Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
My name is Amit Vaidya. I am from India. I am in my first semester of Civil Engineering at
Clemson University. In this memo, I am going to tell you little bit about my background,
interests, achievements and my goals.
Background
I was born in a small village called Bilimora. Bilimora is located about 70 kilometers south
of the city of Surat which is 8th largest city in India, in the state of Gujarat. I spent my first
16 years of life in Bilimora. Bilimora is famous for temples and textile mills.
My everyday activities included going to school, playing cricket, watching television, and
going to temple at the night time.
Interests
I like playing Chess and Cricket. I always enjoyed reading, writing and doing math. Growing
up as a child and until now, (my adulthood) it has been mine (my) and my parents dream for
me to become a Doctor or an Engineer.
Achievements:
I have achieved many different goals in life. Some of my achievements are bigger than the
others, which has given me greater satisfaction. My achievements have helped me to get
ahead in life
Goals
I hope to get better at technical communication this term. Five years from now, I want to
become a project manager of a construction project, and technical communication is one of
the most important skills that a project manager should have. As a project manager, my
primary goals are managing people, set budgets, and making decisions of all kinds.
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Pronouns
Pronouns replace nouns. A different pronoun is required depending on two elements: the noun
being replaced and the function that noun has in the sentence. In English, pronouns only take the
gender of the noun they replace in the 3rd person singular form. The 2nd person plural pronouns
are identical to the 2nd person singular pronouns except for the reflexive pronoun.
Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns replace nouns that are the subject of their clause. In the 3rd person, subject
pronouns are often used to avoid repetition of the subject's name.
Examples
• I am 16.
• You seem lost.
• Jim is angry, and he wants Sally to apologize.
• This table is old. It needs to be repainted.
• We aren't coming.
• They don't like pancakes.
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Object Pronouns
Object pronouns are used to replace nouns that are the direct or indirect object of a clause.
Examples
Possessive adjectives are not pronouns, but rather determiners. It is useful to learn them at the
same time as pronouns, however, because they are similar in form to the possessive pronouns.
Possessive adjectives function as adjectives, so they appear before the noun they modify. They do
not replace a noun as pronouns do.
Examples
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns replace possessive nouns as either the subject or the object of a clause.
Because the noun being replaced doesn't appear in the sentence, it must be clear from the context.
Examples
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Reflexive and intensive pronouns are the same set of words but they have different functions in a
sentence.
Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the clause because the subject of the action is also
the direct or indirect object. Only certain types of verbs can be reflexive. You cannot remove a
reflexive pronoun from a sentence because the remaining sentence would be grammatically
incorrect.
Examples
Intensive pronouns emphasize the subject of a clause. They are not the object of the action. The
intensive pronoun can always be removed from a sentence without changing the meaning
significantly, although the emphasis on the subject will be removed. Intensive pronouns can be
placed immediately after the subject of the clause, or at the end of the clause.
Examples
Demonstrative Pronoun
Is are
Examples:
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This is my book
That is my book
These are my books
Pronoun Exercise
1. I really like watching old shows. _________ are some of the best things on TV.
• Those
• That
• This
• These
• those
• that
• this
• these
• Those
• That
• This
• These
• something
• everyone
• anywhere
• something
• everyone
• anywhere
• something
• everyone
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• anywhere
• himself
• themselves
• myself
• themselves
• herself
• himself
• himself
• myself
• herself
• I
• Me
• You
11. Thanks for the package! Please leave _________ on the table.
• them
• them
• it
12. Ben was surprised when _________ discovered that his friends were hiding in the living room.
• she
• he
• they
• mine
• my
• ours
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• mine
• their
• ours
• mine
• yours
• our
• themselves
• myself
• herself
• myself
• ourselves
• himself
• yourself
• himself
• themselves
Nouns
Using nouns correctly in English is relatively simple, with standard rules and only a few
exceptions. Use these pages to learn about the English grammar rules for gender, plurals, countable
and uncountable nouns, compound nouns, capitalization, nationalities, and forming the possessive.
