- Pendahuluan -

Anjungan Lepas Pantai Jenis Terapung

(Floating Offshore Platforms)

Dr. Eng. Rudi W. Prastianto

Dept. of Ocean Engineering – ITS
rudiwp@oe.its.ac.id;
rudiwp@gmail.com
 Definisi Struktur Lepas-pantai
• Has no fixed access to dry land
• May be required to stay in position in all
weather conditions.
• May be fixed to the seabed or may be floating.
• Floating structures may be moored to the
seabed, dynamically positioned by thrusters
or may be allowed to drift freely.
Disain Floating Offshore Platforms (FOPs)

• Disain dalam hal ini meliputi lingkup apa saja?

Hasil disain itu berupa apa ?
• Apa perbedaan mendasar FOPs dengan
Bottom-Founded Offshore Platforms (BOPs) ?
– Floater types might be distinguished by various
characteristics → (e.g. functions, stability,
motions, load or volume capacities,
transportability, and reusability).
Fixed vs. Floating Offshore Structures
Jenis-jenis Offshore Platforms
 Deepwater Offshore Platforms

Klasifikasi Kedalaman Perairan:

• Dangkal (Shallow water) ?
• Menengah (Midwater) ? It has evolved and
advanced technology
• Dalam (Deepwater) ?
over time.
• Sangat-Dalam (Ultra-Deepwater) ?
 Klasifikasi Kedalaman Perairan
• Shallow water:
– Dulu → shallow water would be described as up
to 300-400 feet (91-121 meters) deep,
– Saat ini → anything under 1,000 feet (305 meters)
could be described as shallow water.
• Midwater:
– It ranges from 1,000-5,000 feet (305-1,524
meters),
– 500-4,000 feet (152-1,219 meters) → Some
people → depending on their own personal
experience and work history.
 Klasifikasi Kedalaman Perairan
• Deepwater:
– It to be anything more than midwater (4,000/5,000 feet or
1,219/1,524 meters) but not ultra-deep.
– The top end of deepwater comes in at around 7,000 feet
(2,133 meters).
– Dulu → even depths of 1,000 feet (305 meters) were
considered to be deepwater → This is an illustration of how
we’ve evolved and advanced technology over time.
• Ultra-Deepwater
– It between 7,000-12,000 feet (2,134-3,658 meters) at the
time of writing.
– It won’t be surprising to come back and edit these words in a
few years time, with a few thousand extra feet added to
these figures.

• https://drillers.com/shallow-mid-to-ultra-deepwater-definitions/
• Timbulnya Struktur BLPT …….
 Cost Comparison of Platforms

• Litton, R.W. 1989. “TLPs and Other Deepwater Platforms”.

Tension Leg Platform (a State of the Art Review), Demirbilek,
Z., ASCE.
Design (period vs. Wave spectrum)
 Platforms Natural Sway Frequency

• Heideman, J.C. 1989. “Environmental Design Criteria for TLPs”. Tension Leg
Platform (a State of the Art Review), Demirbilek, Z., ASCE.
 Platforms Motion
• Heave Motion characteristics
• Berdasar Fungsinya …
• Berdasar Konfigurasi Strukturnya …
 Fungsi Struktur Lepas-pantai
Jenis anjungan lepas pantai berdasarkan fungsinya:
• Exploratory drilling structures: MODU (A Mobile
Offshore Drilling Unit) → Semisumersible, jack-up.
• Production structures
• Storage structures: FSO (Floating Storage and
Offloading), FPSO (Floating Production, Storage, and
Offloading).
• Export systems: close to the shore →
underwater/subsea pipeline (e.g. GoM: underwater
pipeline network; remote offshore locations → shuttle
tanker (often special structures are required: Single
Point Mooring (SPM) or Single Buoy Mooring (SBM).
Fungsi Struktur Lepas-pantai
 Konfigurasi Struktur Lepas-pantai
Jenis anjungan lepas pantai berdasarkan
konfigurasi strukturnya:
• Bottom-supported structures:
– Minimal structures
– Jacket structures
– Gravity base sructures
– Jack-ups
– Subsea templates
– Subsea pipelines
• Compliant Structures
• Floating offshore structures
 Compliant Structures
• Definisi →
– jenis struktur yg dipancangkan langsung di dasar laut
dengan tiang pancang (pile) dan/atau dengan sistem tali-
tambat;
– didesain dengan frekuensi alami fundamentalnya
(pertama) di bawah frekuensi energi gelombang → (hal ini
berlawanan dgn jenis jacket → yg umumnya memiliki
frekuensi alami fundamental di atas frekuensi energi
gelombang).
• Jenis:
– Articulated Platforms
– Compliant Tower
– Guyed Tower
 Floating Structures
• Neutrally Buoyant structures:
– Spars
– Semi-submersible MODUs
– FPSs
– Ship-shaped FPSOs
– Drillships
• Positively Buoyant structures:
– TLPs
– TLWPs (Tension Leg Wellhead Platforms)
– TBTs (Tethered Buoyant Towers)
 1. Tension Leg Platform (TLP)

• TLP West Seno A → satu-satunya TLP di Indonesia

(hingga saat ini 2020) di Selat Makassar.
1. Tension Leg Platform (TLP)
 1. A Conventional TLP

