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Anatomy & Physiology (Chapter 1 - The Human Organism)
Anatomy & Physiology (Chapter 1 - The Human Organism)
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THE HUMAN
ORGANISM
SEELEY'S ESSENTIALS OF ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY, 9TH EDITION.
5. SYSTEM LEVEL
consists of related organs Anatomy and
with a common function Physiology of Body
Ex: Digestive System- breaks
down and absorbs food Systems
mouth, salivary gland,
pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small inestine, large
intestine, gallbladder, liver CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
and pancreas. heart pumps blood through
vessels
blood carries oxygen and
NERVOUS SYSTEM nutrients to cells and carbon
generates action potentials dioxide and wastes
(nerve impulses) to regulate leps regulate acid-base
body activities balance, temperature and
detecs changes in body's water content of body fluid
internal and external
environments, interpret RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
changes and respond. transferred oxygen and
carbon dioxide
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM helps regulate acid-base
achieves physical and balance of body fluids
chemical breakdown of food air flowing out of lungs
absorb nutrients through vocal vocal cords
eliminates solid wastes produces sound.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
returns proteins and fluid to
protects body
blood
regulate body temperature
carries lipids from
eliminates some wastes
gastrointestinal tract to blood
helps make vitamin D
contains sites of maturation
detects sensation such as
and poliferation of B cells and
touch, pain, warmth, and cold
T cells that protect against
store fat and provides
disease-causing microbes
insulation
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
regulates body system by
releasing hormones
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
1. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
reverse a chage in variable
2. POSITIVE FEEDBACK
strengthen or reinforce a
change
Positive Feedback
Negative Feedback
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
BODY POSITION RECLINING POSITION
have an initial PRONE- face down
reference point SUPINE- face up
standard position
called ANATOMICAL
POSITION facing the observer;
face forward
ANATOMICAL lower limbs are
parallel and feet are
POSITION flat
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Directional CRANIAL- skull
FACIAL- face
Terms CEPHALIC- head
FRONTAL- forehead
TEMPORAL- temple
SUPERIOR/CRANIAL- upper ORBITAL/OCULAR- eye
part OTIC- ear
INFERIOR/CAUDAL-lower BUCCAL- cheek
part NASAL- nose
ANTERIOR/VENTRAL- front ORAL- mouth
POSTERIOR/DORSAL- back MENTAL- chin
MEDIAL- inner side CLAVICLE- neck
LATERAL- outer side STERNAL- breastbone
INTERMEDIATE- in between AXILLARY- armpit
SUPERFICIAL- more external
DEEP- more internal
INSPILATERAL- same side THORACIC- chest
CONTRALATERAL- opposite MAMMARY- breast
side BRACHIAL_ arm
PROXIMAL- near to the trunk ANTECUBITAL- front of elbow
DISTAL- far to the trunk ANTERBRACHIAL- forearm
ABDOMINAL- abdomen
DIGIT/PHALANGEAL- finger UMBILICAL- navel
PUBIC- pubis COXAL- hip
FEMORAL- thigh INGUINAL- groin
PATELLAR- front of knee PELVIC- pelvis
CRURAL- leg or shin POLLEX- thumb
TARSAL- ankle MANUAL- hand
DIGITAL- toe PLAMAR/VOLAR- palm
PEDAL- foot CARPAL- wrist
DORSUM- top of foot
HALLUX- great toe
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
OCCIPITAL- base of skull 1. SAGITTAL PLANE
SCAPULAR- shoulder blade vertical plane that separates
VERTEBRAL- spinal column right and left side
DORSAL- back A. MIDSAGITTAL/ MEDIAN
LUMBAR- loin PLANE- eqaul left and right
SACRAL- between hips side
OLECRANAL/CUBITAL- B. PARASAGITTAL PLANE-
back of elbow unequal side
GLUTEAL- buttock
PERINEAL- region of anus & 2. FRONTAL/ CORONAL PLANE
external organs vertical plane that separates
DORSUM- back of hand anterior (front) and posterior
POPLITEAL- hollow behind (back) portions
knee cut runs from right to left side
SURAL- calf or vice versa
PLANTAR- sole
CALCANEAL- heel 3. TRANSVERSE PLANE
horizontal plane that
separates superior (upper)
and inferior (lower) portions
Body Planes also known as CROSS-
4. OBLIQUE PLANE
diagonal cut; angle other than
PLANES the right angle (90 degree)
flat surface that pass
through the body parts
pertains to cut
SECTION
image/view of the body or
one of its organ
pertains to the view
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Body Cavities
CAVITIES
The body contains many cavities. Some of these cavities, such as the nasal
cavity, open to the outside of the body, and some do not. The trunk
contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside of the body:
the thoracic cavity, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity
The thoracic cavity is surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the
abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm. It is divided into right and
left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum. The mediastinum
is a partition containing the heart, the thymus, the trachea, the
esophagus, and other structures. The two lungs are located on each side of
the mediastinum.
