1 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
ADVANCED UNIT 1
1 Work in pairs and discuss.
1 Do you keep in touch with people
via social media? If so, which media
do you use? Why?
2 Do you change your profile picture
very oen? If so, what makes you
change it? What kinds of photos do
you choose?
3 Are there any other online contexts
where you have a different identity?
(e.g. video game avatars) If so,
2
which? What is your avatar like?
Read the article about online
identities and answer the questions.
1 How do people project their identity
through social media?
2 What is different about the
identities people use in the gaming
world?
3 Read the article again. Underline the
correct alternative.
1 You can get a(n) detailed/incomplete
impression about a person’s identity
from looking at their profile picture.
2 People who smile at the camera
usually/rarely want people to like
them.
3 Introverts choose images which
are mysterious/don’t show their faces.
4 It’s common to show professional/
childhood photos if you don’t want
to be taken seriously.
5 When changing their profile
pictures, people sometimes feel/
don’t often feel pressure to copy
each other.
6 People’s identities in virtual worlds
are much more/less fantastic than on
social media.
7 These identities can provide you
with a lot of freedom. They are also
dangerous/a form of escape.
8 People’s real identities can be far
more interesting/boring than their
invented ones.
© Pearson Education Limited 2016
Projecting
an online
identity
There are more than 2 billion users of
social media in the world. When you
check out the online profiles of these
people, the first thing you see is their profile picture and
cover photo. It gives you a first, albeit superficial, impression of
their identity or how they choose to project it online.
Extroverts and narcissists are easy to spot – they are always gazing
directly at the camera or doing something daring like parachuting
or bungee-jumping. They are inclined to smile and look confident.
These are the kinds of people who post a lot of images of
themselves and expect lots of ‘likes’ when they do!
Introverts, on the other hand, have a tendency to look away from
the camera in their profile pics. They may post another kind
of image altogether – perhaps a landscape or something that
conjures up a particular mood, or their pet. This distracts the
attention away from them and onto something that they like.
Those who are a little more light-hearted might show a photo
of themselves when they were a cute four-year-old, and that
might encourage their friends to follow suit, and share their own
childhood pics. On work-oriented social media sites on the other
hand, it’s more common to see professional-looking photos. For
example, having bookshelves in the background of your photo can
make you look learned and intelligent.
Of course, there are other reasons why people change their profile
pictures: in response to a particular piece of news, or to show
support for a cause or solidarity for a certain group of people.
If many people do this at once, people can feel peer pressure to
do the same – another example of ‘sharing’ in the online world.
But it’s not just on social media that people project an online
identity. This issue is even more pronounced in the gaming
community. The avatars that gamers use are often far more
removed from their real selves and represent a fantasy image of
someone they dream of being. Due to the nature of the games
themselves, people’s chosen avatars often perform a role in a
virtual world like Second Life. Many avatars can walk and talk but
also fly or be reborn – their creation can push the boundaries of
our imaginations. This represents an opportunity for people to take
on a whole new identity, to play a new role in their imagined life.
It is a form of escapism, but it can also be incredibly liberating.
The only problem is that these virtual identities can take over your
life, leading some people to neglect their real-world obligations
and friendships. Perhaps this is the danger of developing a
new identity online – that the real world is just too boring in
comparison!
1 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
4 Find the verbs and verb phrases 1–8 in the article. 8 The adjectives in the box are from the recording.
Match them with their meanings a)–h). Which two Match the adjectives with their meanings 1–8.
verbs/verb phrases collocate with ‘an identity’?
upbeat melancholic optimistic enigmatic
1 check out
solitary insecure confident
2 spot
3 gaze A person who …
4 conjure up 1 likes to be alone is .
5 follow suit 2 is mysterious and difficult to understand
is .
6 project
3 is not very confident about himself/herself
7 take on
is .
8 take over
4 is full of energy and enthusiasm is .
a) identify 5 is prone to being sad is .
b) adopt 6 believes in his/her own abilities is .
c) bring a feeling to mind 7 is hopeful about the future and thinks good
d) control things will happen is .
e) get information about someone/something
f) do what someone else has done
9 Work in pairs and discuss.
1 Do you agree that it is easy to project a different
g) try to make other people have a particular idea
identity of yourself online?
about you
2 Do you think this can be dangerous or is it just a
h) look in a particular direction for a long time
bit of fun?
5 Work in groups and discuss. Is the article right 3 What other kinds of identity do you think people
about online identities or does it take the issue too project in different contexts?
seriously? Explain your answers.

6 1.1 Listen to three people talking about the

identities they project on social media. Match the
people 1–3 with the facts a)–c).
1 Leandra
2 Boris
3 Carol

a) likes to share the good things in life.

b) changes his/her profile photo all the time.
c) had a profile picture which did not reflect his/her
real personality.

7 Listen again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?

Leandra
1 She chose a photograph which gave the
impression that she was more attractive than she
really is.
2 She doesn’t regret projecting an untrue image of
herself.
Boris
3 He changed his profile photo for no particular
reason.
4 He wanted people to be curious about him.
Carol
5 She likes to tell people when she is happy or sad.
6 She feels that the images she posts express her
true identity.

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

2 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
ADVANCED UNIT 2
1 Work in pairs and discuss. Use the ideas below.
1 If you want to find some information about a
particular topic, what do you do?
2 What do you think most people do?
3 What don’t people do very oen anymore?
• Go to a library to do some research.
• Watch an online lecture.
• Look it up on Wikipedia or another online
encyclopedia.
• Do a Google search and follow the links.
• Ask somebody you know for advice.
• Attend a conference by an expert in the field.
2 Read the article about accessing opinions and facts
in the digital age. How would the writer of the
article answer question 1 in Exercise 1?
EDITORIAL
An online world of information
The digital age is one of instant gratification. The situation
may be familiar to you: you’re having coffee or dinner with
some friends when somebody asks a general knowledge
question. Nobody knows the answer but at least one person
gets their smartphone out ready to find it. Where do we go
for that info? Chances are it will be a random Google search
or a check on Wikipedia. Triumphantly, they provide you
with the answer. It’s information which you don’t argue
with and then instantly forget – it’s ephemeral.
The internet seems to be the most popular place to find
information these days and it’s not hard to see why – it is all
just a click away. But, couldn’t that also be why problems
arise? After all, how do we know that the information we
read is correct? What is the original source of these facts?
And do we really understand the difference between opinion
and fact?
© Pearson Education Limited 2016
3 Read the article again. Are the sentences true (T)
or false (F)? Correct the false sentences.
1 Nowadays, people are used to getting what they
want when they want it.
2 The information we find online is always
trustworthy and accessible.
3 Problems arise because information is too easy
to obtain.
4 The kind of information we find is different
but the way we receive it has not changed
dramatically.
5 It is not necessarily a good thing that people
watch serious talks about education.
6 With technology’s help we can take in complex
information more easily.
7 When it comes to obtaining information,
attending events and conferences is something
long forgotten.
Many people argue that all this is a natural consequence of
the digital age. It is a more democratic age: we can write and
upload our own content and share it happily with others.
But generally, online writers dumb down the ideas they
write about. All that information is there at our fingertips,
but it’s expressed in shorter, simpler ways and, worse, it’s
possibly inaccurate.
We not only have greater access to information – it is
also delivered in ways that previously would have seemed
inconceivable. In the past if you had wanted to find some
academic knowledge, you would have needed to attend a
lecture by an expert in the field. Now, websites like TED,
Big Think and 99 Percent provide online access to
thought-provoking talks on all manner of subjects. The
most viewed talk by Sir Ken Robinson, called ‘Do schools
kill creativity?’, has been viewed over 36.5 million times.
That many views of an academic talk on education surely is
worth celebrating.
Does this mean we can trust the internet for opinions, but
not so much for facts? That might be a rather simplistic
argument, but I think there is some truth in it. Online
lectures are a good example. It’s also true to say that
complex ideas can be made more accessible and dynamic
via video. For example, the RSA (the Royal Society of Arts)
has a number of online animated lectures, including one on
kinetic typography. As the lecturers speak, words and
images expressing their ideas pop up on the screen making
the ideas easier to assimilate. It makes academic
information more fun!
All this doesn’t mean that the digital age has turned us into
hermits watching everything online. In fact, people attend
conferences more than ever before to watch experts deliver
their words of wisdom live. Perhaps so much time online
means we crave that human contact. Whatever the reason,
we now have more choice than ever before about where to
go for our information. We just have to remember to be
critical in our appreciation of it!
2 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
4 Look at the words and phrases in bold in the text 7 Listen again. Underline the correct alternative.
and try to guess what they mean. Then complete 1 David knows most/only one of the online
the sentences 1–10 with the correct form of the lecture sites.
words/phrases. 2 Beth says that you have to be stupid/brave not to
1 A problem has arisen with your booking. I can’t use slides in a lecture.
find your details online. When did you book 3 The problem with slides is that they are really
the room? boring to watch/a barrier between the speaker and
2 She became and shut the audience.
herself away, but that’s when she produced her 4 The two kinds of talks that Beth likes are actually
finest work. opposites/very similar.
3 The jury were given 5 The format you choose to give the talk depends/
evidence about the case and the accused was shouldn’t depend on the subject matter.
convicted of a crime he didn’t commit. 6 Some of the best talks are shorter/longer than the
4 A lot of the information on social media is 18-minute average.
. You don’t remember any of
it the next day. 8 The words and phrases in the box are from the
5 One of the most films to recording. Complete the sentences 1–8 with the
come out this year, it could be a candidate for correct word/phrase.
an Oscar.
vividly it takes guts gripping in sync with
6 When you’re a favourite
rely on cope with to get your message across
food, like some chocolate, it’s difficult to resist
a whole range of
the urge.
7 That video was too fast for me 1 to speak in public. I’d be
everything. Can I watch really scared to do that.
it again? 2 A good speech should include
8 Travelling around the globe like we do today emotions and be serious and
would have been years ago. humorous at the same time.
Now we take it for granted. 3 You don’t have to speak perfectly in another
9 The audience didn’t know much about the language, the important thing is
subject so I some of the .
more complex ideas. 4 I remember watching Ken
10 When you’re online, information keeps Robinson’s talk online for the first time.
all the time. It can be very 5 Some speakers are to watch.
distracting. Just like actors, you can’t take your eyes off them.
6 You should never a script
5 Work in pairs and discuss. if you speak in public, you should always be
1 Do you agree with what the article says about spontaneous.
online information? Why/Why not? 7 A lot of speakers are great but they can’t
2 What do you think the writer means in the last line questions from the audience
of the article? at the end because that part is unpredictable.
3 Can you think of any ideas or opinions that you 8 Timing is also important – if you do use slides,
have accessed online recently and that you would it’s a good idea for your speech to be
recommend? the visual material.
4 How did you access that information?
9 Work in pairs and discuss.
6 2.1 Listen to two people talking about
1 Do you agree with Beth’s opinion about good
watching public speakers online. In their opinion, public speakers?
what are five ingredients that can contribute to a 2 What other qualities are important for public
great talk? speaking, or what other advice would you give a
1 speaker?
2 3 Have you ever spoken in public? If so, what was
3 it like?
4
5

