GERONA, MEAGAN MARIE DOMINIQUE S.

BS in CIVIL ENGINEERING – STRUCTURAL

MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD | GE4(3238);
SEPTEMBER 07, 2020

PRACTICE SET 3
PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING

Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Inductive reasoning is the process of observing, recognizing patterns and making conjectures about the observed
patterns. The conclusion you draw from inductive reasoning is called the conjecture. When making a conjecture, it is
possible to make a statement that is not always true. Any statement that disproves a conjecture is a counterexample.

Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning logically from given statements to make a conclusion.

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A. Read the following arguments and determine whether the inductive or deductive reasoning is used.

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1. All students go to school. You are a student. Therefore, you go to school.
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Deductive reasoning
2. Since it rained every New Year’s Day for the fast four years it will rain on New Year’s Day this year.
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Inductive reasoning
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3. A child examines ten roses, all of which are red, and concludes that all tulips must be red.
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Inductive reasoning
4. If an isosceles triangle has at least two sides congruent, then an equilateral triangle is also isosceles.
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Deductive reasoning
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5. John earned perfect score on her first six mathematics tests so he concludes that he will always earn perfect
score on mathematics tests.
Inductive reasoning
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6. If 5x = 25, then x = 5.
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Deductive reasoning
7. If you brush your teeth daily, then you will have fewer cavities. Marie brushes her teeth daily. Thus, she will
have fewer cavities.
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Deductive reasoning
8. No man has ever gotten pregnant. Thus no man ever will get pregnant.
Inductive reasoning
9. It has been observed that earthquakes precede the eruption of volcanoes, thus earthquakes cause volcanoes
to erupt.

Inductive reasoning

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 10. Rufus and Rose came back from the beach with sunburns. It must have been a sunny day at the beach.
Inductive reasoning
11. Since today is Friday, tomorrow will be Saturday.
Inductive reasoning
12. Generally, when food consumed contains more calories than needed, the excess calories are stored as fat.
Many teenagers eat far more calorie foods than their bodies need. Consequently, many teenagers are
overweight.
Deductive reasoning
13. All home improvements cost more than the estimate. The contractor estimated that my home improvement
will cost P50,000. Thus my home improvement will cost more than P50,000.
Deductive reasoning

14. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced fruits every other year. Last year the tree did not produce fruits,
so this year the tree will produce fruits.
Deductive reasoning

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15. Cacti are plants and all plants perform photosynthesis; therefore, cacti perform photosynthesis.

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Deductive reasoning

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B. Make a conjecture using inductive reasoning about the given notions.
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1. Product of an odd integer and an even integer.
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3 multiplied by 2 is equal to 6 and three and is odd and even integer. Thus, the product of an odd integer
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and an even integer is even.

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2. Sum of two odd numbers

3 added to 3 is equal to 6, three is an odd number, therefore the sum of two odd numbers is positive.
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3. Sum of five consecutive integers

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4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 30

30 divided by 5 is equal to 6 and six is third in the five consecutive integers. Therefore, if we divide the
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sum of five consecutive integers with an odd number, the result is always the 3rd consecutive number.
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4. Square of an integer

32 = 9 and 52 = 25
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Thus, the square of an integer is always odd.

5. Difference between consecutive perfect squares

52 = 25; 42 = 16

25 subtracted by 16 is equal to 9 and 9 is an odd number. Thus, all odd number is perfect square.

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 C. Prove using deductive reasoning the following conjectures. If the conjecture is FALSE, give a counterexample.

1. Prove that the negative of any given integer is even.

The negative of any given integer is even.

Suppose n is any even integer. We have n=2k for some integer k. Multiply both sides by -1k, we get –n=-(2k)
=2 (-k). Now let r = -k. Then r is an integer is an integer (because a product of two integers is an integer), r=-
k=(-1)k (and -1 and k are integers.) Therefore, -n = 2r for some integer r. So by the definition of even number,
-n os even.

2. Prove that the difference between an even integer and an odd integer is even.
(FALSE)
9 – 8 = 1; 5 – 2 =3; 4–1=3
The difference between an even integer and an odd integer is odd. 1, 3, and 5 are all odd numbers. An integer
is defined to be even if it is divisible by 2. Therefore, the given conjecture is not valid.

3. Prove that the sum of three consecutive integers is always a multiple of 3.

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All sums of three consecutive integers are always a multiple of 3. 6 + 7 + 8 = 21; 24 + 25 + 26 = 75; 99 + 100 +
101 = 300. 21, 75, and 100 are all multiple of 3; therefore, all sum of three consecutive integers is always a

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multiple of 3.

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4. Prove that the difference between the square of any odd integer and the integer itself is always an even
integer
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52 − 5 = 20 72 − 7 = 42 92 − 9 = 72 132 − 13 = 156
The difference between two odd integers is always even. 20, 42, 72, and 156 are all even numbers. Therefore,
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all difference between the square of any odd integer and the integer itself is always an even integer.
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5. Prove that the sum of a two-digit number and its reversal is a multiple of 11.

Let the two integer digits be a and b. The first number is 10𝑎 + 𝑏. Then its reversal is 10𝑏 + 𝑎.
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(10𝑎𝑏) + (10𝑏 + 𝑎) = 11𝑎 + 11𝑏 = 11(𝑎 + 𝑏), which is divisible by 11. Therefore, the sum of a two-digit
number and its reversal is multiple of 11.
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In a Nutshell
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Activity 1. Based from the most essential concepts in problem solving and the learning exercises that you have
done, please feel free to write your arguments or lessons learned below.

1. I learned that there are two major types of reasoning in creating a conclusion in mathematics. These
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are the inductive and deductive reasoning.

2. A counterexample is a mathematical statement that proves a false conjecture.
3. Syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning which has two premises (major and minor) that is used to
reach a logical conclusion.

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