A SEMINAR REPORT ON

ANIMAL TRACKING AND GPS

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Submitted by

M.LALITH– 18841A0586

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

AURORA’S TECHNOLOGICAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE

PARVATHAPUR, UPPAL - 500039
NOVEMBER, 2021

1
 AURORA’S TECHNOLOGICAL AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
PARVATHAPUR, UPPAL – 500039

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that seminar work entitled “Animal Tracking And Gps ” is a bonafide work
carried out in the fourth year by M.LALITH in partial fulfillment for the award of
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science Engineering from JNTU
Hyderabad during the academic year 2021-22.

Mr.AR.sofi Ms. A. Durga Pavani

SEMINAR COORDINATOR HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT
Associate Professor Department of CSE
Department of CSE

Ms.V.Keerthi
SEMINAR GUDIE
Associate Professor
Department of CSE

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere thanks to Ms.A.DurgaPavani (Head of the Department,

Computer Science and Engineering), Mr.ArSofi (Staff incharge) and
Ms.V.Keerthi. , my seminar guide for their kind co-operation for presenting the
seminar. I also extend my sincere thanks to all other members of the faculty of
Computer Science and Engineering Department and my friends for their co-
operation and encouragement.

M.LALITH

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 ABSTRACT

An improved global positioning system (GPS)–based animal tracking system is

needed to meet quickly evolving demands of ecological research, range livestock
production, and natural resource management. Commercially available tracking
systems lack the data storage capacity needed to frequently collect animal location
data (e.g., 15-minute intervals or less) over long-term deployment periods (e.g., 1 year
or more). Some commercial systems have remote data–download capabilities,
reducing the need to recapture tagged animals for data retrieval, but these systems
download data via satellite (Argos), global system for mobile communications (GSM)
cellular telephone, or telemetry radio frequencies. Satellite systems are excessively
expensive, and GSM cellular coverage is extremely limited within the United States.
Radio-based systems use narrow-band very-high– or ultra-high frequencies requiring
the user to obtain frequency allocations. None of these existing systems were
designed to provide continual, real-time data access. The Clark GPS Animal Tracking
System (Clark ATS) was developed to meet the evolving demands of animal
ethologists, ecologists, natural resource managers, and livestock producers. The Clark
ATS uses memory-card technology for expandable data storage from 16 megabytes to
8 gigabytes. Remote data downloading and program uploading is accomplished using
spread-spectrum radio transceivers, which do not require narrow-band radio
frequency allocations. These radios also transmit, at a user-defined time interval, a
real-time, GPS-location beacon to any Clark ATS base station within range (about 24
km or 15 miles line of sight). Advances incorporated into the Clark ATS make it
possible to evaluate animal behavior at very fine spatial- and temporal-resolution over
long periods of time. The real-time monitoring provided by this system enables
researchers to accurately examine animal distribution and activity responses to acute,
short-term disturbances relative to longer term behavioral patterns. The Clark ATS
also provides a huge time- and cost-savings to researchers and natural resource
managers attempting to relocate a tagged animal in the field for direct observation or
other operations.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION………………………7

2.WHAT IS ANIMAL TRACKING ?...............................9

3.BASIC COMPONENTS OF A RADIO-TRACKING

SYSTEM…………………………………………………..10

4.TRACKING METHODS……………………………….12

5. RADIO TAGS AND MAMMALS……………………15

6.RADIO TAGS AND BIRDS…………………………..18

7.PROBLEM STATEMENT …………………………… 17

8.GPS TRACKING OF A WHITE-TAILED SEA EAGLE IN

GERMANY……………………………………………….19

9.SMART COLLARS HELP TRACK AND CONSERVE

WILDLIFE…………………………………………………21

10.POTENTIAL ALERANATIVES FOR RADIO

TRACKING………………………………………24

11.HARDWARE RESOURCES REQUIRED…………….26

12.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES……………30

13.APPLICATIONS………………………………….……31
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14. CONCLUSION…………………………………..33