Nouns in English
Noun gender
Nouns answer the questions "What is it?" and "Who is it?" They give names to things, people,
and places.
Examples
• dog
• bicycle
• Mary
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• girl
• beauty
• France
• world
In general there is no distinction between masculine, feminine in English nouns. However, gender
is sometimes shown by different forms or different words when referring to people or animals.
Examples
Regular nouns
Examples
Singular Plural
boat boats
house houses
cat cats
river rivers
Singular Plural
bus buses
wish wishes
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Singular Plural
pitch pitches
box boxes
• A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and
adding-ies.
• Examples
Singular Plural
penny pennies
spy spies
baby babies
city cities
daisy daisies
Irregular nouns
There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.
Examples
Singular Plural
woman women
man men
child children
tooth teeth
foot feet
person people
leaf leaves
mouse mice
goose geese
half halves
knife knives
wife wives
life lives
elf elves
loaf loaves
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
cactus cacti
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Singular Plural
focus foci
fungus fungi
nucleus nuclei
syllabus syllabi/syllabuses
analysis analyses
diagnosis diagnoses
oasis oases
thesis theses
crisis crises
phenomenon phenomena
criterion criteria
datum data
• Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.
• Examples
Singular Plural
sheep sheep
fish Fish
deer deer
species Species
aircraft Aircraft
childrens
children
childs
teeths
tooths
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Singular Plural
teeth
3. My ______ hurt.
feet
foots
feets
mice
mices
mouses
woman
women
womans
men
mans
man
Gooses
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Singular Plural
Geeses
Geese
sheeps
sheepes
sheep
deeres
deer
deers
people
persons
peoples
It's important to distinguish between countable and uncountable nouns in English because their
usage is different in regards to both determiners and verbs.
Countable nouns
Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural
form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity
of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the plural countable noun.
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Singular Plural
one dog two dogs
one horse two horses
one man two men
one idea two ideas
one shop two shops
Examples
Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They may be the names
for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous to be
counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb. They
usually do not have a plural form.
Examples
• tea
• sugar
• water
• air
• rice
• knowledge
• beauty
• anger
• fear
• love
• money
• research
• safety
• evidence
We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To express a quantity of an uncountable noun, use a word
or expression like some, a lot of, much, a bit of, a great deal of , or else use an exact measurement
like a cup of, a bag of, 1kg of, 1L of, a handful of, a pinch of, an hour of, a day of. If you want to
ask about the quantity of an uncountable noun, you ask "How much?"
Examples
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• There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.
• He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.
• Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?
• He did not have much sugar left.
• Measure 1 cup of water, 300g of flour, and 1 teaspoon of salt.
• How much rice do you want?
A) Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the given nouns for the following exercise.
Use each noun only one time.
2. They are going to tell you all you want to know. They are going to
5. 'What does Alan look like?' He's got a long beard and very short
9. I don't think Ann will get the job. She hasn't got enough .
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10. Shakespeare’s are wonderful.
Verbs
What is a verb?
Verbs are the action words in a sentence that describe what the subject is doing. Along with nouns,
verbs are the main part of a sentence or phrase, telling a story about what is taking place. In fact,
without a verb, full thoughts can’t be properly conveyed, and even the simplest sentences, such as
Maria sings, have one. Actually, a verb can be a sentence by itself, with the subject, in most case
you, implied, such as, Sing! and Drive!
As you can see from the examples above, one clue to help you recognize a verb is its location
compared to the subject. Verbs almost always come after a noun or pronoun. These nouns and
pronouns are referred to as the subject. The verb thought comes after the noun Jack, so the action
Jack (subject) was taking was thinking (verb).
In the sentence Mark eats his dinner quickly, what is happening? Eating is happening, so eating is
the verb.
In the sentence They thought about all the prizes what is happening? Thought (thinking) is
happening, so thought is the verb.