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

3 READING &
ADVANCED UNIT 3
1 Work in pairs and discuss.
1 What is a World Heritage Site?
2 Do you know of any World
Heritage Sites in your country?
3 What kinds of places can be
World Heritage Sites?
• places of natural beauty?
• cities?
• monuments?
4 Which country in the world do
you think has the most World
Heritage Sites? Why?
5 Think of five possible threats to
these sites.
2 Read the article about UNESCO’s
World Heritage Sites and check
your answers in Exercise 1.
3 Read the article again. Underline
the correct alternative.
1 The World Heritage List consists
of sites mainly unknown/known
to most people in the world.
2 The writer believes that
UNESCO’s criteria for sites
of natural beauty/cultural
significance are subjective.
3 The writer is surprised/not
surprised that the UK’s Lake
District has not already been
selected as a World Heritage Site.
4 Threats to natural sites posed
by mining are a common
problem all over the world/
particularly in Africa.
5 The writer refers to places where
visitors to some sites have been
restricted/prohibited because of
damage.
6 The writer agrees/doesn’t agree
that Italy should have the largest
number of World Heritage Sites.
4 A Match 1–8 with a)–h) to make
collocations from the article.
1 success a) damage
2 important b) tourism
3 natural c) significance
4 irreversible d) story
5 tourist e) factor
6 mass f) destination
7 aesthetic g) phenomenon
8 cultural h) value
© Pearson Education Limited 2016
LISTENING EXTRA
All you need to know about
TRAVEL
World Heritage Sites
Did you know that there are now over 1000 World
Heritage Sites around the globe? These are places of
outstanding natural beauty or cultural significance,
which the international community has designated as
worth preserving and protecting.
These include China’s celebrated Great Wall in the
cultural category, Tanzania’s Serengeti National Park in
the nature category and Peru’s historic sanctuary of
Machu Picchu, which is actually an example of both.
However, most of the list consists of lesser-known sites,
which are equally unique and diverse, including the
historic city of Timbuktu in Mali and natural wonders
such the West Norwegian fjords.
How are these sites chosen? UNESCO bases its decisions
on ten criteria. As a ‘masterpiece of human creative
genius which represents an historical age’, it’s easy to
see why sites like the Pyramids of Egypt are on the list,
but for natural wonders, potential sites must ‘contain
superlative natural phenomena or areas of exceptional
natural beauty and aesthetic value.’ That begins to
sound a little more subjective. Hence there is some
debate about those sites which get included on the
nature list and those which don’t. A good example is the
UK’s Lake District which, despite being unspoilt, highly
picturesque and a major tourist destination, has against
the odds, still not been selected. A campaign is now
underway for the Lake District to be included in the future.
Worryingly, 48 sites on the World Heritage List are currently considered
at serious risk. For sites of natural beauty, climate change, natural
disasters, environmental accidents, erosion and pollution all contribute
to this risk. Recently, mining and oil exploration, as well as dam-building,
have caused irreversible damage, especially in Africa.
For sites of cultural significance, mass tourism can be a problem,
especially at the more famous destinations. For example, visitors to
the Alhambra in Granada, Spain, are now limited and large groups can
no longer visit because of damage to the site. In some parts of the
world, looting and vandalism can also be a big issue at sites which don’t
employ sufficient security guards or other forms of protection. Wars
and conflicts can be an important factor in the lack of protection
offered at such sites.
Although such threats are worrying, there have been success stories
too. The ancient site of Delphi in Greece was recently added to the list
after plans to build an aluminium plant nearby were abandoned. The
magnificent temples of Angkor Wat in Cambodia have now been
safeguarded and the Whale Sanctuary in El Vizcaíno Bay in Mexico has
also recently been saved after threats such as oil drilling, development
and tourism were averted.
So, if you want to check out a number of World Heritage Sites, which
country should you go to? That’s easy! It turns out that Italy is the
number one country with a grand total of 51 sites on the List, including
the cities of Venice, Florence and Siena. It’s not hard to see why.
There’s almost a masterpiece on every street corner!
3 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
B Complete the sentences with the collocations in
Exercise 4A.
1 This initiative is a real success story because it has
helped protect so many sites around the world.
2 can damage many sites,
so the number of visitors is sometimes limited.
3 Australia’s Great Barrier Reef is a real
, it has a unique
ecosystem.
4 Many natural sites have unfortunately suffered
, oen because of man’s
negligence.
5 Some sites have enormous
, like the Alhambra. It is
perhaps the most important monument in Spain .
6 The of the Taj Mahal
is clear. It is real global icon and you can buy lots of
souvenirs featuring images of the site.
7 Not every World Heritage Site is a popular
. Most are not well known.
8 An in preserving these
sites is protecting them from environmental damage.
5 If you could nominate a place in your country as a
World Heritage Site, which place or places would you
choose? Why would you choose them?
6 3.1 Listen to two people discussing two places in
the UK (the Lake District in the North of England and
The Forth Bridge in Scotland) that could be added to
the World Heritage List. Answer the questions
1 What is their opinion about sites of cultural value and
natural beauty in the UK?
2 What is their main argument in defence of their
chosen site?
Grasmere,
Lake District,
UK
Forth Bridge,
Scotland, UK
© Pearson Education Limited 2016
7 Listen again. Are the sentences true (T) or
false (F)? Correct the false sentences.
1 Linda thinks that the UK has very few sites
already on the World Heritage List.
2 Gary believes that other countries have more
beautiful natural landscapes than the UK.
3 Linda prefers the Lake District to the bridge
because it is more meaningful to people.
4 Gary agrees that the whole of the Lake District
is beautiful.
5 Linda argues that the Lake District is pure and
unspoilt by man.
6 Gary says the bridge is a masterpiece of
engineering.
7 Linda is persuaded to change her mind at
the end.
8 The words in the box are from the recording.
Complete sentences 1–8 with the words in
the box.
milestone harmony masterpiece innovation
aesthetic landmark heritage highlight
1 The Taj Mahal has a truly unique :
a white marble mausoleum and a jewel of
Muslim art in India.
2 The Tower of London has become the city’s
over the years. It’s one of
London’s most famous icons, along with Big Ben.
3 Four hundred types of coral and 1500 species
of fish live in in Australia’s
Great Barrier Reef – the largest of its kind in
the world.
4 The whole city of Venice is an extraordinary
architectural  . Even the smallest
building contains extraordinary works of art.
5 The Sagarmatha National Park in Nepal is
amazing, with Mount Everest being the most
obvious – of course you can’t
miss it!
6 The Silk Road network in China linked multiple
civilisations centuries ago and represents true
technical .
7 The multicultural of Salvador
de Bahía in Brazil is evident when you walk
around its enchanting streets.
8 The Mezquita in Córdoba, Spain, represents
a/an in Islamic architecture.
9 Work in pairs and discuss.
1 Do you agree with Linda or Gary’s point of
view? Why?
2 Has your opinion changed now about the sites
you would nominate for your country? If so, how?
3 Which of the World Heritage Sites in Exercise 8
would you most like to visit? Why?
4 READING &
ADVANCED UNIT 4
1 Work in pairs and discuss.
Posted 18:43
1 What do you know about food
issues? What do you know about
the topics below?
• Organic food
• Fair trade products
• Farm-to-table restaurants
• Slow food
2 Are these topics common/
widely discussed in your country?
Is the issue of food important in
your society?
2 Read the blog post and check your
answers to Exercise 1.
3 Read the blog post again.
Underline the correct alternative.
1 The author finds the prevalence
of organic foods in his
supermarket surprising/worrying.
2 He thinks it is important that we
ignore/try to understand these
food labels.
3 The organic labels work because
consumers feel better when they
buy organic food/think organic
food is better quality.
4 The author mistrusts the
Farm-to-table movement
because local food doesn’t
always make sense/some places
don’t maintain the correct
standards.
5 The Slow food movement
makes sense because it
teaches us about healthy eating/
is a good alternative to fast food.
6 Movements associated with
food waste are better because
they are more serious/
are not commercial.
7 There have been campaigns
about supermarkets throwing
away food before the sell-by date/
which doesn’t have a perfect
appearance.
8 The author believes that the
French using ‘le doggy bag’ is a
sensible/silly idea.
© Pearson Education Limited 2016
LISTENING EXTRA
It’s organic
so it must
be good!
One of the most important social issues today is maintaining a healthy diet.
Many of us lead an increasingly sedentary lifestyle and eat poorly, leading
to a higher incidence of heart disease and strokes. The food industry has
thus responded with attempts to make food look healthier but recently its
marketing has gone crazy! These days it seems impossible to go into a
supermarket without seeing food with ‘organic’ stamped all over it. But why?
Eating a balanced diet is surely enough, does it have to be organic as well?
The same with restaurants – do they all have to belong to the ‘Farm-to-table’
category?
Let’s remind ourselves of what these terms really mean and why they have
such a hold over us foodies. For an avocado to be ‘organic’ it is has to
have been grown without pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Many countries
require producers to obtain a certificate before they are allowed to state that
their food is organic. However, this doesn’t stop supermarkets calling the
most unlikely foods organic without any proof of their origin on the packet.
The same goes for ‘Fair trade’ coffee. How do we really know that those
producers in developing countries were paid a fair price for their work? What
most cynics think is that these labels are just an excuse to increase prices
– people believe that the organic or fair trade option is always going to be
superior, and therefore accept that it is more expensive.
Now to the ‘Farm-to-table’ movement. The idea that the whole process
of food production should be local – harvesting, storage, processing,
packaging, sales and even consumption – makes so much sense. Why
eat food that has been shipped or flown in from across the world? It’s not
environmentally sound and it can’t taste that good. Eating what’s fresh and in
season is great but the big problem is that half of these restaurants don’t fulfil
the movement’s original criteria. You happily tuck into your locally sourced
meal, but who knows if the standards applied were really that rigorous?
The same is not true of the Italian ‘Slow food’ movement, the objectives of
which are clearly educational. For example, the movement warns us about the
risks of processed or convenience food, the drawbacks of factory farms.
It lobbies against government funding of genetic engineering and teaches
gardening skills to students and prisoners. The only problem, once again,
is that their label is used indiscriminately. My local burger joint is apparently
‘Slow food’. Now, how that can be?
I generally have more time for movements which tackle the terrible problem
of food waste. Why? Because there’s no logo to help sell it. Did you know
that in the UK we throw away 7.2 million tonnes of food and drink every year?
That costs the country £12 billion! But change is starting to happen. Celebrity
chef Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall’s campaign to cut this waste by encouraging
supermarkets not to throw away fruit and veg that don’t ‘look right’ has been
a great success. In France, new laws now oblige supermarkets to give away
unsold food that has reached its sell-by date, and even force restaurants
to provide containers for uneaten food or leftovers. So, we can all ask for
‘le doggy bag’ the next time we dine in France. Let’s hope such changes
continue to gather pace in future.
Likes: 12 Comments: 3
4 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
4 Complete the sentences with the words/phrases in bold in 9 The words in the box are from
the blog post. the recording. Complete the
1 We never waste any food in my house, we always eat up all sentences 1–8 with the words in
the . the box.
2 Sometimes we’ll buy like a ready meal duty dictatorial patronising
if we don’t have time to cook. self-esteem policymaker
3 I never ask for a in a restaurant because stretched epidemic subsidise
I usually eat everything!
4 I don’t like to buy imported fruit and vegetables, it’s always 1 If you tell people what to do and
better to eat food that is . don’t listen to their opinion, you’re
being .
5 My friends and I don’t consider ourselves .
We’ll eat almost anything! 2 If you something, you
contribute to its cost so more people
6 I think I have a . I try to eat a mixture of
can benefit.
things and it’s usually healthy stuff …
3 You can describe something as a/an
7 … but occasionally I can’t help but a juicy
, meaning that it
burger!
is unpleasant and is increasing/
8 I would hate to buy food that comes from
spreading rapidly.
– those poor animals!
4 If you describe an institution
5 Are the sentences in Exercise 4 true for you? If not, change them as , it is in trouble
so that they are. because it lacks investment, people
and/or equipment.
6 Work in groups or pairs and discuss. What is your opinion of the 5 If you have a , you
blog? Choose one option. Explain your reasons. have a legal or a moral obligation to
1 I agree in general, but it’s a little cynical. For example, some do something.
organic food is really good. 6 If you have high , you
2 I disagree. There isn’t a lot of interest in these topics where I live. believe that you are important and
The important thing is to eat well and that’s it. deserve to be treated as such.
3 I agree – we shouldn’t be blinded by labels. Educating people 7 A is somebody who
about what they eat is more important. has the authority to make new rules
or laws.
7 4.1 Listen to two people, Rachel and Charlie, discussing the 8 If you have a attitude,
importance of eating well and answer the questions. you behave towards someone
1 Why does Rachel believe that diet is important? as if they were not important or
2 What can be done to help? intelligent.
3 What does Charlie say in response to this? 10 Work in pairs or small groups and
8 Underline the correct alternative.
discuss.
1 Do you think diet is an important
1 Charlie likes fast food and/doesn’t like fast food but believes that
social issue where you live?
people should be allowed to eat it if they want.
Why/Why not?
2 Charlie believes that the health service is under pressure
2 Have people’s diets changed
because of the ageing population/poor standards.
recently? If so, why? What changes
3 Rachel believes that people need have taken place?
more information about food/to eat less food.
4 Rachel says that fast food is just as unhealthy as always/may
have improved a little.
5 Charlie says that there are a few/plenty of people who eat
healthy food but still get ill.
6 Rachel believes that diet is the number one health issue/is one of
many important health issues out there.
7 She believes that there should be warnings on food similar to/
different from those found on cigarettes.
8 Charlie thinks she has a point but doesn’t agree/disagrees with
everything she says.

