1026 CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 7, NO.
5, SEPTEMBER 2021
Energy Management and Operational Control
Methods for Grid Battery Energy Storage Systems
Xiangjun Li, Senior Member, IEEE, and Shangxing Wang
Abstract—Energy storage is one of the key means for improv-
ing the flexibility, economy and security of power system. It is
also important in promoting new energy consumption and the
energy Internet. Therefore, energy storage is expected to support
distributed power and the micro-grid, promote open sharing
and flexible trading of energy production and consumption, and
realize multi-functional coordination. In recent years, with the
rapid development of the battery energy storage industry, its
technology has shown the characteristics and trends for large-
scale integration and distributed applications with multi-objective
collaboration. As a grid-level application, energy management
systems (EMS) of a battery energy storage system (BESS) were
deployed in real time at utility control centers as an important
component of power grid management. Based on the analysis
of the development status of a BESS, this paper introduced
application scenarios, such as reduction of power output fluc-
tuations, agreement to the output plan at the renewable energy
generation side, power grid frequency adjustment, power flow
optimization at the power transmission side, and a distributed
and mobile energy storage system at the power distribution side.
The studies and application status of a BESS in recent years were
reviewed. The energy management, operation control methods,
and application scenes of large-scale BESSs were also examined
in the study.
Index Terms—Battery energy storage system (BESS), energy
management systems (EMS), multi-objective collaborative
control, new energy integration, power grid ancillary service.
I. I NTRODUCTION
B ATTERY energy storage systems (BESSs) are an impor-
tant method to store energy with their flexible config-
urations for different application requirements without geo-
graphical conditions. Their fast responses can simultaneously
input or output active and/or reactive power. Compared with
other energy systems, BESS has a relatively higher energy
efficiency. The said advantages make BESS an irreplaceable
option in centralized and distributed new energy integration,
and ancillary grid operations [1]–[5].
Manuscript received January 22, 2019; revised March 26, 2019; accepted
May 22, 2020. Date of online publication June 13, 2019; date of current
version May 25, 2021. This work was supported by the Science and Technol-
ogy Project of State Grid Corporation of China (DG71-18-009): Intelligent
coordination control and energy optimization management of super-large scale
battery energy storage power station based on information physics fusion.
X. J. Li (corresponding author, e-mail: lixiangjun@epri.sgcc.com.cn), and
S. X. Wang are with the State Key Laboratory of Control and Operation
of Renewable Energy and Storage Systems, Energy Storage and Electrical
Engineering Department, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing
100192, China.
DOI: 10.17775/CSEEJPES.2019.00160
2096-0042 © 2019 CSEE
With the rapid development in recent years of the electric
vehicle (EV) industry, battery manufacturing and application-
related technologies have made great progress. Battery life
and cost issues have further improved, making battery storage
the most popular and fastest-growing type of energy storage
technology [6], [7].
Currently, the application scale and scenarios of a BESS is
larger, and more diverse. The emergence of a 100-megawatt
BESS contributes a positive role in the large-scale integration
of this new energy along with the safe and stable operation of
the power grid. Distributed and mobile energy storage is also
a rapidly developing technology in the field of distribution
network smart management of a renewable energy power
resource, and intelligent transportation. With their rapid devel-
opment and improvement, energy storage systems with large-
scale integration and distributed applications are expected to
have multiple application modes and diverse applications.
Ensuring the positive role of a centralized or distributed BESS
in the new energy integration support and grid safety control,
achieving multiple objectives, multi-level collaborative opti-
mization control and efficient operation is an important goal
for the future development of a BESS.
This paper reviews the research results and developmental
status of a BESS at the power supply side, grid side and
power distribution side. A forecast of the key technologies,
application prospects, and operation modes of a BESS is
included in this study. This paper is organized as follows.
Section II presents an overview of BESS monitoring and
applications. Section III presents a BESS in the power supply
side. Section IV describes a BESS in the power grid side.
Applications of a BESS in the power distribution side are
discussed in Section V. Section VI presents the conclusions
and future directions for grid BESSs.
II. OVERVIEW OF BESS M ONITORING AND A PPLICATIONS
Lithium-ion, lead-carbon, sodium-sulfur, and redox-flow
batteries are the main battery technologies that are used for
energy storage. With the continuous release of support policies
and improvements of the manufacturing processes, the energy
storage battery technology has developed rapidly. Its key
technical indicators, such as battery safety, cycle life, and
energy density, have greatly improved. On the other hand, the
application costs have dropped significantly. On this basis, the
scale of global energy storage applications has maintained its
rapid growth (see Fig. 1) creating an optimistic prospect for
the technology.
LI et al.: ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL CONTROL METHODS FOR GRID BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 1027