Physical verbs are action verbs. They describe specific physical actions. If you can create a motion
with your body or use a tool to complete an action, the word you use to describe it is most likely a
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physical verb. For example, Joe sat in his chair, the dog breathes quickly after she chases her ball,
and should we vote in the election? Even when the action isn’t very active, if the action is done by
the body or a tool, consider it a physical verb.
The physical verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as discovering, understanding,
thinking, or planning. In general, a mental verb refers to a cognitive state.
Mental verbs have meanings that are related to concepts such as discovering, understanding,
thinking, or planning. In general, a mental verb refers to a cognitive state.
The mental verb examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
Also known as linking verbs, state of being verbs describe conditions or situations that exist. State
of being verbs are inactive since no action is being performed. These verbs, forms of to be, such
as am, is, are, are usually complemented by adjectives.
The state of being verbs in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
• I am a student.
• We are circus performers.
• Please is quiet.
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• 1. I ___________ about a yellow unicorn last night.
• dreamed
• slept
• think
• 2. Anna ___________ to class yesterday because she was at the hospital.
• didn't come
• didn't take
• didn't arrive
• 3. It was snowing last night. It ___________ so cold!
• touched
• felt
• happened
• 4. Lucy ___________ her mother's watch, so she bought a new one.
• broke
• crashed
• forgot
• 5. We ___________ at the library for three hours yesterday.
• learnt
• studied
• reviewed
• 6. I ___________ an e-mail to the company but they never answered.
• published
• read
• sent
• 7. The two cousins ___________ at the airport for the first time.
• met
• welcomed
• saw
• 8. The dog ___________ in the middle of the kitchen floor, looking at the door.
• put
• ran
• stood
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Preposition
What is a preposition?
A preposition is a word used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a sentence.
They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of a sentence. Prepositions are usually
short words, and they are normally placed directly in front of nouns. In some cases, you’ll find
prepositions in front of gerund verbs.
Types of Prepositions
There are three types of prepositions, including time prepositions, place prepositions, and direction
prepositions.
Time prepositions are those such as before, after, during, and until; place prepositions are those
indicating position, such as around, between, and against; and direction prepositions are those
indicative of direction, such as across, up, and down. Each type of preposition is important.
Type of Prepositions
Prepositions of Time
Basic examples of time prepositions include: at, on, in, before and after. They are used to help
indicate when something happened, happens or will happen. It can get a little confusing though,
as many different prepositions can be used.
Prepositions of time examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
For example:
The above makes it seem quite difficult, with five different prepositions used to indicate when
something happened. However, there is a set of guidelines that can help decide which preposition
to use:
For years, months, seasons, centuries and times of day, use the preposition in:
For days, dates and specific holiday days, use the preposition on.
For times, indicators of exception and festivals, use the preposition at:
Before and after should be much easier to understand than the other examples of prepositions of
time. Both are used to explain when something happened, happens or will happen, but specifically
in relation to another thing.
Other prepositions of time could include: During, about, around, until and throughout.
Prepositions of Place
To confuse matters a bit, the most common prepositions to indicate time – on, at, in – are also the
most common prepositions to indicate position. However, the rules are a little clearer as place
prepositions are a more rigid concept than time prepositions.
Prepositions of place examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy identification.
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• The sculpture hangs on the wall.
• The images are on the page.
• The specials are on the menu, which is on the table.
In is used when referring to something that is inside or within confined boundaries. This could be
anything, even a country:
Lot’s of other prepositions of place, such as under, over, inside, outside, above and below are used
in English. There is, however, a lot less confusion as they refer to rigid positions rather than
abstract ones.
at
in
on
at
in
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on
at
in
on
at
in
on
at
in
on
at
in
on
at
in
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on
at
in
on
at
in
on
at
in
on
Adverbs modify, or tell us more about, other words. Usually adverbs modify verbs, telling us how,
how often, when, or where something was done. The adverb is placed after the verb it modifies.
Examples
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Sometimes adverbs modify adjectives, making them stronger or weaker.
Examples
Some types of adverbs can modify other adverbs, changing their degree or precision.
