1922 was fixed as the date of the launch.
5th Chauri  At Chauri Chaura (Gorakhpur district, UP), a mob of angry
February Chaura peasants attacked a local police station.
1922 violence  Set it on fire, killing 22 policemen.
 Shocked by this incident of violence, Gandhi withdrew the
movement calling it a 'Himalayan blunder'.
12th CWC CWC endorses the withdrawal of the civil disobedience
February Meeting, movement, known as Bardoli Resolution.
1922 Bardoli
(Bardoli)
10th March Gandhi Gandhi sentenced to 6 years' imprisonment.
1922 arrested was lodged in Yerawada jail, Poona.

November End of Mustafa Kamal Pasha declared Turkey as a secular state.

1922 Khilafat Issue Later abolished the Caliphate itself (1924).
Thus, ended the issue of the Khilafat the world over.

Analysis of  The movement was not successful in achieving Swaraj.

the  It was a mass movement where lakhs of Indians
movement participated in the open protest against the government
through peaceful means, it reached nooks and corner of
the country.
 The Indian merchants and mill owners enjoyed good
profits during this period as a result of the boycott of
British goods. Khadi was promoted.
 This movement also established Gandhiji as a leader of
the masses.
 It drew many Muslims towards the movement.
 Although most Congress leader's remained firmly behind
Gandhi, the determined broke away. The Ali brothers
would soon become fierce critics.

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SWARAJISTS AND CONSTRUCTIVE WORK (1922-29)

Date Event Important Details
1st January 1923 Formation of Congress- Congress gets divided into Pro-Changers
Khilafat Swarajya Party (later called the Swarajists) and No-Changers
(or orthodox Gandhians).
September 1923 Delhi, Special Congress  Maulana Azad (President).
(Delhi) Session  Swarajists allowed to contest elections
due in November.
December 1924 Belgam Congress  Gandhi (President).
(Belgam) Session  Congress endorsed Gandhi's decision to
allow the Swaraj Party to carry on work
in the legislatures on behalf of the
Congress.
16th June 1925 CR Das passes away  Swaraj Party becomes a house divided
and loses credibility.
 The Nationalist Party also breaks into
three groups-
 The Swaraj Party (or the Congress Party)
 The Nationalist Party led by Madan
Mohan Malaviya and Lala Lajpat Rai (It
included Responsive Cooperators like
Hindu Mahasabha and Independent
Congressmen).
 The Independent Party led by MA Jinnah.
1927 Simon Commission  Boycotted by all nationalists.
announced  Lord Birkenhead challenges Indians to
frame their own constitution.
Simon Commission
 An Indian Statutory Commission comprising seven members.
 All members were British.
 Chairman- Sir John Simon assisted by Clement Attlee.
 Aim- to enquire into the working of the Government of India under
the Act of 1919 and suggest fresh reforms.
 The Congress decided to boycott the commission during the
Madras Congress Session, presided by Dr. Ansari, in December
1927.
 It was also called "White Commission."
 Upon landing, Simon was greeted with the
slogan “Go back, Simon".
 Lala Lajpat Rai (Sher-e-Punjab) faced lathi-charge while leading an
anti-Simon agitation at Lahore and later succumbed to his injuries
 A report was published on 7th Jun 1930.
 It recommended abolition of Dyarchy in the provinces and
establishment of responsible unitary government in the provinces.

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1928 All Parties Conference  Appoints a sub-committee headed by

Motilal Nehru to draft a constitution.
 Nehru Committee drafted a constitution-
known as Nehru Report.
Nehru Report (1928)
 Confined itself to British India.
 Recommended Dominion status as the desired form of
government in India.
 It rejected separate communal electorates.
 Recommended that elections should be held on the basis of joint
electorates.
 Recommended 19 Fundamental Rights.
 In December 1928, All Parties Conference was held at Calcutta.
 The Conference failed to pass the Report as objections were raised
by the Muslim League, the Hindu Mahasabha and the Sikh League.
 Jinnah went back to separate electorates.
 J L Nehru and Bose opposed the Nehru Report.
 Founded Independence for India League.
 They demanded the adoption of complete independence as the
immediate goal.
 Congress decided to declare complete independence as its goal
and launch a Civil Disobedience Movement in case the government
would not accept the report.
Jinnah’s Fourteen  On December 1928, during all parties meeting Jinnah proposed
Points some amendments on the Nehru’s Report.
 He proposed ‘Fourteen Points’ for safeguarding the rights and
interests of the Muslims in any future constitution of the country.
 Jinnah’s Fourteen Demands
 Federal Constitution with residual powers to provinces.
 Provincial autonomy.
 No constitutional amendment by the centre without the
concurrence of the states constituting the Indian federation.
 All legislatures and elected bodies to have adequate
representation of Muslims in every province without reducing a
majority of Muslims in a province to a minority or equality.
 Adequate representation to Muslims in the services and in self-
governing bodies.
 One-third Muslim representation in the Central Legislature.
 In any cabinet at the centre or in the provinces, one- third to be
Muslims.
 Separate electorates for Muslims.
 No bill or resolution in any legislature to be passed if three-fourths
of a minority community considers such a bill or resolution to be
against their interests.
 Any territorial redistribution not to affect the Muslim majority in
Punjab, Bengal and NWFP.
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 Separation of Sind from Bombay.

