READINGS IN PHIL. HISTORY under review).
A secondary source usually describes,
History - Is the study of the past.
History is the branch of knowledge dealing with past events. a
continuous, systematic narrative of past events as relating to a
particular people, country, period, person, usually written as a
chronological account.
Importance of History
1. We can look at past economic and cultural trends and be
able to offer reasonable predictions of what will happen
next in today's world.
2. It enables us to understand different cultures.
3. History helps us understand ourselves.
4. History makes us better decision makers.
Those that do not learn history are doomed to repeat it.”
Those words were first spoken by George Santayana;
History gives us the opportunity to learn from past
mistakes.
5. History helps us develop a new level of appreciation for
just about everything.
Studying history enables us to develop better understanding of
the world in which we live. Building knowledge and
understanding of historical events and trends, especially over
the past century, enables us to develop a much greater
appreciation for current events today.
Primary sources refer to documents or other items that provide
first-hand, eyewitness accounts of events.
Historians use primary sources as the raw evidence to analyze
and interpret the past.
Examples
Diaries, journals, speeches, interviews, letters, memos,
photographs, videos, public opinion polls, and government
records, newspaper and magazine articles
Secondary sources are any published or unpublished work
that is one step removed from the original source (or event
summarizes analyses, evaluates, and interprets of reviews
primary source materials.
Remember authors of secondary sources may use primary
source material to persuade readers to support their arguments
about an event and its meaning.
Examples
Biographical or historical studies, documentaries, reviews,
critical analyses, Encyclopedia, textbooks, dictionaries, journal
articles, second person account
Tertiary Sources
A tertiary source is a written work, based entirely on secondary
sources, rather than on original research involving primary
documents. Whether a source is secondary or tertiary can be
determined by examining the bibliography (if one is provided).
Another clue is that secondary sources are almost always
written by experts, but tertiary sources may be written by staff
writers who have an interest in the topic but are not scholars on
the subject.
Examples
Chapter in a Textbook, Entry in a reference book
SANTIAGO ALVAREZ
1. Born in Noveleta, Cavite
2. July 27, 1872
3. Studied at Letran and UST
4. Licei de Manila took up Law
5. Father: Mariano Alvarez, Revolutionary Leader
6. Captain General of Magdiwang Forces
7. President of Nacionalista Party
8. Leader of Philippine Independent Church
9. Died at 55 years old, San Pablo Laguna in 1930
He wrote the Book to shed light on the many and different facets
of revolution.
Reasons of Revolt
1. Social stratification
 2. Economic exploitation Butuan or Limasawa
3. Labor conscription The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines:A
4. Religious suppression Reexamination of the Evidence

“The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General” Butuan

1. Publisher: Sampaguita, 1920
2. Serialized from July 24, 1927 to April15, 1928 divided in
80 parts
3. Originally written in Tagalog with 460 pages
4. Translated in English by Paula Carolina S. Malay with
236 pages
Butuan, officially the City of Butuan, is a 1st class highly
urbanized city and regional center of Caraga, Philippines.
According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 337,063
people. It served as the former capital of the Rajahnate of
Butuan before 1001 until about 1521.

Limasawa
Limasawa, officially the Municipality of Limasawa (Cebuano:
Lungsod sa Limasawa; Filipino: Bayan ng Limasawa), is a 6th
class municipality in the province of Southern Leyte, Philippines.
According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 6,061
people.
Controversy
Pigafetta - Mass March 31, 1521 Easter Sunday
Mazaua
Rajah Mazaua and Rajah of Butuan
After the mass planted a wooden cross up a hill
The subject of controversy is the identity of this place called
Mazaua
Butuan Tradition
1872 a monument was erected a brick pillar on which a marble
slab has an inscription. This monument is a testimonial that
Magellan and his expidition landed at Butuan and celebrated the
first mass.
17th Century
Father Francisco Colin a historian
Labor evangelica published in Madrid 1663
Reissued after 240 years in 3 volume edition annotated by Fr.
