The Role of Tourism - It generally focuses on traditional communities
What is Tourism?
 Tourism - Is the act of travel away from home, mostly for
the purpose of recreation or leisure.
 Recreation - Is the use of time in non-profitable way. It is
a therapeutic revitalization of the body and mind.
 Leisure - Is a form of passive entertainment or rest
To enjoy these benefits, there are basically three
prerequisites for a tourist:
1. Disposable Income
- Money to spend on non-essential items like leisure
2. Leisure Time
- Time away from work for passive pursuits.
3. Tourism Infrastructure
- To support recreation and leisure activities, like
transport, accommodation, amusement centers,
etc.
Role of a Department of Tourism
 Bernadette Romulo-Puyat Secretary of DOT
 Promotes the Country
 Generates revenue for the exchequer - Exchequer:
National Treasury
 Provides mass employment
 Supports several industries like transport, hospitality
 Protects flora and fauna
 Protect and Maintain Heritage Spots
 Promotes local arts and handicrafts
Why do people travel?
Sightseeing
- Is a strong reason for travel with disposable
income people seek to connect with other nations
to understand cultures.
Cultural Tourism
- Is concerned with a country’s or region culture,
especially its arts.
who have diverse customs, art and distinct social
practices which distinguish them from other
cultures.
Heritage Tourism
- Is a branch of cultural tourism that showcases the
cultural heritage of the past.
Leisure
- Is a strong motivation in a highly stressed work
life. People just want to put up their feet and relax
Sports Tourism
- Has become a huge industry where travel is
common for sportspersons and their fan following
Adventure Tourism
- Is a type of niche tourism involving exploration or
travel to remote, inaccessible and possibly hostile
areas where the traveler can experience the
unexpected.
Special Interest Groups
- Are those who travel in pursuit of their hobby.
Shopping
- Is a major attraction for anyone visiting new places
Business
- As a purpose for travel has from ancient times
been a strong motivator.
Governmental
- Travel has become important to foster better
understanding and trade between nations.
Education
- Universities have made it possible for anyone
around the world, with certain minimum
qualifications, to enter their education system.
Reunions
- Are major reasons for travel. With people working
in other countries due to global opportunities of
employment, the return home for family reunions
is a strong motivation.
Pilgrimage
 - It is a journey to a place or shrine of importance to
a person’s beliefs and faith.
Tourism Activities
Amusement
- The provision or enjoyment of entertainment
Aquaria
- Are marine parks where fish are preserved for
display
Art Museums and Galleries
- Are huge attractions for art lovers
Beaches
- The bright sun and the clear, sparkling sea have
attracted people to beaches making such spots
major leisure time tourism attractions.
Casinos
- is a facility which houses and accommodates
certain types of gambling activities. The industry
that deals in casinos is called the gaming industry
Castles and Forts
- Of ancient have been strong attractions all over
Europe and India. Not only are their architectures
unique, but they also give a good peak into the
ancient civilizations
- Shrine of Simala in Sibonga – Cebu
- The Ruins – Talisay City, Bacolod
Forests
- Are hot topics in most nations that work hard at
preserving them. To Tourists they promote man’s
relationship with nature. They are the perfect
places from urban jungles.
Gardens and Parks
- Preserve nature in an ornamental way. They are
great attractions to the public who find islands of
nature in concrete cities
Hiking Trails
- Are popular with back packers, school and college
groups, we find purpose built trails through
mountains, forests and fields
Historic Houses and Palace
- Definitely is a major attraction in countries with a
royal past. Many of them have been turned into
hotels to give the tourists a stay as the royal did.
Lakes
- Are a great island water retreats for tourists who
are far from beaches. Lakes can provide boating,
fishing, Jet Ski, canoeing, kayaking etc.
Monasteries, Cathedrals, Temples and Shrines
- Have always fascinated people of respective faiths
especially
Monuments and Memorials
- A memorial is tone, or a building erected in
remembrance of a person or event.
Museums
- Preserve the rich heritage in arts and artefacts of a