 Full religious freedom to all communities.
 Protection of Muslim rights in religion, culture, education and
language.
1928 (Calcutta) Calcutta Congress  Congress prepares for next round of
Session mass action.
 Council entry program becomes
irrelevant.
 Swaraj Party remerges with Congress.
1929 (Lahore  On 31st Dec 1929, the annual session of INC held at Lahore.
Session)  President Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the newly adopted tricolour
and declared Purna Swaraj as the goal for India.
 Launching of a civil disobedience movement was announced.
 Congress decided to celebrate 26th Jan 1930 as the first
Independence Day.

Bardoli Satyagraha
 The Bardoli Taluka (following Ryotwari system) in early Gujarat was devastated by
floods and famines in 1925, which extremely affected crops. This affected the
finance of farmers.
 By ignoring the difficulties of the farmers, the Bombay Presidency increased the tax
rates by 22%.
 Despite petitions from civic groups and farmers to review this unfair increase in tax
rates, the government persisted with the increase in tax rates.
 In January 1928, farmers in Bardoli invited Vallabhai Patel to begin the protest and
strike movement where they resolved not to pay taxes. They also reassured Gandhiji
of their commitment to non-violence.
 Patel got in touch with the government and was appraised of the situation. He got
the reply that the government was not in the position to make any concessions.
 Gandhiji also supported this movement through his writings in ‘Young India’
magazine.
 Vallabhai Patel was an outstanding commander of his non-violent army in Bardoli.
 He divided the taluk into camps and organized hundreds of men and women under
the camps. The volunteers also came from Hindu, Muslim, and Parsi communities.
 A large number of women took part in the movement actively. It was these women
who gave Patel the name ‘Sardar’.
 Peasants were asked to take the pledge in the name of God that they should not pay
the taxes.
 K. M. Munshi and Lalji Naranji resigned from the Council.
 Although the movement was local, it received nation-wide attention, and support.
 The government set up the Maxwell-Broomfield commission to look into the matter.
 Eventually, the revenue was reduced to 6.03%.
 The peasants were returned to their seized land.
 Vallabhai Patel developed as a national leader after the success of the Bardoli

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Satyagraha. He showed his remarkable organizing skills and teamwork.

Criticisms
 The movement was focused on the conditions of the rich and middle-class farmers
and largely neglected the poor farmers.
 It did not raise the problem of Hali Pratha (a kind of bonded labour system).
 It is said that the movement was an experiment on Satyagraha as a method of
freedom struggle. The basic problems of the peasants were not addressed.

Allahabad Address (1930)

 It was delivered by Muhammad Iqbal during the 21st annual session of the All-India
Muslim League, on the afternoon of Monday, 29 December 1930, at Allahabad.
 In this address Iqbal outlined a vision of an independent state for Muslim-majority
provinces in northwestern India, thus becoming the first politician to articulate what
would become known as the Two-nation theory—that Muslims are a distinct nation
and thus deserve political independence from other regions and communities of
India.

About MUHAMMAD IQBAL

 Muhammad Iqbal (1877 – 1938), widely known as Allama

Iqbal was a poet-philosopher whose work promoted the
philosophy of self-hood and dealt with the intellectual and
cultural reconstruction of the Islamic world.
 His best known Urdu works are The Call of the Marching
Bell, Gabriel's Wing, The Rod of Moses and a part of Gift
from Hijaz.
 "Sare Jahan se Accha", formally known as "Tarānah-e-Hindi", is an Urdu language
patriotic song for children written by poet Muhammad Iqbal in the ghazal style of
Urdu poetry. The poem was published in 1904.
 During the Third Round-Table Conference, he opposed the Congress and proposals
for transfer of power without considerable autonomy or independence for Muslim
provinces
 He is widely regarded as having inspired the Pakistan Movement. He is called the
"Spiritual Father of Pakistan."
 Iqbal is considered to have given the vision for the creation of Pakistan, whereas
Jinnah is considered to be the one who shaped this vision.
 The Pakistan government officially named him "National Poet of Pakistan"
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