Examples
What Is a Conjunction?
A conjunction is the glue that holds words, phrases and clauses (both dependent and independent)
together. There are three different kinds of conjunctions--coordinating, subordinating, and
correlative--each serving its own, distinct purpose, but all working to bring words together.
Coordinating conjunctions are what come to most people's minds when they hear the word
"conjunction." They can join together words, phrases and independent clauses. There are seven of
them, and they're easy to remember if you can just remember FAN BOYS:
• For - Explains reason or purpose (just like "because") I go to the park every Sunday, for I
love to watch the ducks on the lake.
• And - Adds one thing to another I go to the park every Sunday to watch the ducks on the
lake and the shirtless men playing soccer.
• Nor - Used to present an alternative negative idea to an already stated negative idea I don't
go for the fresh air nor really for the ducks. Honestly, I just like the soccer.
• But - Shows contrast The soccer in the park is entertaining in the winter, but it's better in
the heat of summer.
• Or - Presents an alternative or a choice The men play on teams: shirts or skins.
• Yet - Introduces a contrasting idea that follows the preceding idea logically (similar to
"but") I always take a book to read, yet I never seem to turn a single page.
• So - Indicates effect, result or consequence I've started dating one of the soccer players, so
now I have an excuse to watch the game each week.
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What Is a Subordinating Conjunction?
• "Because of you, I never stray too far from the sidewalk" (Kelly Clarkson).
• "If you leave me now, you'll take away the biggest part of me" (Peter Cetera/Chicago).
• "When I see you smile, I can face the world" (Bad English).
• "[You] don't know what you've got 'til it's gone" (Cinderella).
• "I guess I'll never be the same since I fell for you" (B.B. King).
• "As I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I take a look at my life and realize
there's nothing left" (Coolio).
Correlative conjunctions are sort of like tag-team conjunctions. They come in pairs, and you have
to use both of them in different places in a sentence to make them work. They include pairs like
"both/and," "whether/or," "either/or," "neither/nor," "not/but" and "not only/but also."
INTERJECTION
The interjection is a part of speech which is more commonly used in informal language than in
formal writing or speech. Basically, the function of interjections is to express emotions or sudden
bursts of feelings. They can express a wide variety of emotions such as: excitement, joy, surprise,
or disgust.
Interjections can come in the form of a single word, a phrase, or even a short clause. Aside from
that, they are usually (but not always) placed at the beginning of a sentence. The importance of
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interjections lies in the fact that they can convey feelings that may sometimes be neglected in the
sentence.
But then again, another person might use an interjection to show the same feeling of disgust (as
in sentence number 2):
So you see from the sentence above that the word “eww” conveys the emotional response to
what is said in the sentence. It can act as a replacement for emoticons and are more appropriate
to use in writing, especially in character dialogues.
Examples:
The italicized words in the sample sentences above are just some of the adjectives that can be
used as interjections.
Examples:
The italicized parts of the sentences above are just some of the nouns that can be used as
interjections.
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Example:
The short clause that is italicized in the example above functions as an interjection.
Examples:
Since interjections convey different kinds of emotions, there are also different ways to punctuate
them.
A. Exclamation point
The exclamation point is the most commonly used punctuation mark for interjections. Obviously,
it is used to communicate strong emotions such as surprise, excitement, or anger.
Examples:
A. Period or comma
Examples:
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E. Well, what did your mom say?
F. Um… I don’t think so.
G. Hmm, your house always smells like freshly brewed coffee.
A. Question mark
If you intend to use interjections to express uncertainty or disbelief, it is more appropriate to use
a question mark.
Examples:
A. Duh
B. Oh
C. Oops
D. Ha
E. Yikes
F. Whoa
G. Geez
H. Yum
I. Oy
J. Eh
K. Wow
L. Yo
M. Yippee
N. Alas
O. Dear
P. Oh
Q. Uh-huh
R. Phew
S. Indeed
T. Cool
U. Wicked
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