country. They are huge attraction in urban tourism.
Nature Reserves
- Are those ecology led retreats where nature along
with its flora and fauna is preserved to keep
nature’s balance as well as give tourists
experience of pristine nature.
Restaurants
- Are essential components of tourism as they feed
the tourists.
Roadside Attractions
- Are unique manmade structures that create
interest off highways. They are located at rest
stops route a long journey and provide an
interesting distraction
Resorts
- Housing and food and beverage services that
cater to people away from home
- A place with pleasant environment and
atmosphere conducive to comfort, healthful
relaxation, rest offering food and sleeping
accommodation and recreational facilities
Spas
 - Have encouraged health tourism since the 18th
century in Britain. Spas are places with
supposedly health giving mineral waters, treating
diseases from gout to liver disorders and
bronchitis
Zoos
- Have attracted both children and adults. They get
a chance to visit up close many animals that they
would never see normally.
Types of Tourism
After you have read this section, you should be able to:
1. Enumerate the Different Types of Tourism
2.  Describe each type of tourism and  Examples of Activities Engaged in by Tourists
3.  Provide examples of tourist activities and sites for each
type of tourism.
1. ADVENTURE TOURISM
- Is a tourist activity that includes a physical activity,
a cultural exchange, or activities in nature.
- This type of tourism involves unusual holidays,
which are very different from the typical beach
vacation.
Adventure Tourism
Examples of Activities Engaged in by Tourists
 Mountaineering
 Rappelling
 Bungee Jumping
 Sky Diving
2. ARTS TOURISM
- This type of tourism focuses on the tourists
gaining exposure to paintings, sculpture and other
forms of arts
- Tourists visit places to appreciate works of famous
artists, local or international.
Arts Tourism
Examples of Activities Engaged in by Tourists
 Visits to museum Art Base Hong Kong Tourists Board
 Theatres
3. CULTURAL TOURISM
- Is the subset of tourism concerned with a country
or region's culture, specifically the lifestyle of the
people in those geographical areas, the history of
those people, their art, architecture, religion, and
other elements that helped shape their way of life.
Cultural Tourism
 Visits to archaeological Sites
 Museums
 Castles
4. ECOTOURISM
- It is typically defined as travel to destinations
where the flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are
the primary attractions.
- Responsible ecotourism includes programs that
minimize the adverse effects of traditional tourism
on the natural environment, and enhance the
cultural integrity of local people
Ecotourism
Examples of Activities Engaged in by Tourists
 Bird Watching
 Spelunking
 Whale Watching
 Scuba Diving
5. EDUCATIONAL TOURISM
- The main purpose of this tourism is learning. It is
an organized learning usually made available to
 students, not actively seeking a degree for a
duration of not more than a year.
Educational Tourism
Examples of Activities Engaged in by Tourists
 Visits to Museums
 Historical places
 Natural parks
6. ETHNIC TOURISM
- Ethnic Tourism is when travelers choose to
experience firsthand the practices of another
culture, usually of isolated indigenous
communities.
- Is motivated by tourists’ search for exotic cultural
experiences through interaction with distinctive
minority groups and the desire of those groups to
use aspects of their culture to create economic
opportunities. It provides the chance for tourists to
experience aspects of unique cultures,
landscapes, and ways of life.
Ethnic Tourism
Examples of Activities Engaged in by Tourists
 Tours to tribal villages
 Buying crafts from indigenous tribes.
7. EVENTS TOURISM
- This type of tourism refers to the travel of tourists
to destinations to attend or participate in events,
fairs, ceremonies, jubilees, parties or celebrations,
parades, rituals or rare natural phenomena like
solar eclipses and volcanic eruptions are the
primary tourist’s attractions.
GETZ (1991) CATEGORIZED EVENTS INTO:
 Mega Events
 Special Events
 Hallmark Events
7.1 MEGA EVENTS
- Events that attract the largest number of tourists
and usually would have a major impact on the
image of the destination.
Kumbh Mela – India – 30 Million
7.2 SPECIAL EVENTS
- One time or infrequently occurring events outside
the normal program activities of the sponsoring or
organizing body. May be a concert, a raffle draw