Pablo Pastells
Fr. Francisco Combes - missionary
Historia de Mindanao yJolo Madrid 1667
Reissued in 230 years edited by Wenceslao Retana
FERDINAND MAGELLAN
Born: 3 February 1480, Sabrosa, Portugal
Died: 27 April 1521, Mactan
Nationality: Portuguese
Full name: Fernão de Magalhães
Buried: Mactan
Known for: The first circumnavigation of the Earth
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organised
the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522,
resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, which was
completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
Antonio Pigafetta was a Venetian scholar and explorer. He
joined the expedition to the Spice Islands led by explorer
Ferdinand Magellan under the flag of King Charles I of Spain
and, after Magellan's death in the Philippines, the subsequent
voyage around the world.
19 Century
1. Who is Joaquin Martinez de Zuniga?
- Augustinian writer. He wrote Historia de Filipinas
published in Sampaloc 1803
2. What was Zuniga has to say regarding the first Mass?
- 1521 Magellan was in Butuan
- Crown Castle
- Magellan proceed to Cebu where he was killed
3. Who is John Foreman?
- Englishman
4. What did Foreman said about the first mass?
- March 16, 1521 Ladrones Islands
- North of the Island of Mindanao
- Easter week on this shore the first mass was
celebrated.
5. In some of the writings on the expedition of Magellan
there were erroneous details and one of it was the route,
what is that erroneous detail?
- Dominican friar, Santo Tomas Manila 1901
- Marianas Island became Archipelago of San
Lazaro
- Saturday Passion of Sunday (March 7 1521)
- Punta Guiguan to the east of Samar to Strait of
Surigao and dropped an anchor at Limasagua.
- Easter Sunday Butuan, Mindanao 1st mass
celebrated
- He returned to Limasagua and learned about
Cebu following the coast of Samar and Leyte.
- April 7 1521 he arrived in Cebu
- Fray Valentin misspelling on Limasagua and
Guiguan
- Jose Montero y Vidal, El Archipelago Filipino
appeared in Madrid 1886
- Historia general de Filipinas
 - Martinez de Zuniga’s Estadismo 1893
- Spanish Augustinian recollect missionaries from
Butuan
- The Jesuit scientists of the Manila Observatory
- El Archipelago Filipino published in Washington
1900
- 1920 – Phil. History in Ateneo de Manila
The Shift in Opinion
Emma Blair & James Alexander Robertson
- 55-volume collection of documents on Phil. Islands
was published in Cleveland 1903-1909
Fr. Pablo Pastells
- Born in 1846 Figueras, Gerona Spain
- Archivo de Indias in Seville
- Superior of the Jesuit Mission in the Phil. For 6
years (1888-93)
- 3-volume edition of Colin (Madrid 1903)
- 3-volume History of the Jesuit Missions in the Phil.
In the 19th century (Barcelona 1916-17)
- History of Jesuits in Paraguay (Madrid 1912)
- Collaborated with Retana in Madrid 1897 with
Combe’s edition
- Albo’s log rediscovery
- “Plaridel” Marcel H. Del Pilar Feb. 4 1889
Rejected Butuan in favor of Limasawa
- Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
- Jayme de Veyra
The Evidence of Limasawa
1. The evidence of Albo’s Log
2. The evidence of Pigafetta
3. Summary of evidence of Albo and Pigafetta
4. Confirmatory evidence from the Legazpi expedition
Sailed a westerly course from Ladrones but did not
approach it. They later found out its name Yunagan. That same
day they went to an island named Suluan. They saw some
canoes and the island was at 9 and ⅔ degrees north.
Then they sailed to an uninhabited island of “Gada” to look
for a supply of wood. Followed by the island named Seilani
which was known for gold. “They showed us how the gold was
gathered, which came in small pieces like peas and lentils.”
They turned southwest to a small island “Mazawa”. They
planted a cross in the mountain-top. Then went back to Seilani
and saw 3 islands. Dropped the anchor and stayed for the night.