15. REFERENCES……………………………………….34

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1.INTRODUCTION

GPS is one of the technologies that are used in a huge number of applications today.
One of the applications is tracking animal a keeps regular monitoring on them. This
tracking system can inform you the location and route travelled by animal, and that
information can be observed from any other remote location. It also includes the web
application that provides you exact location of target. This system enables us to track
target in any weather conditions. This system uses GPS and GSM technologies. A
method for tracking animals using a terrestrial system similar to GPS is presented.
This system enables simultaneous tracking of thousands of animals with transmitters
that are lighter, longer lasting, more accurate and cheaper than other automatic
positioning tags. In recent times, the livestock farmers faced cattle health problems
around the world because of continuous rise in air temperature in the troposphere. The
variations in temperature on animals’ health has harmful effect leading to diseases
such as foot and mouth disease, swine fever. This unit consists of two types of sensors
such as temperature sensor, heart beat sensor. These sensors are used to measure the
signals from the human body such as heat signal, heartbeat. After measurement, these
analog signals are converted into digital signals and compared with the actual signals.
If any discrepancy occurs between the measured signals and the actual signals, then it
is considered as an emergency.The ARM7 LPC2148 processor plays an important
role in controlling all the devices. It has an inbuilt A/D convertor. GSM transmitter is
used to transmit the signals from the sensors which are controlled by the ARM7
microprocessor. GPS system is used to locate the position of the soldier. It is very
helpful for the army station to rescue the soldier as soon as the emergency signal is
received. The ARM7 family includes the ARM7TDMI, ARM7TDMI-S, ARM720T,
and ARM7EJ-S processors. TheARM7TDMI core is the industry’s most widely used
32-bit embedded RISC microprocessor solution. The heart of system is
microcontroller which will access the data. In our project ‘ARM’ controller is used.
To measure temperature of soldier there will be a temperature sensor. To convert the
output of sensor into electrical form we will use signal conditioning (transducer). As
controller operates only on digital data, so this analog data is to be converted into
digital form by using ADC inbuilt in ARM processor. So the output of the signal
conditioner circuit is directly connected to ARM processor.
7
8
2.WHAT IS ANIMAL TRACKING ?

Animal tracking data helps us understand how individuals and populations move
within local areas, migrate across oceans and continents and evolve across generations.
This information is being used to address environmental challenges such as climate
and land use change, biodiversity loss, invasive species, wildlife trafficking and the
spread of infectious diseases. Since the twentieth century, improved communication
systems, shrinking battery sizes and other technological developments have led to a
range of methods for tracking animals. Scientists have been systematically tracking
individual animal movements since around 1900, when the first bird ringing (also
known as bird banding) schemes were started. In the late 1950s, researchers began
using radio transmitters to track wildlife. In the late 1970s, the Argos satellite system
provided a new method for tracking animals globally. And in the early 1990s, the
global positioning system (GPS) began to provide the potential to obtain high-
resolution tracking data. Choosing a tracking method involves trade-offs between size,
price, and amount and ease of data collection. The ideal tag would be lightweight
enough to be safely carried by the animal, cheap enough to put on many individuals,
and able to transmit high-resolution data remotely so that the animal did not need to
be captured again. In reality, a scientist must choose the best available method based
on the size and movement patterns of the study animal, the study budget and the
research questions they want to address. Below is a summary of commonly used
methods for tracking animals using individual tags that are currently supported in
move bank.

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3.BASIC COMPONENTS OF A RADIO-TRACKING
SYSTEM

The basic components of a traditional radio-tracking system are (1) a transmitting