or a special dinner.
7.3 HALLMARK EVENTS
- Give a particular destination high profile and
provide the tourism theme for a destination.
8. FACTORY TOURISM
- This type of tourism involves visits to factories to
learn about the production process of products.
- One attraction of this type of tourism is factories
sell their products as souvenirs and at a lower cost
which the tourist also take advantage of.
- Visits to factories or plants, shopping
9. FESTIVAL TOURISM
- This type of tourism focuses on festivals. It is a
sub-category of events tourism.
- Tourists travel particularly to join in the celebration
of a certain festival.
10. HEALTH TOURISM
- This involves travel for improvement of health. It
includes travel to spas and for massage and
medical treatments.
- Health Tourism is the travel to a different country
or state for health related reasons.
- Lack of facilities in the home country
11. HERITAGE TOURISM
- WTO defines this type of tourism as an immersion
in natural history, human heritage, arts, philosophy
and institutions of another region or country.
- People are driven by desire to learn about cultural
traditions and artifacts
- This type of tourism is also associated with cultural
tourism.
12. MICE MEETINGS, INCENTIVES, CONVENTION AND
EXHIBITIONS TOURISM.
- This type of tourism involves travel to attend
scientific, professional and even political
gatherings.
- This is engaged in more by business travelers
than leisure travelers.
13. NATURE BASED TOURISM
- The main attraction for this type of tourism is
nature.
- It is often associated with ecotourism and wildlife
tourism
14. SPORTS TOURISM
- This type of tourism includes travel and
participation or attendance at a predetermined
sports activity.
Sports Tourism
Examples of Activities Engaged in by Tourists
 Watching Olympic Games
 Participating Tournaments
15. URBAN TOURISM
- This type of tourism involves travel to cities and
large towns to enjoy its landscape and recreational
activities.
Urban Tourism
Examples of Activities Engaged in by Tourists
 Visits to Shopping Malls
 Visits Theatres
 Solaire
OTHER TYPES OF TOURISM
1. DISASTER TOURISM
- It involves traveling to a disaster scene.
- Tourists travel to a disaster area not to help but
because it is interesting to see. They can hinder
rescue, relief and repair work.
Disaster Tourism
Examples of Activities Engaged in by Tourists
 Visits to disaster scenes
2. GAY or Pink TOURISM
- It is tourism participated by gays who have open
gay lifestyle.
- The primary purpose of travel is to be able to
participate to some extent in the gay life of a
certain destination.
3. RURAL TOURISM
- This is the type of tourism where people who like
to escape their fast paced urban life engaged in.
4. SEX TOURISM
- This is tourism that is partially or fully for the
purpose of having sex often with prostitutes.
 5. DARK TOURISM Classification of Travelers Based on Purpose of Travel
- Refers to a travel associated with death and
tragedy. The two major classifications of travelers based on travel
 Clark Air base Hospital in Pampanga purpose are the :
 Diplomat Hotel – Baguio City
 Business Travelers
The Psychology of Travel  Pleasure or Personal Travelers
Learning Objectives:
 To Show Awareness of the factors motivating people to Business Travelers
travel  A business trip is a trip undertaken for work or business
 To Describe the characteristics of psychocentric & purposes
allocentrics  They are divided into three categories:
 To Analyze the travel constraints
Three Categories of Business Travelers
Classification of Travelers Based on Personality 1. Regular Business Travelers
Among business travelers, the cost of the trip is shouldered by
Stanley C. Plog a company
 A biological researcher. He classified travelers based on 2. Business Travelers
their different personalities as psychocentric and Who are attending meetings, conventions, congresses
allocentric. 3. Incentive Travelers
It is travel given by firms to employees as a reward for some
Allocentrics accomplishment or to encourage employees to achieve more
 refers to someone who enjoys varied activities and gets than what is required.
a thrill from the unexpected
 learning new things and experiencing exotic cultures and Pleasure/Personal Travelers
customs  This group consists of people traveling for vacation or
 like to meet and interact with people from other cultures pleasure.
fulfilling sense of discovery.  They are also called non business travelers.