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

5 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
ADVANCED UNIT 5
1 Work in pairs and discuss. What do you understand by
the term ‘citizen journalists’? Choose the best answers.
1 People who want to change the world by writing about it.
2 People who witness an event and report on it before the
conventional media get to the scene.
3 People who set up their own sites, blogs or radio
channels because they aspire to be journalists.
4 People who want to investigate a particular topic
because they wish to give it more exposure.
5 People who offer an alternative to official news sources
which may ban reporting about a particular topic.

2 Read the article about the rise of citizen journalism and

check your answers to Exercise 1. What else have you
learnt about the topic?

Opinion
You write the news erupting volcano. You’re there with give the story much exposure.
your mobile phone at the ready to Consequently, citizen journalists

T he way we receive the news
is changing fast. In the
old days, we would go to the
newsstand every morning and buy
a newspaper. Now you don’t go
to find the news, the news comes
to you. For example, when the
singer David Bowie died, I found
out when my mobile beeped at 5
o’clock in the morning. The device
woke me up to tell me because it
was a major news story. This is the
nature of breaking news – you find
out as soon as something happens,
wherever you are and whatever
you are doing.
In the case of Bowie’s death, I
knew the information was genuine
as it was published by a verifiable
newspaper source. But imagine if
I had got the news in a message
from a friend or on a social media
update – would I have believed it?
That’s an important question
because today people find out
about certain events before
professional journalists do. For
example, you happen to be
walking down the street when you
witness a fire, a road accident or
something more dramatic like an
take a photo or video of the scene
as events happen. As you got there
first, you feel compelled to share
your pictures with everybody or
send them to your local newspaper.
Your image or story can then easily
go viral – soon millions of people
could be looking at it. This is one
kind of citizen journalism – it’s
entirely amateur and, importantly,
the reporting is fortuitous and
unplanned.
However, there are other kinds
of citizen journalists out there.
These are people who are deeply
concerned about a particular
(possibly local) issue. They may
feel that that the mainstream press
are not giving the topic enough or
the right kind of coverage. If, for
example, you set up a blog about
an issue that concerns you, you can
attract people who are on the same
wavelength as you, and possibly
offer a fresh angle. This allows a
news story to be investigated and
reported in a different way to that
of most professional journalists.
For example, in Spain, property
evictions have been launched
by banks and local councils, but
the mainstream media did not
began investigating the issue and
reporting on it. As a result, public
awareness of the issue has grown
incredibly as those evicted from
their homes could have their
voices heard.
Citizen journalists also play a vital
role at moments of political
uprising. For example, in some
countries official media may censor
reporting of protests or unrest
but the news can be leaked out
through social media. The fact that
politicians and people in the public
eye respond through the same
channel and use social media to air
their views is further evidence of
its power and reach.
So, is citizen journalism a good
thing for society? Well, it’s certainly
positive that the general public
can help contribute. It makes the
news more real and more honest
somehow. But, of course, the
general public cannot always be
trusted (just as some traditional
media can’t). There is clearly space
for both. The important thing is to
be open-minded about the news
you receive, regardless of where it
comes from.