In the morning, they entered two islands “Matan” and “Subu”.
They stayed in Subu for many days and obtained
provisions and entered to peace-pact with the local king.
There were so many shallows that the boats could not go
westward directly so they went in a round-about way.
What are the 5 points to consider in examining the
evidence from Pigafetta?
1. Pigaffeta’s Testimony regarding the route taken by
the expedition from the Pacific Ocean to Cebu
2. The evidence of Pigaffeta’s Map
3. The Two Kings
4. Seven Days at Mazawa
5. An Argument from Omission
Below are the dates on Pigafetta’s Testimony Regarding the
Route, give the events that occurred on the said date.
(SATURDAY) March 16, 1521 - Magellan’s expedition sighted a
“high land” named “Zamal” which was some 300 leagues
westward of Ladrones islands.
(SUNDAY) March 17, 1521 - After sighting Zamal, they landed
on another island which was uninhabited and which lay to the
right of the above-mentioned island of Zamal. There they set up
two tents for the sick members of the crew and had a sow killed
for them. The name of the island was Humunu.
Magellan named the entire archipelago the “Islands of Saint
Lazarus” the reason being that it was the Sunday in the
Lenten season when the Gospel assigned for the Mass and
the liturgical Office was the eleventh chapter of St. John,
which tells of the raising of Lazarus from the dead.
(MONDAY) March 18, 1521 - In the afternoon of their second
day on that island, they saw a boat coming towards them with
nine men with it. Exchange of gifts was affected. Magellan
asked for food supplies and the men went away, promising
to bring rice and other supplies in four days.
There were two springs of water on that island of Homonhon.
Also they saw there some indications that there was gold on this
island. Consequently, Magellan renamed the island and called it
“The Watering Place of Good Omen.” (Acquada la di bouni
segnialli.)
(FRIDAY) March 22, 1521 - At noon the natives returned. This
time they were two boats and they bought food supplies.
Magellan’s expedition stayed eight days at Homonhon.
(MONDAY) March 25, 1521 - In the afternoon, the expedition
weighed anchor and left the island of Homonhon. In the
ecclesiastical calendar, this day was the feast day of
Incarnation, also called the feast of the Annunciation and
therefore “Our Lady’s Day”. On this day, an accident happens
to Pigafetta: he fell into the water but rescued. He attributed
his narrow escape from death as a grace of the Blessed
Virgin Mary on her feast day.
(THURSDAY) March 28, 1521 - The morning of Holy Thursday,
they anchored off an island where the previous night they had
seen a light or a bonfire. They remained 7 days on Mazaua
island.
(THURSDAY) April 4, 1521 - They left Mazaua, bound for
Cebu. They were guided thither by the king of Mazaua who
sailed in his own boat. Their route took them past five islands
namely Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baibai, and Gatighan.
At Gatighan, they sailed westward to the three islands of the
Camotes Group namely Poro, Pasihan, and Ponson. Here
the Spanish ships were much faster than the native balanghai.
From the Camotes Islands, they sailed southwestwards
towards Zubu.
(SUNDAY) April 7, 1521 - At noon, they entered the harbor of
Zubu (Cebu). It had taken them 3 days to negotiate the journey
from Mazaua northwards to the Camotes Islands and then
southwards to Cebu
 The Island of Saint Lazarus – Philippines
 Pigaffeta is one of the 18 Survivors
 Primo Viaggio intomo al Mundo (First Voyage Around
the World)
Evidence of Limasawa
1. Evidence of Albo’s Log Book
Albo - pilot, one of the 18 survivors
 Yunagan
 Suluan
 Gada - supply wood and water
 Seilani/Ceylon/ Leyte - gold
 Mazava
 Matan
 Subu
 It is to be noted that Albo did not mentioned the first
mass, but only the planting of the cross upon a mountain
top

2. The evidence from Pigafetta
The Island of St. Lazaruz - Philippines
Pigafetta is also one of the 18 survivors
Primo Viaggio intomo al Mundo ( First Voyage around the
World)