subsystem consisting of a radio transmitter, a power source and a propagating antenna,
and (2) a receiving subsystem including a “pick-up” antenna, a signal receiver with
reception indicator (speaker and/or display) and a power source. Most radio tracking
systems involve transmitters tuned to different frequencies (analogous to different
AM/FM radio stations) that allow individual identification. Three distinct types of
radio-tracking are in use today: (1)conventional, very-high-frequency (VHF) radio
tracking, (2) satellite tracking, and (3) Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking.
VHF radio-tracking is the standard technique that has been in use since 1963.
However, radio-tracking can be considered intrusive in that it requires live-capturing
animals and attaching a collar or other device to them. A person must then monitor
signals from the device, thus usually requiring people in the field in vehicles, aircraft,
and on foot. Nevertheless, most national parks have recognized the benefits of radio-
tracking and have hosted radio-tracking studies for many years; in some parks,As a
result, some NPS staff are concerned about actual or potential intrusiveness of radio-
tracking. Ideally, wildlife studies would still be done but with no intrusion on animals
or conflict with park visitors. Thus the NPS has decided to closely examine the
technique and use of radio-tracking to determine (1) if any less-intrusive method
could supply the same information, (2) what the full range of radio-tracking
technology is, to determine if the least-intrusive techniques are being used, and (3)
whether future technological improvements might lead to less-intrusive techniques.
The present review is the result. We first present a simple overview of radio-tracking
technology, its benefits, variety, cost, and availability, advantages and disadvantages,
and recent refinements that, if used, could reduce research intrusiveness. Then we
consider whether any less-intrusive, non-radio-tracking techniques could supply the
same information. Next we discuss possible future improvements and suggest some
that would help reduce intrusion during wildlife research in national parks. Last, we
review radio-tracking technology in detail for readers who want a more complete
10
understanding. This review should also allow administrators and scientists to
determine whether the least-intrusive radio-tracking techniques are currently being
used. We conclude that no substitute for radio-tracking appears to be on the horizon
but that a few recent improvements in the technology can reduce some of its
intrusiveness. Further, we recommend that the NPS (1) formally assess the extent of
park visitors’ perceptions and concerns about any intrusiveness caused by wildlife
radio-tracking studies (2) help minimize visitor concern about the technique by
educating the public about radio-tracking and some of its findings in the parks, (3)
promote use of the most up-to-date refinements and improvements in radio-tracking
technology, and (4) encourage funding projects using such technology.

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4.TRACKING METHODS

Tracking with Technology:

Radio tracking technology can help determine exactly where an animal is at any
moment in time and often what that animal is doing! Using the data collected from
tracking devices, scientists can determine the day-to-day movements of an animal, the
size of an animal's home range, what other animals share an animal's range and the
types of habitats an animal uses. By analyzing all this data, scientists can learn new
ways to help control animal populations, determine what impact development might
have on an animal population, and determine if there are enough individuals of a
particular species in an area to allow for reproduction. There are three types of radio
tracking systems used today. VHF Radio Tracking, Satellite Tracking and Global
Positioning System (GPS) Tracking.

VHF Radio Tracking:

Scientists have been using VHF radio tracking since 1963. In order to use VHF radio
tracking, a radio transmitter is placed on the animal. Usually, the animal is first
sedated. While the animal is asleep, the scientists gather information about the health
and condition of the animal. Once the radio transmitter is placed on the animal, it
begins transmitting a signal to a radio antenna and receiver. In order to locate an
animal using VHF radio tracking, scientists must be close enough to the animal with
the radio antenna so they can pick up the signal from the radio transmitter on the
animal.

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This works just like a car radio works! When a radio station sends a signal the radio
antenna on the car picks up the signal and the radio receiver, when tuned to that radio
station's channel, turns that signal into music or talk or whatever the radio station is
broadcasting! Scientists using an antenna and receiver can then locate the animal from
a plane in the air or from a vehicle or on foot on the ground by following the radio
signal. Radio transmitters used to be fairly large and were only used on larger animals,
but improvements in technology have allowed scientists to create much smaller
transmitters that can be attached to small animals. They even make transmitters that
can be swallowed by an animal or placed under an animal's skin!

Satellite Tracking:

Satellite tracking is similar to VHF radio tracking, but instead of a radio signal being
sent to a radio receiver a signal is sent to a satellite. With satellite tracking, scientists
don't have to be near the animal to pick up its signal. They can track the animal using
a computer! This loggerhead turtle is heading out to sea, but scientists will be able to
track its movements using the signal the transmitter on its back sends to a satellite. Its
a lot easier tracking a loggerhead this way than by swimming after it!