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

5 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
3 Read the article again. Are the sentences true (T) or 7 Listen again and match the speakers with facts
false (F)? Correct the false sentences. about their stories. There are three pieces of
1 The writer describes breaking news as news which information per person.
you don’t expect. Melanie: , ,
2 He believed the news about David Bowie’s death Roger: , ,
because of the source. Patricia: , ,
3 Eye-witness reporting of news rarely comes about
by chance. 1 He/She got financially rewarded for his/her work.
4 Citizen journalists can work together to investigate 2 His/Her work was about something that had
a news story from a different perspective to that concerned him/her for sometime.
of professional journalists. 3 He/She happened to be at the right place at the
5 Social media is primarily used by people who right time.
normally don’t have their voices heard. 4 His/Her work was among the first to be seen by
6 The writer finishes by stating that citizen the world.
journalism is the future of the news. 5 His/Her work was important because it altered
people’s viewpoints.
4 Match the words and phrases from the text 1–6 6 His/Her journalistic work was related to other
with their meanings a)–f). work he/she does.
1 mainstream 7 He/She sent his/her work to the media.
2 be on the same wavelength 8 His/Her work was ‘discovered’ by the media.
3 a fresh angle 9 He/She used his/her own initiative to get a
4 exposure news story.
5 be in the public eye
6 air one’s views
8 Match 1–7 with a)–f) to make collocations from
the recording. How many other collocations can
a) have a similar opinion you make?
b) conventional/normal 1 video a) photographer
c) a new or different perspective 2 amateur b) footage
d) give your opinion 3 exclusive c) attitudes
e) public attention 4 biased d) coverage
f) be well known 5 media e) viral
6 go f) misconception
5 Work in pairs. Think of a story that has been 7 common g) story
published recently or that you remember well.
How could a citizen journalist have reported it 9 Work in pairs or small groups and discuss.
differently? Would it have improved it? If so, how? 1 Where do you get your news? (e.g. podcasts,
online, blogs, social media, newspaper media, etc.)
6 5.1 Listen to three different people who have
2 What do you think of citizen journalists? Do
been citizen journalists. What news did they report
you think they contribute to the ways news is
in each case? How did they report it?
presented or not? Explain your reasons.
1

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

6 READING &
ADVANCED UNIT 6
1 Work in pairs and discuss.
1 Do you or does anyone you
know have a tattoo? What does
it show?
2 Are tattoos a current trend
where you live? How many
people have them?
3 What designs do people
have and what do you think
they signify?
2 Read the article. Choose the best
summary, a), b), c) or d).
a) Tattoos are the latest trend and
look unlikely ever to go out of
fashion.
b) Tattoos have had different
associations but these are
mostly negative.
c) Tattoos are classless and have no
special quality anymore.
d) Tattoos have become very trendy
but the opposite could be true
one day.
3 Read the article again. Underline
the correct alternative.
1 Nearly/Over a third of young
people are tattooed in Western
Europe.
2 Tattoos were once/
have always been linked to
working-class professions.
3 Tattoos are oen symbols
whose meaning most people/
only certain people can
understand.
4 According to the author, tattoos
have now become the exception/
the norm.
5 People can be motivated by/
directly copy the tattoos that
celebrities have.
6 The author understands/
doesn’t understand why some
tattoos are in fashion.
7 Wanting to get rid of your
tattoos is becoming popular
everywhere/in some places.
8 Japanese people may wish to
remove their tattoos because
they are out of fashion/
don’t have positive connotations
there.
LISTENING EXTRA
Tattoos rule, but for how long?
If there is one trend that seems unstoppable, it is the habit of tattooing your body.
Amazing as it may sound, in Western Europe, twenty percent of adults have tattoos.
This rises to just under thirty percent for those between sixteen and forty-four. In the
UK, the number of tattoo parlours has tripled in the last decade. They number more
than 2000. In ten years’ time, half of young people may have been ‘inked’.
Tattoos were once associated with social class. Soldiers, sailors, bikers and criminals
traditionally sported tattoos and the link with prisoners or gang members was
particularly strong. Through the ages, tattoos have been regarded as indelible marks
of loyalty, devotion or love. Sometimes these marks were in code and difficult to
decipher for those not ‘in the know’. For example, by the late 1800s, ninety percent
of British navy personnel had tattoos. A turtle signified that you had crossed the
equator and a dragon that you had served in China.
In spite of this, tattoos did not always have an edge to them. At one time, they were
even popular with the aristocracy. As a prince, the future King George V of England
had a dragon tattooed on his arm when in Japan in 1882.
In the present day, tattoos seem to have lost any kind of stigma and it is difficult to
say with what social class they are more popular. You will find a tattoo parlour now
in most high streets and even shopping centres around the world. People record
all kinds of things on their bodies. They are often influenced by celebrities in their
choice of tattoo. For example, the trend for tattooing words in foreign characters is
said to have derived from the media exposure given to footballer David Beckham’s
multiple examples of body art. Beckham has his wife’s name ‘Victoria’ tattooed in
Sanskrit, the words ‘spiritual perfection’ in Latin, and a long Chinese proverb inked
down his side. In fact, he has a total of 40 different tattoos including multiple codes,
tributes, numbers and names – all of which have a special significance for him.
So, what’s trendy at the moment? After a quick glance at Pinterest, contemporary
designs seem to be arrows, the infinity logo, map coordinates, punctuation marks
(including ‘&’), origami symbols and, strangely enough, feathers.
Tattoos may now well be the cultural norm in the UK – after all, the current British
prime minister’s wife has one – but in some countries, negative associations still hold
sway. Japan is one country which has seen a big rise in people wishing to remove
their tattoos.
I wonder how long will it be before the backlash begins here and we’ll be doing the
same as in Japan? Perhaps tattoos will soon be passé and rejecting body art will be
the fashion. Is ‘virgin skin’ going to be a new sign of rebellion? Only time will tell!
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in the box.
decipher in the know edge stigma derive hold sway
backlash passé
1 That design is so this year, you shouldn’t wear it.
2 Sometimes, the meaning of tattoos cannot be .
They’re really mysterious.
3 I think there will be a soon, tattoos can’t be
fashionable forever.
4 People are very impressionable, and what celebrities do can
sometimes .
5 That model has a real to her. She’s so cool.
6 To find a good tattoo artist, it’s best to speak to somebody
.
7 The word tattoo from the Polynesian word ‘tatau’,
meaning ‘correct’.
8 There is no to tattoos now, they are not strange or
exciting anymore but almost the norm.
5 Work in pairs or groups and discuss. Do you agree with the writer’s
opinion about tattoos? Do you think they will go out of fashion one
day? Did anything surprise you about the article? If so, what?
© Pearson Education Limited 2016
6 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
8 The words/phrases in the box are
from the recording. Complete the
sentences 1–8 with the correct form
of the words/phrases in the box.

cutting-edge pluck up the courage

take off have a yearning surpass
meaningful frowned upon
peer pressure
1 I’ve never to get
a tattoo but I feel different about body
piercing, I think that’s great!
2 Tattoos used to be a trend that was
but now they are
accepted by most people.
3 A lot of people change their look
because of . They
feel they have to follow what their
6 6.1 Listen to six different people talking about tattoos friends do.
4 The tattoo was better than I thought, it
and complete the table.
all my expectations.
Does he/she talk about What tattoo does 5 I think it’s good to have a tattoo that is
tattoos with reference he/she have or would – that reminds you
to the past, present or he/she like to have? of something or someone important.
future? 6 Tattoos so much
Daniel past Maori design lately that there are tattoo parlours
everywhere nowadays.
Linda 1
             
2
   
7 I wanted to have a tattoo when
Richard 3
             
4
     I was a teen, but I didn’t
to do it.
Barbara 5
            
6
  
8 If I ever get a tattoo, I’d like to get
Kurt 7
            
8
      a design –
9
            
10
       something modern and different
Tracy
to the rest.

7 Listen again and match the people 1–6 with the

information a)–l).
1 Daniel , 4 Barbara ,
2 Linda , 5 Kurt ,
3 Richard , 6 Tracy ,

a) His/Her tattoo doesn’t really mean much to him/her.

b) He/She got his/her tattoo because of a celebrity.
c) He/She was influenced by friends and colleagues of a
similar age.
d) He/She plans to have tattoos that will be really different.
e) He/She had his/her tattoo removed.
f) He/She doesn’t get to see his/her tattoo very oen.
g) His/Her tattoo is simple but very symbolic.
h) He/She would like his/her tattoo to make him/her feel good.
i) His/Her tattoo caused some controversy in the past. 9 Work in pairs and discuss.
j) He/She would like to have lots of tattoos all over his/her 1 Which of the speakers in the recording
body. do you identify with, if any? Why?
k) He/She doesn’t think of his/her tattoo as something 2 Would you like to have a tattoo more
fashionable at all. or less now? Has your opinion about
l) He/She never dared to have a tattoo before. tattoos changed? If so, how?