Main structural
components:
• Platform (deck +
hull: column,
pontoon).
• Taut mooring
system →
tendons/tethers.
• Foundation
system (template,
piles).
 1. Characteristics of TLP
• Like an inverted pendulum.
• Excess buoyancy of the hull → mantains tension
in the tether (tendon) mooring system.
• Motion in Heave, Pitch, & Roll → Very small →
Nat. Period = 1  5 seconds (water depth > 1000
ft).
• Deepwater TLP → fundamental sway/surge nat.
period → 150  250 seconds → move
compliantly to wave.
• Sway motion magnitude (offset) → 100  300 ft
(30.5  91.4 m). This large offset → excess
vertical setdown.
 1. Problems of Convetional TLP ??
• Conventional TLP concept → not
economic at water depth > 3,000 ft & the
reliability is questioned in very deep
waters.
• After water depth 3,000 ft → size of the
TLP increases drastically (exponentially)
with water depth → the magnitude of 1st
and 2nd order wave forces on the structure
increase.
• Resonance due to 2nd order wave forces →
significantly affect the reliability of the TLP.
• The setdown → reduce tension → slacking
to the aft tethers → weakens the
reliability of the TLP concept.
 1. Problems of Convetional TLP ??
• Solution to slacking → increasing
TLP size → cost increase, inreasing
wave force, sway amplitude → then
again, increasing setdown.
• Water depth > 3000 ft (914.4 m) →
heave motion very large, heave
natural period > 5 seconds (close to
everyday wave periods) → vertical
resonance (called “Springing”) → a
potential disaster for the TLP
tethers.
 2. SPAR
• A spar is a deep-draft floating
caisson, which is a hollow
cylindrical structure similar to a
very large buoy.
• About 90 % of the structure is
underwater.
• Historically: spars were used as
marker buoys, for gathering
oceanographic data, and for oil
storage.
• The spar design is now being used
for drilling, production, or both.

• Its four major systems → hull, moorings, topsides, and risers.

• The spar relies on a traditional mooring system (that is, anchor-spread
mooring) to maintain its position.
• The hull is encircled with spiraling/helical strakes to add stability (by
reducing Vortex-induced Vibration – VIV, due to sea current).
 How big the SPAR ?

• Please see and imagine !

• The upper section → is
compartmentalized
around a flooded
2. SPAR HULL
centerwell containing the
different type of risers.
This section provides the
buoyancy for the spar.
• The middle section → is
also flooded but can be
economically configured
for oil storage.
• The bottom section (keel)
→ is compartmentalized
to provide buoyancy
during transport and to
contain any field-installed,
fixed ballast.
• Approx. hull diameter
(typical GOM spar) is 130
feet (= 39.6m), with an
overall height, once
deployed, of approx. 700
feet (213.4m) with 90% of
the hull in the water
column.
2. SPAR

Evolusi konsep SPAR:

• Classic spar,
• Truss spar,
• Cell spar.
• MiniDoc (perubahan
bersifat minor).
• jhjhh

• Perubahan konsep spar dari waktu ke waktu → untuk

makin memperbaiki kinerjanya dengan biaya yang makin
kecil.
 2. Characteristics of SPAR
• The distinguishing feature of a spar → its deep-draft hull
→ produces very favorable motion characteristics (the
SPAR less affected by wind, wave and currents)
compared to other floating concepts → Low motions ,
enabling the facility to support both subsea and dry tree
developments.
• The enclosed cylinder acts as protection for risers and
equipment → a protected centerwell provide an
excellent configuration for deepwater operations.
• The hull can provide storage for produced oil or gas.
• Water depth capability has been stated by industry as
ranging up to 10,000 ft.
 2. SPAR

• Notes:
2. SPAR
2. SPAR
 3. Semi-submersible

• Semisubmersible → multi-legged
floating offshore drilling units
interconnected by pontoons
(buoyant members) and columns
with a large deck, partially
submerged to a predetermined
depth (draft).
 3. Semi-submersible – Earlier generation
• Some of the earlier semi-
submersibles → resemble the
ship form with twin pontoons
having a bow and a stern.
• This configuration was
considered desirable for
relocating the unit from drilling
one well to another either
under its own power or being
towed by tugs.

• Early semi-submersibles → also included

significant diagonal cross bracing to resist the
prying and racking loads induced by waves.
 3. Semi-submersible – Positioning systems

• Most semisubmersibles are anchored to the sea

bottom with mooring systems,
• but some use Dynamic Positioning System ("DPS"),
which allows the vessels to be held in position by
computer-controlled propellers, known as thrusters.
 3. Semi-submersible – Positioning systems

• Some semisubmersibles use Dynamic Positioning

System ("DPS"), which allows the vessels to be
held in position by computer-controlled
propellers, known as thrusters.
3. Semi-submersible – Concept development

Further development of the semi-submersible concept, based on:

• the introduction of heavy transport vessels that permit dry tow
of MODUs,
• the need for much larger units to operate in deep water,
• and the need to have permanently stationed units to produce
from an oil and a gas field.
 3. Semi-submersible – New generation

• The next generation semi-submersibles → typically appear to be a

square with four columns and the box- or cylinder-shaped pontoons
connecting the columns.
• The box-shaped pontoons are often streamlined eliminating sharp
corners for better station-keeping.
• Diagonal bracing is often eliminated to simplify construction.
 3. Characteristics of Semi-submersibles
• Accommodate highly variable deck loads due to the
different drilling requirements they will encounter,
• Have good motion characteristics in severe
environment → thus have the advantages of being able
to stay in the drilling modes longer than a typical
drillship.
• The mooring systems for MODUs do not have to meet
the same severe environmental requirements of
production vessels → If severe weather is forecast,
MODUs can disconnect the drilling riser and leave
station, or slacken mooring lines to avoid damage.
 3. Characteristics of Semi-submersibles (cont. ...)

• Third-generation (conventionally-moored) →
suitable for drilling in water depths ranging from
1,200 to 3,400 feet.
• The fourth-generation semisubmersible are capable
of drilling in water depths of up to 5,750 feet.
• The semisubmersible as exploratory drilling
structures → with suitable modifications, is suitable
for use as production structures. → Many of the FPSs
are converted into drilling units with the drilling
equipment being replaced by production equipment.