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GPS Tracking:

GPS tracking is the newest technology being used to track wildlife. In GPS tracking, a
radio receiver, not a transmitter, is placed on the animal. The radio receiver picks up
signals from special satellites. The receiver has a computer that then calculates the
location and movement of the animal. The data gathered by the receiver is then sent to
another set of satellites. The second set of satellites then sends the data to the
scientists. Tracking small animals using these technologies used to be difficult
because the transmitters were so large. Today, scientists are working on ways to make
the tracking devices smaller. There are now GPS receivers that are solar powered and
small enough to attach to a bird! In order to learn more about animals and their
behavior, scientist use a combination of techniques including: observation of animals
in the field and in captivity, research in the laboratory, and tracking and monitoring
with technology. These techniques and others help scientists better understand what
an animal needs to thrive in an environment.

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5. RADIO TAGS AND MAMMALS

Necks, large ears, or horns/antlers Expandable collars allowing for growth of young
animals have also been applied successfully to mountain lions, bobcats, black bears,
caribou calves, elk calves, white-tailed deer fawns mammals with non-prominent
necks (e.g. hedgehogs)- backpack harnesses. Surgically implanted transmitters such as
subcutaneous transmitters, abdominal transmitters, or rumen transmitters represent
other attachment alternatives (beavers, sea otters, yellow-bellied marmots, bears) Two
considerations when using implanted transmitters are greatly reduced signal range
(sometimes < 50%) and increased invasiveness to the animal that may result in greater
data bias and potentially require subsequent veterinary procedures

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6.RADIO TAGS AND BIRDS

Attachment methods for fitting transmitters to birds vary widely. Examples include
transmitters with whip antennas fitted to backpacks with attachment loops under the
wings ; loops meeting near the breast , or loops under the legs; loop-antenna harness-
chest packs; whip antennas adhered directly to tail feathers, collars, neck band mounts,
or necklaces, leg-band transmitter

Vulture chick

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 7.PROBLEM STATEMENT

There is no product in the market for the real time animal health monitoring. Mostly
veterinary staff checks the physiological parameters through manually. Currently
livestock farmer’s faces lot of problem on monitoring the health of livestock and thus
modifications are being persistently recommended in instrumentation. Mostly
available system focuses only on heart rate measurement to predict of the animals.

DESCRIPTION OF PROBLEM
The circuit that we are using makes this system automatic, novel design goal of the
animal health monitoring system with a capability to monitor heart rate, body
temperature, and rumination with surrounding temperature and humidity. This
information provides to veterinary staff.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

The following objectives are likely to be focused and achieved at the end of the
project. The main aim of this project is to develop an animal health monitoring system
(AHMS) which is capable to the measuring of body temperature, rumination, and
heart rate parameters with environmental parameters (surrounding temperature and
humidity) & tracking position of animal.

STATEMENT OF SCOPE
Human cannot able to identify the actual health problem related to Animals, so this
project will help to diagnosis the Health Problem of Animals. There will be the
possibility of robbery of Animals so Tracking provision of Animals is involved in this
system.

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HARDWARE/SOFTWARE CONTEXT

The animal health monitoring system has the following main components:- Gsm
&Gps, Power supply (3.3v), Probes, Connection probe, Transistor ,Light Emitting
Diode , Diode, Capacitor, Resistors keill softer etc.

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8.GPS TRACKING OF A WHITE-TAILED SEA EAGLE