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

7 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
ADVANCED UNIT 7
1 Work in pairs or small groups and discuss.
1 Look at the images and the title of the
article about Bhutan. What do you think
‘Gross National Happiness’ means?
2 Why do you think people choose to go
to Bhutan?
3 What kinds of tourists do you think go
there? Why?
2 Read the article and check your answers
in Exercise 1. Why is Bhutan unique?
3 Read the article again. Circle the correct
answer.
1 From the beginning, Bhutan
a) prohibited large groups of tourists
visiting together.
b) insisted that travellers visit in
organised groups.
c) did not allow travellers to come on
their own.
2 This and other policies have meant that
a) very few people have visited the
country.
b) the country has attracted mainly
prosperous travellers.
c) the country has become too exclusive.
3 According to the writer, modernisation
a) has not affected the people’s lifestyle
that much.
b) has made major changes to the
Bhutanese way of life.
c) has gone too far and transformed the
country.
4 The writer’s attitude to Gross Domestic
Happiness is
a) positive because it’s such a
refreshing concept.
b) negative because it’s not believable.
c) positive but with some minor
reservations.
5 Generally speaking, the writer believes
that Bhutan
a) is genuinely different.
b) is artificially different for tourists.
c) is not that different from other
countries in the region.
6 The writer’s final point is that travellers
a) will have an unforgettable and
unique experience in Bhutan.
b) will enjoy it so much that they will
not want to leave Bhutan.
c) will reflect on their lives aer
experiencing Bhutan.
© Pearson Education Limited 2016
Bhutan:
Gross
National
Happiness
Bhutan is a place to really unwind from the stresses and strains of daily
life. It has obvious attractions: wonderful Himalayan trekking, ancient
Buddhist monasteries, vibrant markets and dance festivals. It has
splendid scenery and exotic wildlife, too, but the country is unique in
other more unexpected ways – for example, in its attitude to tourism.
Until the early seventies, Bhutan did not allow any foreign travellers.
When the country did finally open its borders, it did so in a very
cautious fashion. From the start, travellers were required to get visas
and book with an authorised tour operator. Independent travel in
Bhutan is still not permitted and tourists have to pay a daily fee of
$250 in high season – keeping the country a backpacker-free zone.
Together with the country’s inherent mystique, these policies have
deliberately cultivated Bhutan’s reputation as an exclusive destination,
a haven for the rich in a very poor part of the world.
Insisting on high-budget, low-impact tourism is all part of Bhutan’s
sustainable development policy. By law, at least 60 percent of the
land must remain forested for future generations. It was also the
first country to ban smoking and plastic bags. Although the country’s
infrastructure has been transformed and modernisation is clearly in full
swing, people’s daily lives have not been that affected. There are more
than 60,000 motor vehicles now – but there are still no traffic lights!
When it opened up to tourism, the Bhutanese government also
struck on a concept that could not fail to attract visitors. The country
announced to the world that it measures its progress not by the
conventional idea of Gross Domestic Product but by Gross National
Happiness – meaning that the country is one of the few places in the
world where compassion is favoured over capitalism and well-being
over productivity.
Perhaps this is all something of an illusion. The country has witnessed
more change in the last sixty years than in the previous four hundred,
but you wouldn’t necessarily know that. The need to cultivate the
exotic and remain unique for foreign travellers means that the
population has to abide by some pretty rigorous laws. For example,
the government demands that women wear the traditional kira, a
Bhutanese kimono; and men the gho, a long robe; in schools and public
offices and on formal occasions.
However, Bhutan’s cultural identity is so influenced by its population’s
Buddhist beliefs that you can quickly overlook these impositions.
The place and its inhabitants do seem truly different, particularly the
people’s childlike charm, their deep respect for religious practitioners
and for the sacred environment that surrounds them.
It is perhaps this sense of difference more than anything else that gives
travellers to Bhutan a real feeling of freedom – not just from their
routine but from Western ideals and concepts that govern their lives
back home. What seemed important may suddenly seem irrelevant.
A visit here could make you return with a different vision of the earth
and how best to live your life on it.
7 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of
the words in the box.
illusion vision cultivate haven overlook
charm compassion well-being
1 Many Himalayan countries are a
trekkers and mountaineers.
2 On holiday, it’s normal to focus on the good things
and anything bad.
3 You might return from your holiday to Bhutan
with a different of how your life
could be.
4 Your first impression of a country can sometimes
be an , you can sometimes get it
wrong.
5 To attract more visitors, the country is
a more exclusive image.
6 When they are on holiday, many people
experience a feeling of . .
7 The Bhutanese government’s policies aim to show
for people, they really care about
people’s health and happiness.
8 The country retains much of its traditional
– it’s like going back in time.
5 Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. Aer
reading the text, what is your impression of
Bhutan? Would you like to visit the country more
or less? Why?
6 7.1 Listen to a conversation between two
people, Joe and Helen, who have just been on
holiday in Bhutan. Which of them had a positive/
negative experience? Why? Give two reasons to
support each opinion.
Joe:
8 The words and phrases in the box are from the
recording. Replace the words in italics in 1–8 with
the words and phrases in the box.
bliss strenuous acclimatise packed
cleansing off the beaten track play it by ear
for pressed for time
1 I love the idea of adventure holidays but I try to
avoid doing things which are too tiring
.
2 I like travelling to places which are away from the
main tourist sites , it’s far
more relaxing.
3 I think it’s important when you arrive in a new
place to get used to the new surroundings
.
4 I don’t like to have a tight schedule when
travelling, it’s much better to improvise
5 For me, not doing anything at all on holiday is
wonderful !
6 I love winding down and relaxing when I can –
meditation and yoga can be very purifying
.
7 I hate going to really touristy places which are full
of people .
8 When I travel, I like to get everywhere early –
I don’t like to be rushed .
9 Work in pairs or small groups. Look at the sentences
in Exercise 8. Which do you agree or disagree with?
Why? Use some of the expressions to describe what
would be your ideal holiday experience.

Helen:

7 Listen again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)?

Correct the false sentences.
1 Joe and the people on his tour had health
problems in Bhutan.
2 The one thing that Joe liked was visiting the
capital city.
3 Joe didn’t like the fact that the country was only
set up for wealthy visitors.
4 Helen didn’t really speak to other travellers.
5 The weather was sometimes bad which spoiled
her trip a little.
6 She loved her trip because she did not feel in a
rush.

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

8 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
ADVANCED UNIT 8 3 Read the article again and underline the correct
alternative.
1 Work in pairs or small groups and discuss.
1 That multi-tasking does us good is an illusion
1 How good are you at measuring time?
because we actually achieve less/feel more under
2 How do you separate work time from leisure time? pressure.
3 Does your perception of time change depending 2 The author feels that work and leisure time are
on your mood? still/no longer separate concepts in most people’s
2 Read the article about our perception of time.
brains.
3 Jetlag is an example of a sensation which we
Choose the best summary of the article.
don’t understand at all/understand quite well.
1 Perception of time is complex but connected with
4 When we feel fear, we sense time as passing more
our feelings.
slowly/quickly.
2 Our time perception is linked with age and memory.
5 People with ADHD get excited/bored more easily.
3 We each perceive time very differently, so it is
6 The writer’s conclusion is that perception of time
impossible to analyse.
is highly confusing/deeply personal.

HOW TIME FLIES Likewise, we all know that when we are not enjoying
ourselves our perception of time goes the other way.
Imagine you’re stuck in a meeting that is dull and
boring – time appears to slow to a snail’s pace. In
As we get older, our perception of time changes. contrast, for football fans, Saturday’s big match seems
However, our perception of time is probably most to fly by. And how many people on Sunday night have
altered by our emotional state. If you are stressed at that feeling of ‘Where did the weekend go?’
work or anxious for any reason, you’ll probably feel
Brain disorders can, of course, also determine
that you have less time on your hands.
how we perceive time. People with attention-
When faced by this pressure of time, we tend to deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have trouble
multi-task – we try to do many things simultaneously. distinguishing different lengths of time, which may
Due to our current state of permanent connectedness, explain why they cannot concentrate for long and
we can in fact do almost everything from the comfort need constant stimulation to remain engaged.
of our sofas – make an appointment at the doctor’s,
Studying time perception may be complex, but
rush off a few work emails, do some online shopping.
scientists seem to have discovered that we each live in
By doing this, we feel we are making better use of our
our own personal time zone, which is dependent on
time, but are we actually doing the opposite – simply
the world each of us experiences. Perhaps this explains
exacerbating the feeling of time pressure? Surely the
why some of us like to arrive at the gate ten minutes
digital age has made all this worse by blurring the
before our plane leaves and others two hours!
difference between work and play?
So, on the next occasion you’re late for work, you
This common illusion is an example of how complex
could justifiably say to your boss that you actually
it is to perceive time accurately. Apart from sensations
arrived with time to spare, you were just stuck in your
such as jetlag, when our inner body clock clearly has
own time zone!
been severely disrupted, it is hard to pinpoint why
we perceive time in different ways. People who take
yoga or meditation classes claim that their sense of
relaxation is due to a feeling of time slowing down.
The same would appear to occur when we immerse
ourselves in reading a novel or even when stroking
a pet. We are relaxed and actions seem to take place
lightly and effortlessly.
On the other hand, consider the last time you
saw a fast-moving film full of action-packed
distractions. You probably felt that time was
moving very fast. This is particularly true with
scary movies – fear can distort time to an
incredible extent, speeding up time judgements
as our pupils dilate, our pulse rate soars and
our blood pressure increases.