The abdominal cavity is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and
contains the stomach, the intestines, the liver, the spleen, the pancreas,
and the kidneys.
The pelvic cavity is a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and
contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal
reproductive organs.
The abdominal and pelvic cavities are not physically separated and
sometimes are called the abdominopelvic cavity.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Serous Membrane
Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these
cavities.
To understand the relationship between serous membranes and an organ,
imagine pushing your fist into an inflated balloon.
The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist represents the visceral
serous membrane, and the outer part of the balloon wall represents the
parietal serous membrane.
The cavity, or space, between the visceral and parietal serous membranes
is normally filled with a thin, lubricating film of serous fluid produced by
the membranes. As an organ rubs against another organ or against the
body wall, the serous fluid and smooth serous membranes reduce friction
Language of Anatomy
MESENTERIES (mes′en-ter-̄z), which consist of two layers of peritoneum fused together, connect
the visceral peritoneum of some abdominopelvic organs to the parietal peritoneum on the body
wall or to the visceral peritoneum of other abdominopelvic organs. The mesenteries anchor the
organs to the body wall and provide a pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the organs.
Other abdominopelvic organs are more closely attached to the body wall and do not have
mesenteries. Parietal peritoneum covers these other organs, which are said to be retroperitoneal
(re′tr̄ -per′i-t̄-n̄′̆l; retro, behind). The retroperitoneal organs include the kidneys, the adrenal
glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Body Parts The central region of the body consists of the
HEAD, NECK, and TRUNK.
& Region The trunk can be divided into the thorax
(chest), abdomen (region between the thorax
and pelvis), and pelvis (the inferior end of the
trunk associated with the hips).
The upper limb is divided into the arm, forearm,
wrist, and hand.
The arm extends from the shoulder to the
elbow, and the forearm extends from the
elbow to the wrist.
The lower limb is divided into the thigh, leg,
ankle, and foot.
The thigh extends from the hip to the knee,
and the leg extends from the knee to the
ankle.
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Created by: Johmel De Ocampo
Language of Anatomy
Body Parts
& Region
SUMMARY
ANATOMY
1. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body.
2. Systemic anatomy is the study of the body by organ systems. Regional anatomy is the
study of the body by areas.
3. Surface anatomy uses superficial structures to locate deeper structures, and anatomical
imaging is a noninvasive method for examining deep structures.
PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is the study of the processes and functions of the body.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
The characteristics of life are organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth,
development, and reproduction.
HOMEOSTASIS
1. Homeostasis is the condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the
internal environment are maintained within a range of values suitable to support life.
2. Negative-feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.
3. Positive-feedback mechanisms make deviations from normal even greater. Although a
few positive-feedback mechanisms normally exist in the body, most positive-feedback
mechanisms are harmful.
BODY POSITION
1. A human standing erect with the face directed forward, the arms hanging to the sides,
and the palms facing forward is in the anatomical position.
2. A face-upward position is supine and a face-downward one is prone.
DIRECTIONAL TERMS
Directional terms always refer to the anatomical position, regardless of the body’s actual
position.
SUMMARY
BODY PARTS AND REGIONS
1. The body can be divided into the head, neck, trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs.
2. The abdomen can be divided superficially into four quadrants or nine regions, which are
useful for locating internal organs or describing the location of a pain.
PLANES
1. A sagittal plane divides the body into left and right parts, a transverse plane divides the
body into superior and inferior parts, and a frontal plane divides the body into anterior and
posterior parts.
2. A longitudinal section divides an organ along its long axis, a transverse section cuts an
organ at a right angle to the long axis, and an oblique section cuts across the long axis at an
angle other than a right angle.
BODY CAVITIES
1. The thoracic cavity is bounded by the ribs and the diaphragm. The mediastinum divides
the thoracic cavity into two parts.
2. The abdominal cavity is bounded by the diaphragm and the abdominal muscles.
3. The pelvic cavity is surrounded by the pelvic bones.
SEROUS MEMBRANES
1. The trunk cavities are lined by serous membranes. The parietal part of a serous
membrane lines the wall of the cavity, and the visceral part covers the internal organs.
2. The serous membranes secrete fluid that fills the space between the parietal and visceral
membranes. The serous membranes protect organs from friction.
3. The pericardial cavity surrounds the heart, the pleural cavities surround the lungs, and
the peritoneal cavity surrounds certain abdominal and pelvic organs.
4. Mesenteries are parts of the peritoneum that hold the abdominal organs in place and
provide a passageway for blood vessels and nerves to organs.
5. Retroperitoneal organs are found “behind” the parietal peritoneum. The kidneys, the
adrenal glands, the pancreas, parts of the intestines, and the urinary bladder are examples
of retroperitoneal organs.
REFERENCE
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