IN GERMANY

The increase of wind power plants as a German strategy to develop green, renewable
energy in order to overcome energy produced by nuclear power and fossil energy
sources leads to a substantial collision risk for the white-tailed sea eagle. The aim of
our study was to understand how frequently and under which circumstances eagles
approach wind turbines in order to assess and minimize the collision risk in the future
by means of satellite telemetry and behavioural observations. One territorial adult,
two sub-adults and one immature bird have been fitted with satellite transmitters
between 2007 and 2010. Additionally telemetry data of three adult birds and another
13 young eagles, which have been tagged for other projects between 2003 and 2010,
has been evaluated for the first time in the present research project. In the evaluation
no avoidance behavior of the adult bird towards wind turbines could be identified for
the different calculated home ranges by comparing average distances to random
distances. The number of locations per km2 is significantly higher within the wind
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farm area than in the reference area (cropland without wind turbine). Thus on average,
the adult bird returned more locations within the risk area than statistically expected.
One of the three tagged eaglets has been recorded within a wind farm during the
period of transmission. GPS data as well as visual observations have shown that the
young bird repeatedly traversed the wind farm in the vicinity of its nest and showed
no fear of the turbines. Although all three tagged young eagles (immature and sub-
adult) had very large home ranges and might have crossed a number of wind farms,
only one individual approached the risk area of a wind turbine. Among the attractive
structures were: kettle holes, ponds, large bodies of water, perching trees on forest
edges and local elevations. To estimate a possible collision risk with a wind turbine in
the vicinity of the nest, the proportion of locations at a distance of 3000 m was looked
at, a distance which is discussed in the recommendations for distances of wind
turbines to important areas for birds by the Working Group of German State Bird
Conservancies. The adult white-tailed sea eagle equipped with a satellite transmitter
in this study showed only 17.3% of the locations in an area of 3000 m around the nest.
Half (50%) of the localizations occur within a distance of 7486 m. The analysis of
locations of another three territorial white-tailed sea eagles, which was satellite tagged
for other studies, resulted in 80% locations in an area of 3000 m around the nest, 87%
locations up to 3000 m and in one case even 98% of the recorded locations at
distances up to 3000 m around the nest. The mean of all locations at distances from
50 m and up to 3000 m around the nest is 71% for all four white-tailed sea eagles. As
a large proportion of the recorded locations of tagged adult birds can be found at a
distance of 3000 m around the nest, the probability that the eagles enter the area of a
wind turbine decreases significantly with increasing distance. If however, a preferred
flight path towards a foraging habitat will be obstructed by a wind turbine, the
probability of contact with wind turbines is increasing.

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9.SMART COLLARS HELP TRACK AND CONSERVE

WILDLIFE

Caleb Bryce drops into a ravine and tucks into the shadows. The dry foliage bursts
into confetti as a puma careens up the opposite bank, hounds wailing close behind.
Bryce and other scientists leap in pursuit. The big cat skirts a meadow and vaults into
a fir tree. Wide-eyed, she pants as saliva streams from her jaw. When a shot hits its
mark, the puma jumps to ground and streaks away. This heated chase is part of efforts
to tranquilize and study pumas. As the animals continue to encroach on towns and
cities, there’s an urgent need to understand their movements and behavior. In essence,
scientists want to know what it takes for a large mammal to survive in a landscape
shared more and more with people. To find out, they developed collars that do much
more than pinpoint animal locations: they also track a complex suite of movements
and measure energy expenditure. Their findings, and these seemingly simple collar
advances, could help better conserve wildlife and protect humans worldwide. For
decades, GPS tracking collars have revealed an animal’s location, indicating the
distance traveled between position readings, but not whether the animal moved
directly or took side trips. And GPS collars alone don’t indicate whether the animal
ran or walked from point to point. These behaviors affect the energy an animal
expends, which can be crucial to predicting and protecting its range. Species
Movement, Acceleration, and Radio Tracking collars—SMART collars— aren’t a
conservation panacea, but they’re proving to be a crucial tool in multiple arenas.
Getting SMARTer In 2014 eco-physiologist Terrie Williams, wildlife ecologist
Christopher Wilmers, and computer engineer Gabriel Elkaim of the University of
California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), designed and developed SMART collars. They
equipped the collars with GPS, added a magnetometer to estimate heading, and
incorporated accelerometers to show motion. The team became the first to measure
energy expenditure using these collars on a large terrestrial cat (1). The accelerometer
records a collar’s full range of motion along three axes—back and forth, up and down,
side-to-side—as often as 32 times per second. These data signatures show how fast a
wild animal moves, how high it jumps, when it rests, walks, and eats, and how it kills
its prey. Such details provide an accurate picture of an animal’s total energy
21
expenditure over an entire season. And that total indicates the dimensions of habitat
an animal needs to obtain enough calories to reproduce and, ultimately, survive. “The
collar reflects the behavioral repertoire and generates a unique signature for a
behavior,” explains Bryce, a doctoral candidate in ecology and evolutionary biology
at UCSC. These advancements have opened a new window on behavior patterns of all
sorts of big mammals, including pumas. In 2011, Wilmers and other scientists with
the Santa Cruz Puma Project sought to correlate locations with behaviors (2). A
traditional GPS/radio telemetry collar helped them determine where pumas fed,
moved, communicated with each other, and raised their kittens. The researchers
plotted these behaviors onto maps and compared the locations with sites of human
concentration. Their findings: pumas hunt and feed relatively close to humans, even
within 150 meters. But females need at least a 600-meter buffer from humans to
communicate with males and successfully raise kittens. When GPS signals showed
that a puma had remained at the same location for hours, researchers knew it must be
sleeping or feeding. Then they visited the spot and searched for remains of prey.
Although pumas kill many deer, Wilmers says, they also prey on a fair number of
raccoons and domestic cats, as well as the occasional skunk.