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

8 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form 7 Listen again. Match the speakers 1–5 with the facts
of the verbs in the box. a)–j). There are two facts per person.
1 Lucy ,
tend exacerbate blur pinpoint
immerse yourself stroke distort distinguish 2 Christian ,
3 Rachel ,
1 I like to in reading a good book or 4 Sandra ,
watching a great film.
5 Kathryn ,
2 I’m freelance, so I oen find it hard to
between leisure and work time. a) He/She believes that his/her example may be one
3 When I’m stressed, I love my that is felt by others.
pet cat, Felix. Time slows down and I feel b) He/She thinks that his/her anecdote could be
instantly better. his/her own personal problem.
4 Multi-tasking only stress, c) He/She talks about an event which happens rarely.
I think. Doing everything at the same time is not d) His/Her perception of time can vary a great deal
the answer! when doing the same action.
5 This film plays with your perception of time, and e) He/She refers to a sense of timelessness.
it the line between reality and f) How he/she feels may prompt a sense of losing
fantasy. track of time.
6 I have a mobile phone but I to wear g) He/She refers to something that could alleviate
a watch too because it’s easier to tell the time. his/her problem.
7 The article how hard it is to h) His/Her context is related to a stressful situation.
measure our perception of time. i) His/Her anecdote is strongly associated with the
8 When I arrived I didn’t know what time it was, effect of the weather.
nor the day: Jetlag can really j) He/She refers to a particular moment when
everything. he/she judged the time wrong.
5 Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. 8 The words in the box are from the recording.
1 Do you agree with the article about how we Complete the sentences with the correct form of
perceive time? the words in the box.
2 Which of the situations described in the article do
you identify with, if any? restless treasure exhilarated drag on
3 Do you think you judge time well? Why/Why not? exhaustion housebound potter lose track
Give examples. 1 If you’re not able to keep still because of boredom
or anxiety, you feel .
6 8.1 Listen to five people talking about how
2 If you’re extremely tired and have no energy, you
differently they perceive time. What context do
have a feeling of .
they talk about? Does time go quickly, slowly or
both for them? Complete the table. 3 If you time, you feel really happy
because you are doing something that you like.
Context Times goes 4 If time , it’s because something is
continuing for longer than it should.
Lucy Taking a long time to get slowly
off a plane 5 If you feel , you’re full of energy and
really excited about something.
Christian 6 If you of time, you no longer know
what time it is.
Rachel 7 If you’re , you’re unable to leave
your house on your own because of illness or
disability.
Sandra
8 If you around the house, you do
things slowly and in an enjoyable way.
Kathryn
9 Work in pairs or small groups and discuss.
1 Which of the people in the recording do you
identify with? Why?
2 When does time pass particularly quickly or slowly
for you? Give examples.

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

9 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
ADVANCED UNIT 9 2 Read the article about cultural icons of the UK. Which is the
best summary of the article?
1 Work in pairs or small groups and discuss.
1 Apart from buildings, food and people, most people in the
1 What icons traditionally symbolise your
UK don’t argue about the icons which represent their country.
country or culture?
2 The choice of icons in the UK has always been sexist and it
2 Do you think these icons truly represent
seems like it will continue that way.
where you live, or are they simply
3 There is some controversy in the UK about choosing icons
stereotypical? Why/Why not?
that truly represent the country, but progress is being made.
3 What alternative icons can you think of?

IS IT ICONIC?
Recently, the English were asked
to vote on which icons represented
their country. The results proved
quite controversial. For some
things, like food and drink, there
was no debate whatsoever: ‘cup of
tea’ and ‘sandwich’ went to the top
of the list. These were considered
quintessential English symbols,
despite the fact that they almost
certainly have been replaced in the
high street by their Italian
equivalents – the cappuccino and
the panini. However, there was
some debate about the nation’s
favourite dish. ‘Fish and chips’
now seems to have been replaced
by the ‘chicken tikka masala’ – an
example of an arrival from another few people really know what it Until recently, apart from the
nation, in this case India. The symbolizes. The concept behind Queen herself, the only women to
latter has been heralded as an the sculpture is threefold – to appear on the UK’s money were
important icon specifically for that honour the coal miners who used the prison and social reformers
reason – it symbolises the to work nearby, to express the Elizabeth Fry and Florence
extraordinary melting pot that is transition from an industrial to an Nightingale. The others were all
the UK today, a country with one information age and to serve as a men – the naturalist Charles
of the highest immigrant focus for our future hopes and Darwin, the economist Adam
populations in the world. fears. An icon that looks to the Smith and the inventor James
Some people objected to the red future and not the past – now that Watt. In the last fifty years, of the
double-decker bus, the black cab is a step forward! eighteen people to appear on
and the tube map because they The same controversy also applies banknotes, only two have been
said these represent a strong bias to the choice of representative women. For this reason, the fact
towards the capital. There was a people. If you were British, who that the novelist Jane Austen will
strong feeling that modern would you prefer to represent the appear on the new £10 banknote
examples should also be used. country? Recently, there has been (replacing Darwin) has been seen
Why always include Big Ben a great debate about who appears as an enormous victory.
(London again!) when you could on the nation’s banknotes. But there is some way to go, it
equally choose Sir Anthony Campaigners have been canvassing seems. The new British passport,
Gormley’s striking contemporary for more female representation, as which purports to be a celebration
sculpture Angel of the North, found well as the inclusion of people that of UK success in innovation,
in the far north of the country? At the population really felt stood for architecture, art and performance,
20 metres tall and over 50 metres something important. It’s about features only two women against
wide, Gormley’s work was a very time the country did away with seven men – and Shakespeare
popular choice, probably because putting ex-governors of the Bank appears on every page. The
its monumental appearance of England on their banknotes, debate and controversy will no
already feels iconic. However, very they say! doubt continue for some time.