Psychocentrics Pleasure /Personal Travelers are classified into the

 Non Adventurous person who is self-inhabited following categories:
 Tourists who like things planned but they are afraid to  Resort Travelers
take risks they travel places that unfamiliar with.  Family Pleasure Travelers
 The Elderly
Midcentric  Singles and Couple/s
 Personalities that are fairly balanced blend of
allocentrics and Psychocentrics 1. Resort Travelers
  Surveys have shown that resort travelers are better place
for vacation and It is also notable that majority of resort
travelers have families with children.
2. Family Pleasure Travelers
Can be divided into three groups namely:
 Junior Families
 Mid-Range Families
 Mature Families
Mature Families
 Families with parents aged 45 or over with children who
are high school age and older
Three Objectives of Family Pleasure Travel Trips
 To use travel as an educational experience for their
children
 To Do Something Different
 To use travel to bring the family closer together.
3. The Elderly
 There are people who are fifty years of age and over,
including great numbers of people in the retirement.
 A person a lucrative target for tourism destination areas.
 Active affluent people or people with the money
4. Singles and Couples
 They take their vacations to fulfil their psychological,
intellectual and physical needs by giving them
opportunity to rest, relax, escape the routine of
pressures of daily living, and enjoy the naturalness of life AIR INDUSTRY
to express total freedom.
Travel Constraints
1. Lack of Money
 Is the major travel constraint. Less money means less
travel
2. Lack of Time
 People without enough time and cannot leave their job
or business will not travel.
3. Lack of Safety and Security
 Lack of Security in public places, hotels and travel
centers cause people to prefer to remain in the security
of their neighborhood and home.
4. Physical Disability
 Poor health is not conductive to travel
5. Family Commitments
 Parents of young children often do not travel because of
the inconvenience of traveling with children/ adult
6. Fears
 Some people do not want to travel because of fears of
travel.
7. Lack of Interest in Travel
 This is mainly due to a preference to simply stay at
home.
 This condition may be due to a variety of factors such as
dislike of travel, shyness in meeting people, dislike of
changing routine and many more.
Sectors of Travel Industry
 This includes airlines of all sizes and sorts as well as the
industries that directly support them such as airline
catering services, governmental organizations and
airports
Categories of Airline
Major Airlines - Mainline
 These are the heavyweights of the airline industry, and
you will often hear about them in the news. A major
airline is defined as an airline that generates more than
$1-billion in revenue annually.
National Airlines
 Just one step down from the major airlines, these are
scheduled airlines with annual operating revenues
between $100-million and $1-billion. These airlines might
serve certain regions of the country, but may also provide
long-distance routes and some international destinations
Classes of Airline Services
First Class Service
 Generally the most expensive and most comfortable
accommodations available.
Business Class
 High quality, traditionally purchased by business travelers
(sometimes called executive class)
Premium Economy
 Lightly better Economy Class seating (greater distance
between rows of seats; the seats themselves may or may
not be wider than regular economy class)

Example National Airlines in the Philippines Economy

 Also known as coach class or travel class), basic
Cebu Pacific accommodation, commonly purchased by leisure
 Founded as Cebu Air and commenced operations in travelers
1996 as Cebu Pacific.
PAL LODGING COMPANIES
 Philippine Airline, Founded as Air Philippines and  These include hotels, motels, condominiums, timeshares,
commenced operations in 1996. Operates as Philippine lodges, and campgrounds
Airlines.
Philippine Air Asia Hotel Rating
 Commence way back 2012. Founded as AirAsia
Philippines
Regional Airlines
 As the name suggests, these airlines service particular
regions of the Country
Some of the Regional Airlines in the Philippines
6 Star Hotels  MRT Blue Line commences at North Avenues and Ends
 Maxims Hotel in Resorts World Manila at Taft Avenues
 All Luxury Suite Room
 169 Rooms MEETINGS AND CONVENTIONS
 Sector of travel industry facilitates the event functions.
Resorts World Hotels  Trade shows, expositions, conferences and world fairs
 Belmont Hotel
 Hilton Manila SPORTS AND ENTERTAINMENT MANAGEMENT
 Holiday Inn  Many people travel from afar to attend a baseball or
 Mariotte Hotel basketball or even the concert
 Maxims Hotel
 Savoy Hotel Manila ATTRACTIONS
 Sheraton Hotel  Site or Events which entice visitors to a destination

7 Star Hotels SITE ATTRACTIONS

 Burj Al Arab, is a luxury type of hotel with 202 rooms and  A place that people visit for pleasure and interest, usually
said to be as the world’s 7 star Hotel in the World while they are on holiday