“People are the only animal we’ve seen that deters pumas,” he says. Using the
SMART collars, UCSC researchers added another crucial layer of data (1). They
found that a hunting puma moves constantly. It turns off-course, jogs through
meadows, and zigzags up rocky outcroppings. These behaviors expend more than
twice the energy expected simply by traversing rugged terrain. Pumas make up for
22
this exertion by stalking prey quietly and lying in wait, sometimes for more than 30
minutes. After conserving the energy required to land and then subdue their prey,
pumas expend the exact effort required to kill: a small pounce for a fawn, a big one
for a buck. The collars and environmental sensing devices are providing information
that supports conservation and practical management practices (3). By controlling
deer populations, for example, pumas help reduce the incidence of disease and
starvation that would be experienced by a larger, less well-nourished herd, says field
biologist Paul Houghtaling, who manages the puma project. Findings have even
translated into policy action. Data from collars helped researchers identify pathways
over State Route 17 in the Santa Cruz Mountains, including a crossing point that
accounts for 40% of all vehicle/wildlife collisions. In November, voters approved a
tax for transportation projects that included $5 million to build a conduit at that deadly
crossing point to protect drivers and wildlife.

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10.POTENTIAL ALTERNATIVES FOR

RADIO TRACKING

⚫ The use of hairs plucked from free-ranging animals

⚫ The use of scats, both for DNA analyses.

Purpose- To tell presence/absence of a species and population estimates

Disadvantages-

⚫ would require considerable field effort,

⚫ lab analyses of scat-derived DNA are problematic

⚫ The scat technique would provide little of the complementary data that radio-
tracking yields such as behavioral observations, mortality rates and causes,
dispersal, and various other data depending on the amount and frequency of
tracking time.

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Red Wolf Scat

25
11.HARDWARE RESOURCES REQUIRED

1. Power Supply

2. Crystal Oscillator

3. Reset Circuit

4. RTC crystal oscillator

5. UART

Power Supply

LPC2148 works on 3.3 V power supply. LM 117 can be used for generating 3.3 V
supply. However, basic peripherals like LCD, ULN 2003 (Motor Driver IC) etc.
works on 5V. So AC mains supply is converted into 5V using below mentioned
circuit and after that LM 117 is used to convert 5V into 3.3V.

Block diagram for power supply

Transformer
26
It is used to step down 230V AC to 9V AC supply and provides isolation between

power grids and circuit.

Rectifier

It is used to convert AC supply into DC.

Filter

It is used to reduce ripple factor of DC output available from rectifier end.

Regulator

It is used to regulate DC supply output.