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

9 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
3 Read the article again. Are the sentences true (T) or false (F)? 7 Listen again and match the facts a)–i)
Correct the false sentences. to the different people’s icons. There
1 The author implies that the British drink more coffee than tea are three facts per person.
these days. 1 Glenda , ,
2 The popularity of chicken tikka masala is a symptom of Britain’s 2 Peter , ,
multicultural identity. 3 Patricia , ,
3 A lot of icons are popular only with Londoners.
4 The Angel of the North is a popular icon but people interpret a) Perhaps another icon is rivaling
it wrongly. this one.
5 The author believes that the Angel of the North transmits a b) Another version of the icon was
positive message. created for a specific reason.
6 Campaigners are only interested in seeing more women c) The powerful thing about the icon is
represented on banknotes, stamps, etc. its versatility.
7 The inclusion of Jane Austen on the £10 banknote is great but d) It sums up what the USA is all about.
more needs to be done in terms of female representation. e) It’s a very powerful image with an
inspiring message.
4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the words in f) It’s the most familiar symbol of the
the box. USA around the world.
g) The imitations of the icon do not
quintessential herald melting pot object to bias canvass
matter.
stand for purport
h) The icon could not have been an
1 I really the British government’s decision to put easy thing to create.
mainly male figures on banknotes. I don’t agree at all. i) It was created only a few decades ago.
2 It’s important to include people on stamps and banknotes
who really something important, who represent 8 Underline the correct alternative.
important values. 1 The Coke bottle is a highly
3 I would agree that the cup of tea is a British recognisable/compelling image.
symbol – it’s the perfect example of Britishness. Almost everybody is familiar with it.
4 London today is a real of different cultures and 2 The I ♥ NY logo stands for/conveys a
races. I think it’s great. happy, fun image that people want
5 Some people say that the British icons show a to have on their clothes.
towards London. An example is the black cab. 3 The Pepsi logo is not as accessible/
6 If you praise something in a very expressive way, you eye-catching as the Coke one – it
it. doesn’t attract your attention as much.
7 When people want you to vote for a particular candidate, they 4 All these logos have inspired
your support by, for example, knocking on your countless/curious imitations, but this
door. is all part of becoming an icon.
8 The festival to be a celebration of everything 5 The Obama poster features a
British, at least that is its intention. long-shot/close-up of his head and
shoulders.
5 Work in pairs or groups and discuss. 6 Even if you can’t actually see these
1 What do you think of the British icons described in the article? images, I think they must be easy for
2 Which of them had you heard of before? you to encapsulate/visualise.
3 Which others do you think you could add? 7 Iconic images really represent/
capture people’s imagination.
6A 9.1 Listen to three people talking about their favourite 8 Although they seem related
American icons and complete the table. to marketing, all these images
epitomise/resonate the USA in some
Favourite icon Year created way or another.
Glenda Barack Obama campaign poster 2009
9 Work in pairs or groups. Look at the
Peter questions in Exercise 1 again. Have you
Patricia changed your mind about the icons
that represent your country? Think of
new icons that could convey something
B What three things do the icons they mention have in common? different about where you live and
perhaps challenge stereotypes.
© Pearson Education Limited 2016
10
LISTENING EXTRA
ADVANCED UNIT 10
1 Work in pairs or small groups and discuss.
1 Do you drive or cycle? Which do you prefer? Why?
If not, why don’t you travel this way? If so, where
do you like driving/cycling?
2 Are there any well-known or dangerous roads in
your country? Why are they well known?
2 Read the article about the craziest/most dangerous
roads in the world and answer the questions.
1 What is the main difficulty of each of the roads?
2 Which roads goes in a downhill direction, which
uphill and which neither?
3 What kind of scenery would you expect to see
on each?
3 Read the article again. Match the roads 1–3 with
the facts a)–i). There are three facts per road.
1 Yungas Road, Bolivia , ,
2 Stelvio Pass, Italy , ,
3 Trans-Sahara Highway,
Northern Africa , ,
a) It is technically very difficult to drive.
b) There are many fatalities every year.
c) You need to make special preparations before
tackling the journey.
d) It is worth it when you reach the top.
e) There could be some issues when crossing from
one country to another.
f) The road is not entirely finished.
g) It has become a major tourist attraction.
h) It hosts an important competition.
i) The views on the road change incredibly fast.
READING &
AT YOUR
OWN RISK
Yungas Road, Bolivia
This is the world’s most dangerous road. Its
nickname is ‘Camino de la Muerte’ (Road of Death)
for a reason – it claims more than 200 lives per year.
Starting in Bolivia’s capital, La Paz, it ascends to a
height of 4650 metres before dropping 3000 metres
to Coroico, in the tropical Yungas region. The landscape
thus changes very fast as the road winds its way over
steep hillsides of lush greenery and round rocky outcrops.
The road could not be more perilous – it has no rails and is
only about 3.2 metres wide. Rain and fog can hamper
visibility and there are loose rocks in many places. Yet,
despite all this, the breathtaking scenery and its potential
danger has attracted an increasing number of tourists,
mostly mountain bikers. This is also due to the fact that
there is an amazing stretch of downhill riding, around
50km long. Every year thousands embark on this crazy
adventure. Just think carefully before you join them!
Stelvio Pass, Italy
The British motoring programme Top Gear called this the
‘greatest driving road in the world’. The Stelvio Pass has
48 never-ending hairpin turns that zigzag through the Alps,
making this a real challenge for any driver. Overtaking is
strictly prohibited here! The road’s construction dates back
to the 1820s and its design has changed very little since
then. Before the end of World War I, it formed the border
between the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Italy. Today,
it connects the Italian region of Lombardy with Austria.
Apart from cars, in high season scores of cyclists and
motorcyclists struggle to ride this highest stretch of road
in the Eastern Alps. Italy’s top cycling competition, the
Giro d’Italia, often crosses it. Don’t let the astonishing
Alpine views break your concentration – the panorama
gets increasingly beautiful as you ascend – you’ll need all

4 Underline the correct alternative.

1 Any road can be panoramic/perilous, you always
have to be careful when you drive.
2 Some weather conditions can really harm/hamper
your progress on the road.
3 The landscapes are really breathtaking/hair-raising
but don’t stop to look at them or you could fall!
4 The road is really dangerous because it’s never
straight, it zigzags/straightens continuously.
5 The history of the road is really interesting, it
dates back/stretches to World War I.
6 If you undertake/overtake this road, you’ll need to
be especially prepared.
7 The road is particularly barren/unsealed, there is
nothing to see except the flat land and the horizon.
8 The reward/rock fall of a great view at the end of a
journey always makes it worthwhile.
5 Work in pairs or small groups and discuss. Which of
these roads would you like/not like to travel on? Why?
your wits about you to drive this successfully. The reward
comes when you get to the top and can experience
great skiing on the Stelvio glacier at an elevation of
2750 metres. Enjoy!
Trans-Sahara Highway, Northern Africa
Most roads are dangerous because of heights but some
are frightening for other reasons. This highway’s risks
actually are significantly greater than the two mountain
passes above. Here, the danger lies in the road’s extreme
length (over 4500km), the fact that only 85 percent of
it is paved and the number of potentially complicated
border crossings. The highway links the capitals of Algeria
and Nigeria – Algiers and Abuja – and crosses the whole
of Niger via the city of Agadez. The barren landscape and
desert barely change for days on this road. Still want to do
it? Before you set off, you’ll need a special 4x4 adapted
for the desert climate, at least two spare tyres and plenty
of fuel and water supplies. Sandstorms and temperatures
of up to 50ºC can be a major problem, with sand blocking
parts of the route. So why undertake such a journey?
For the incredible peace and quiet that you’ll experience
and the thrill of taking a journey of really epic proportions.

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

10 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
8 The words/phrases in the box are
from the recording. Match the
words/phrases in the box with their
meanings 1–8.

understatement blast
appeal to somebody thrilling
nickname adrenalin rush
harrowing hairpin bend
1 : a very sharp
turn in a road that forms a u-shape
2 : extremely
upsetting or frightening
3 : to damage or
destroy something with explosives
or bombs
4 : a sudden
feeling of excitement from an
increase in a chemical released by
your body
5 : to attract or
6 10.1 Listen to two people, Robert and Sharon, talking about
6
interest somebody
: an informal/
travelling on the roads in the article. Answer the questions.
friendly term for somebody or
1 Which of the roads is Sharon’s favourite?
something
2 Which other road not in the article do they talk about?
7 : a way of
3 Why does Robert mention this road in the first place? saying something that makes it
7 Listen again and circle the correct answer.
8
seem less important or serious
: extremely
1 Why doesn’t Robert like the idea of travelling on these roads? exciting
a) He is not an adventurous person.
b) He doesn’t like heights. 9 Work in pairs or small groups and
c) He doesn’t like driving or cycling. discuss. Describe a long journey that
2 Why does Sharon prefer the Bolivian route? you have done by car, bicycle or on
a) She considers it the most dangerous. foot but don’t mention any place
names. Talk about the ideas below.
b) She loves mountain-biking and it’s the best route for that.
Once you have described it, can your
c) She believes the landscape is really varied and different. classmates guess where the trip
3 Why does Robert prefer the idea of walking? took place?
a) Otherwise, you can’t really enjoy the views because you are • How long was the trip?
going too fast.
• How did you feel during it?
b) He’s not fit enough to cycle.
• Was it tiring or not?
c) It’s much safer to walk, there is less risk of accidents.
• What landscape(s) did you see?
4 Sharon believes that the Trans-Sahara Highway must be
• Would you recommend it?
a) really boring because the landscape doesn’t change.
b) an amazing challenge for anyone who likes epic journeys.
c) an endurance test for people and therefore not very enjoyable.
5 What does Robert add when describing the history of the
Romanian road?
a) It was a crazy idea of the Romanian leader Ceausescu.
b) Many people died building the road.
c) Historically, it’s more interesting than the Italian road.
6 How does the conversation end?
a) Robert and Sharon agree to disagree.
b) They generally agree, except about the Romanian road.
c) They both agree not to go anywhere for the moment.

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
ADVANCED 6 6
ANSWER KEY 1 Don’t use slides. 1 Linda believes that there should be
2 Talk should be like a compelling story. more sites of natural beauty on the
UNIT 1 3 Use a gripping video. UK’s list of World Heritage Sites. Gary
4 Keep the length short. believes that the balance is right
2 5 Transmit emotion, relive the story as
you tell it.
and that it is natural that the list is
dominated by sites of cultural value.
1 via their profile picture and cover photo 2 Linda’s main argument is that the Lake
2 identities in the gaming world are 7 District means a lot to people, that
more about fantasy 1 only one its beautiful landscape is an excellent
2 brave
3 3 a barrier between the speaker and the
example of the perfect harmony
between man and nature.
1 incomplete 2 usually audience Gary’s main argument is that the Forth
3 don’t show their faces 4 childhood 4 opposites Bridge is a masterpiece, a unique feat
5 sometimes feel 6 more 5 depends of engineering and design which you
7 a form of escape 8 boring 6 shorter can’t find anywhere else.
4 8 7
1e 2a 3h 4c 5f 6g 7b 8d 1 It takes guts 1 False – She thinks that twenty-nine is
two verb/verb phrases that collocate with 2 a whole range of a lot.
‘an identity’: project, take on 3 to get your message across 2 True
4 vividly 3 True
6 5 gripping 4 False – He says that some parts of the
1c 2b 3a 6 rely on Lake District are not that beautiful.
7 cope with 5 False – She says that man’s intervention
7 8 in sync with is the key element, that man has made
1 True it more beautiful.
2 False – She says it was a ‘big mistake’. 9 6 True
3 False – He changes his profile photos 2 Possible answers: 7 False – She will still vote for the Lake
depending on his mood. the inclusion of humour, have a clear District.
4 True focused message, have a good rapport
5 False – only when she is happy with the public (be relaxed from the 8
6 True start), use pauses for effect and to give 1 aesthetic 2 landmark 3 harmony
you time to think, move around when 4 masterpiece 5 highlight 6 innovation
8 you’re speaking, etc. 7 heritage 8 milestone
1 solitary 2 enigmatic 3 insecure
4 upbeat 5 melancholic 6 confident
7 optimistic UNIT 3 UNIT 4