TRAVEL AGENCIES EVENT ATTRACTION

 Refers to business that helps the public with their travel
plans and needs
FOOD SERVICES
 These include airport restaurants, hotel dining and
catering facilities, convention centers, roadside
restaurants, and themed dining venues.
CAR RENTAL AGENCIES
 Car hire agency is a company that rents automobiles for
short periods of time, generally ranging from a few hours
to a few weeks.
1. Reserve Car Rentals
2. Manila Rent a Car Philippines Inc.
3. Hertz Philippines
RAIL TRAVEL
 LRT 1 Yellow Line Monumento ends at Baclaran Station
 Refer to a public entertainment, such as a popular place
or a performer or event.
THEME PARKS
 Is a sort of super attraction is an amusement park in
which the structures and settings are based on a central
theme.
STORES AND SHOPS
 Shopping Place
PARKS AND RECREATION PROGRAMS
 These include wildlife parks, national parks and others
GOVERNMENTAL REGULATORY AGENCIES
 Governmental Organizations such as aircraft, airport
operations and security, cruise line policies, lodging
safety and pricing regulations, and casino gaming are still
overseen by the government.
DESTINATION MARKETING ORGANIZATION
 Are organizations whose purpose is to promote and
facilitate travel to and within their districts, cities, regions,
states/ provinces or even continents
Controversy
 The tourism brand of the Philippines way back 2010,
"Pilipinas Kay Ganda," hasn't even turned a week old,
and yet criticisms have been thrown at the Department of
Tourism left and right.
INSURANCE COMPANIES
 Travel is subject to many unpredictable factors. This is
why certain corporations specialize in protecting,
travelers from unanticipated incidents such as loss of
luggage, missed airline connections, illnesses and
accidents
TECHNOLOGY PROVIDERS
 Reservation System, Database developers, Web site
designers, cost control software developers.
TRADE ORGANIZATIONS
 Represent their interest, provide a forum for information
change, and furnish training opportunities.
PROFESSIONAL SERVICES
 Among them are attorneys, accountants, advertising
agencies, public relations firms, travel writers and training
consultant etc.
The Tourism Network and Supply Components
Tourism Components
Travel industry
 Is a tourism network which includes both the public and
private sectors
Travel Industry
 Classified as direct providers, support services and
developmental organizations.
Direct Providers
 These businesses purchased directly by travelers
 Includes businesses that are associated with travel such
as airlines, hotels, restaurants, transportation, travel
agencies and retail shops.
Support Services
 Lends support to direct providers.
 It includes specialized services such as tour organizers,
travel and trade publications, hotel management firms
and travel research firms.
Developmental Organization
 Organizations deal with tourism development which
tends to be more complex and broader in scope than the
production of daily travel services.
 Includes planners, government agencies, financial
institutions, real estate developers and educational and
vocational institutions.
Tourism Supply Components
Tourism Supply
 The tourism supply of an industry is derived by summing
the value of tourism products sold by the tourism industry
to the tourists It takes into account accommodation
services, food, transport, and other retail sales.
Properties of Tourism Supply
 Tourism supply is perishable
 It cannot be examined before one purchases it.
 It is necessary to move from one place to other for its
consumption.
 It is geographically fixed at different places.
Tourism Supply Components are classified into five main courtesy friendliness, sincere interest, willingness to
categories: serve and to get better acquainted with visitors.

1. Natural Resources 5. Superstructure

 Includes elements in an area for the use & enjoyment of  The above ground facility services such as airport
visitors buildings, passenger traffic terminals, hotels, motels,
resorts, restaurants, shopping centers, places of
Natural Resources entertainment, museums, stores and similar structures.
 Climate
 Milieus of the destination
 Flora and fauna
 Natural beauty of destination

2. Infrastructure
 Constructed facilities such as facilities such as highways,
airports, railroads, parking lots, parks, night lightning,
marinas and dock facilities, bus and train station facilities.

3. Transportation
 Includes items such as ships, airplanes, trains , buses,
limousines, taxis automobiles, cog railways, aerial
tramway and similar passenger transportation facilities

Transportation
They are the modes of commuting.
 Road − Car, bus, cycle.
 Rail − Long distance, high speed, commuter, or intercity
trains.
 Water − Boats, ferries, cruises.
 Air − Carriers that operate on fixed schedule, Charters
that operate as and when required.

4. Hospitality Resources
 Include the cultural wealth of an area which makes
possible the successful hosting of tourists.
 Examples are the welcoming spirit of tourists business
employees, attitudes of the residents towards vistors,