DISCRIPTION OF POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT

DIAGRAM

CALCULATION

27
Reset Circuit

Reset button is essential in a system to avoid programming pitfalls and sometimes to

manually bring back the system to the initialization mode. Circuit diagram for reset is
as shown below. MCP 130T is a special IC used for providing stable RESET signal to
LPC 2148. Here, Regulator IC 7805 is used to provide fix 5V dc supply. Now we can
use LM 117 for generating 3.3V supply from 5V using be3

28
29
12.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

⚫ This Method is Fast & Conventional

⚫ Does not Required to Human Attention.

⚫ This is Completely independent.

⚫ Economically benefit.

⚫ Check environmental Humidity & temperature.

DISADVANTAGES

⚫ high initial costs

⚫ relatively short-lived and applicable to mammals the size of a wolf or larger or to

birds on which solar cells can be used

30
13.APPLICATIONS

⚫ Wild life Animal Tracking.

⚫ Domestic Purpose to Detect Pet Animal.

⚫ In Criminal Cases Many Time We See That Police Department uses Dog To

Find

⚫ Out Trace Of Criminals.

⚫ In Dairy Animal Monitoring.

⚫ During recess, indicate the animal location & health monitor.

In order to be processed, analyzed and observed the loca-tion tracking details it is

developed an application that mana-ges the tracking data. Main functions of the
tracking manager application are:

- Receiving location data from all tracked objects;

- Storing received data in database;

- Processing tracking data;

- Observation of tracking data in various modes.

For utilizing the managing application it is used a PC to receive, organize and

visualize the data. Data receiving is done through a RS232 (or USB) port from a
GSM/GPRS receiver. Most important data in the received package contains locations
with longitude and latitude. Each received package of data is stored in a row table in a
database. Data are automatically distributed to specific database tables to organize
better the data. Using database requests various data queries can be obtained.
Requests are used to output various arrays of data so different cases can be observed:
Displaying current locations;

31
Displaying path that is tracked for a given period of time for a given tracked object;

- Statistics for destination passed for a given amount of time.

Observation of the tracking data is done by using a map API that allows displaying
interactive maps. It is used to display current locations with markers and tracked
paths by drawing on top of the map. The developed application is flexible and can be
developed further to cover more functionalities such as more useful statistics and
tracking data analysis.

32
14. CONCLUSION

Wild tracking devices are one of the most useful instruments in gaining knowledge in
the field of zoology. On one hand, designing of such a device is a real engineering
challenge as the technical specification is quite tough. The biggest problems are
related with the requirements for very small sizes and weight. Moreover a sufficient
operating time is necessary as enough amount of information about the animal under
study should be gathered. Another obstacle is the harsh conditions of the
environment. At the time problems seems almost impossible to overcome.
Nevertheless the technology continues to develop. New electronic devices with
reduced power consumption and sizes are constantly introduced to the market. Also
new type of batteries with improved parameters like energy density and operating
temperature range are emerging. The paper describes a GPS-based tracking device
which is capable of transmitting the location data through a RF link to a nearby
retranslating station. Exploiting the GSM/GPRS network the station is capable to
transfers the information to the end user. By using specialist software application the
user can analyze the data in convenient way. The design presented in this paper is
incapable to be used with the smallest species of the Mustelidae, but still is appropriate
for animals with weight larger than 300 g. Nevertheless our efforts will not stop and
we believe that future research will succeed to overcome the difficulties.

33
15.REFERENCES

[1] http://www.wildwatch.com, last accessed April 10, 2013.

[2] Audubon biography, National Audubon Society,

http://www.audubon.org/john-james-audubon, last accessed

April 10, 2013.

[3] Clark, P., D. Johnson, M. Kniep, P. Jermann, B. Huttash, A.

Wood, M. Johnson, C. McGillivan, K. Titus. An Advanced,

Low-Cost, GPS-Based Animal Tracking System. Rangeland

Ecology & Management, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 334-340, 2006.

[4] http://www.telonics.com/technotes/tracking.php, last accessed

April 10, 2013.

[5] Claridge, A., D. Mills, R. Hunt. D. Jenkins, J. Bean. Satellite

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