UNIT 2
2 1
1 a place of outstanding natural beauty/
cultural significance that is worthy of
2 protection/preservation
The writer would say points 3, 4 and to a 3 Places of natural beauty, cities and
lesser extent, 6. monuments can all be World Heritage
Sites.
3 4 Italy has most World Heritage Sites.
1 True 5 Threats include mass tourism,
2 False – Information is easily accessible vandalism, climate change, pollution,
but is ‘possibly inaccurate’. natural disasters, wars and conflicts, etc.
3 True
4 False – ‘it is also delivered in ways that 3 Slow food: educational movement which
would have seemed inconceivable’ 1 unknown 2 natural beauty 3 surprised
5 False – ‘that many views of an academic 4 particularly in Africa 5 restricted
talk on education surely is a fact worth 6 agrees
celebrating’
6 True 4A
7 False – ‘people attend conferences 1d 2e 3g 4a 5f 6b 7h 8c
more than ever before’
4B
4 2 Mass tourism
2 a hermit 3 inaccurate 4 ephemeral 3 natural phenomenon
5 thought-provoking 6 craving 4 irreversible damage
7 to assimilate 8 inconceivable 5 cultural significance
9 dumbed down 10 popping up 6 aesthetic value
7 tourist destination
8 important factor
Organic food: food grown without
pesticides and chemical fertilizers
Fair trade products: food that has been
produced in developing countries but for
which local workers have been paid a fair
price
Farm-to-table restaurants: restaurants
which believe that the whole process
of food production should be local –
harvesting, storage, processing, packaging,
sales and consumption
promotes local food that is in season and
warns about the risks affecting the food
industry, e.g. factory farms, processed
food, genetically modified foods, etc.
3
1 surprising
2 try to understand
3 think organic food is better quality
4 some places don’t maintain the correct
standards
5 teaches us about healthy eating
6 are not commercial
7 which doesn’t have a perfect appearance
8 sensible

© Pearson Education Limited 2016


4 6
1 leovers 2 convenience food
3 doggy bag 4 in season 5 foodies
6 balanced diet 7 tuck into
8 factory farms
7 in a national newspaper.
(Sample answers)
1 Rachel believes that diet is important
because: 1) our health is worsening
as a result of poor diets, 2) this
means the health system is put under
pressure because more people require
treatment.
2 To help the situation: 1) labels can be
placed on food warning of their risks
(like tobacco), 2) healthy food can be
subsidised by the government
3 He believes that people should be
able to eat what they like and that the
cost to society of unhealthy eating is
exaggerated. Plenty of people who eat
well get ill.
8 7 compassion 8 charm
1 doesn’t like fast food but
2 the ageing population
3 more information about food
4 may have improved a little
5 plenty of
6 is the number one health issue
7 similar to
8 thinks she a point but doesn’t agree
READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
UNIT 7
1 earthquake and tsunami in Chile: she
videoed it and sent the video to a TV 2
channel 1 Gross National Happiness is the Bhutan
2 train driver’s strike: he took a photo and government’s way of measuring their
posted it online. It was later published progress as a country. Progress is
measured according to the people’s
3 an attack on a homeless man: she happiness and well-being rather than
wrote a blog about it economic profit or productivity.
2 to do trekking, to visit monasteries/
7 markets/festivals, to take time out, to
Melanie: 3, 4, 7 enjoy a different way of life
Roger: 1, 8, 9 3 Relatively wealthy tourists, no
Patricia: 2, 5, 6 backpackers. Bhutan is unique
because of its Buddhist culture and
8 its sustainable development policies,
1b 2a 3g 4c 5d 6e 7f including its attitude to tourism.
Other collocations include: video story,
video coverage, amateur footage, amateur 3
coverage, exclusive footage, exclusive 1c 2b 3a 4c 5a 6c
coverage, biased photographer, biased
footage, biased coverage, biased story, 4
common attitudes, common story 1 haven 2 overlook 3 vision 4 illusion
5 cultivating 6 well-being
UNIT 6
6
2 Joe had a negative experience because
d 1) he felt sick due to the altitude, 2) it was
crowded
3 Helen had a positive experience because
1 Nearly 1) she had such a sense of freedom there,
2 were once 2) she went to places that are rarely visited

9 3
4
only certain people
the norm 7
1 dictatorial 2 subsidise 3 epidemic 5 can be motivated by 1 False – Only Joe had health problems.
4 stretched 5 duty 6 self-esteem 6 doesn’t understand 2 True
7 policymaker 8 patronising 7 in some places 3 False – He says that the country is very
8 don’t have positive connotations popular and has become less exclusive.
4 True
UNIT 5 4 5 False – The weather was sometimes
1 passé 2 deciphered 3 backlash bad but that didn’t spoil her trip.
2 4 hold sway 5 edge 6 in the know 6 True
Sentences 2, 4 and 5 accurately describe
the term ‘citizen journalists’.
7 derives/is derived 8 stigma
8
6 1 strenuous 2 off the beaten track
3 Does he/she talk about What tattoo does 3 acclimatise 4 play it by ear 5 bliss
1 False – Breaking news is news that you tattoos with reference he/she have or would 6 cleansing 7 packed
to the past, present or he/she like to have?
get the moment it happens. future?
8 pressed for time
2 True
Daniel past Maori design
3 False – Eye-witness reports frequently
come about by chance (‘you happen to
Linda 1
future star
2
UNIT 8
Richard 3
present dragon
4
be walking …’)
4 True Barbara 5

7
past
present
feather
6

heart and name

8
2
Kurt
5 False – The article says that many 3
Tracy 9
future cutting-edge design
10
well-known people use social media.
6 False – The writer says that there is 3
room for both professional and citizen 7 1 feel more under pressure 2 no longer
journalists. 1 c, e 2 h, l 3 a, f 4 b, i 5 g, k 6 d, j 3 understand quite well 4 quickly
5 bored 6 deeply personal
4 8
1b 2a 3c 4e 5f 6d 1 had a yearning 2 frowned upon 4
3 peer pressure 4 surpassed 1 immerse myself 2 distinguish
5 meaningful 6 have taken off 3 stroking/to stroke 4 exacerbates
7 pluck up the courage 8 cutting-edge 5 blurs 6 tend 7 pinpoints 8 distort

© Pearson Education Limited 2016

 READING &
LISTENING EXTRA
6 UNIT 10

Lucy
Context
Taking a long time to get
Times goes
slowly
2
off a plane Bolivia: difficulty: very narrow and steep,
no barriers, bad weather
watching Radiohead/ quickly
Christian
favourite band live in direction: downhill
concert scenery: great variety of landscapes,
Rachel exercise/running both
mountains and tropical green forests
Italy: difficulty: lots of bends, technically
Boris being stuck in the house slowly
difficult to drive
Kathryn spending time at the quickly direction: uphill
beach scenery: snowy mountains and valleys
North Africa: difficulty: length and fragile
7 state of road, bad weather
1 b, h 2 c, j 3 d, f 4 a, g 5 e, i direction: largely flat (neither uphill or
downhill)
8 scenery: desert landscape
1 restless 2 exhaustion 3 treasure
4 drags on 5 exhilarated 6 lose track 3
7 housebound 8 potter 1 b, g, i 2 a, h, d 3 f, e, c

4
UNIT 9 1 perilous 2 hamper 3 breathtaking
4 zigzags 5 dates back 6 undertake
2 7 barren 8 reward
3
6
3 1 Sharon’s favourite is the Bolivia one.
1 True 2 The other road they talk about is one in
2 True the Carpathian mountains in Romania.
3 False – A lot of icons have been 3 Robert mentions that road because
criticised for favouring London. he says that a TV programme Top Gear
4 False – People like it but don’t interpret claimed it was the best road to drive
or understand it all. on in the world (not the Italian road
5 True mentioned).
6 False – They are also interested in
seeing people who actually stand for/ 7
represent something important. 1b 2c 3a 4a 5b 6c
7 True
8
4 1 hairpin bend 2 harrowing
1 object to 2 stand for 3 quintessential 3 blast 4 adrenalin rush
4 melting pot 5 bias 6 herald 5 appeal to somebody 6 nickname
7 canvass 8 purports 7 understatement 8 thrilling

6A
Favourite icon Year created
Glenda Barack Obama campaign 2009
poster
Peter Coca-Cola bottle 1915
Patricia I ♥ NY 1977

6B
They are all related to marketing and
advertising, they were all created to
transmit a message, they have all been
imitated.

7
1 e, g, h 2 a, d, f 3 c, i, b

8
1 recognisable 2 conveys
3 eye-catching 4 countless 5 close-up
6 visualise 7 capture 8 epitomise

© Pearson Education Limited 2016