Project name
Qinghai Luneng Gelmud multi-energy
complementary national project (China)
Henan grid-side distributed BESS project
(China)
Jiangsu Zhenjiang grid-side distributed BESS
project (China)
SDG& E Escondido BESS project (USA)
Golmud New era energy 50-MWp
photovoltaic power station (China)
Virginia Beech Ridge BESS project (USA)
West Sendai substation frequency regulation
BESS (Japan)
Primus, California Irrigation community
project (USA)
Zhangbei
wind-photovoltaic-storage-transmission
demonstration Project (China)
Aomori, Rokkasho-Futamata wind farm
(Japan)
TABLE I
L ARGE - SCALE BESS A PPLICATION P ROJECTS
Date of
Configuration Main Function
operation
1) Instruction tracking; 2) smoothen output
Dec. 2018 Lithium-ion battery: 50 MW/100 MWh fluctuations; and 3) frequency and voltage
regulation.
1) Peak regulation; 2) frequency and voltage
Dec. 2018 Lithium-ion battery: 100.8 MW/125.8 MWh
regulation; and 3) Emergency response.
1) Peak regulation; 2) frequency and voltage
Jul. 2018 Lithium-ion battery: 101 MW/202 MWh
regulation; and 3) emergency response.
Feb. 2017 Lithium-ion battery, 30 MW/120 MWh Participate in electricity market transactions
1) Instruction tracking; 2) reduction of the
Jul. 2016 Lithium-ion battery: 15 MW/18 MWh abandonment of PV power generation; and 3)
Smoothen output fluctuations.
May 2015 Lithium-ion Battery: 31.5 MW/12.06 MWh Participate in the frequency regulation market
Feb. 2015 Lithium-ion battery: 40 MW/20 MWh Frequency regulation
1) Smoothen output fluctuations; 2) stability
Oct. 2012 Redox-flow battery: 25 MW/100 MWh
support; and 3) improve power quality.
Lithium-ion battery: 14 MW/63 MWh;
1) Instruction tracking; 2) smoothen output
Redox flow battery: 2 MW/8 MWh;
Dec. 2011 fluctuations; and 3) frequency and voltage
Lead-acid batteries: 2 MW/12 MWh;
regulation.
Lithium titanate battery: 2 MW/1 MWh
1) Smoothen output fluctuation; and 2) solve
Aug. 2008 Sodium-sulfur battery: 34 MW/245 MWh the problem of low-voltage ride through
(LVRT) and reactive power compensation.

3500 70.0% TABLE II

C OMPARISON OF D IFFERENT BATTERIES
3000 60.0%
Sodium-sulfur All Vanadium Lithium-ion Lead-acid
Description
2500 50.0% battery redox-flow battery battery battery
Battery cell
2000 40.0% energy
150 25 70–250 50
1500 30.0% density
(W·h/kg)
1000 20.0% Battery cell
power
500 10.0% 100 100 1000 500
density
(W/kg)
0 0.0%
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Energy
efficiency 80 70 95 75
Installed capacity of BESS (MW) Annual growth rate (%)
Cycle
> 2500 > 10 000 > 5000 > 500
Fig. 1. Global BESS application scale in recent years (Data source: CNESA). life/cycle
Cost
285 570 430 110
($/(kW·h))

BESSs have been widely used in all aspects of power

systems and have become a new focus in the development
of the power industry. According to the experience of global
energy storage applications, the energy storage application
scenarios can be divided into three categories and 16 types
according to the power supply side, the power grid side, and
the power distribution side (see Fig. 2).
Various engineering projects that utilized BESS technology
of different application scenarios and using different battery
types are listed in Table I.
As seen in Table I, the presented practical engineering
used Lithium-ion, sodium-sulfur, and redox-flow batteries as
components of BESSs. All have different application scenarios
due to their different security, energy density, life cycle, and
cost (as shown in Table II).
The positive role of BESS in new energy integration and
grid operational control has drawn great attention from the
worldwide power industry. According to reports, several 100-
MW BESSs in China are planned to be put into production
in the near future. The continuous development of electric
vehicles and intelligent transportation technology also allows
for a promising application in mobile energy storage. For such
applications, different integration and application modes, such
as centralized, distributed, and mobile mode, will be used. A
large number of researchers conducted in-depth studies in the
multi-objective, multi-level operational control, and intelligent
management. The design of the monitoring system is vital to
ensure that the BESS meets the multi-time scale and multi-
target operational control requirements of the power grid. A
typical three-layer BESS monitoring architecture is shown in
Fig. 3. With this architecture, the BESS can establish commu-
nication with a remote regulation system, receive scheduling
commands, and perform energy management according to the
ESS unit information collected by the local monitoring system
widely used in a practical project [2].
III. BESS S AT THE P OWER S UPPLY S IDE
The application of BESSs in the power supply side is pri-
marily divided into two categories: the combined operation of
1028 CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 7, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2021

Application scenarios

Power supply side Power grid side Power distribution side

Peak regulation and Peak load

Smooth output frequency Optimize power
flow distribution shifting+UPS
fluctuation modulation
V2G
Improve power Delay transmission
Frequency quality
modulation ancillary equipment upgrade Community energy
service storage
Relieve congestion
in transmission Load
equipment tracking/renewable Power supply
Standby power energy ramping reliability
supply control
System backup Demand electricity
charge management
Virtual power plant
Microgrid Power supply in
remote areas

Fig. 2. BESS application scenarios.

Remote CMS layer

Master station layer

Ă Ă

...

PCS PCS ... PCS PCS PCS ... PCS

Supplier Ă Supplier
local local
monitoring monitoring
system system

#1 #2 #L #1 #2 #L
unit of unit of Ă unit of unit of unit of Ă unit of
Ă

ESS ESS ESS ESS ESS ESS

Sub-BESS based on a transformer unit Sub-BESS based on a transformer unit

Fig. 3. A typical three-layer BESS monitoring architecture.

a BESS and new energy to smoothen the output fluctuation and
tracking planned output, etc., and the combined operation of a
BESS and traditional thermal power unit to improve frequency
and voltage regulation capability of traditional thermal power
units.
A. Smooth Power Output Fluctuation
New energy sources, such as wind power and photovoltaic
power, are characterized by randomness, and intermittence in
their output. Direct integration of new large-capacity energy
power generation equipment will have a great impact on the
grid dispatching operations and control, and can even lead
to safety or instability accidents. The combination of a BESS
and renewable energy power generation device can convert the
random varying output power into a relatively stable output,
which helps to meet various technical requirements of the grid
connection.
Many theoretical methods, along with research and analy-
ses, focused on the applications of a BESS for smoothing new
energy generation. Establishing a new energy power source
and a BESS combined model is the first problem that should
be addressed. References [8], [9] modeled a grid connected
to a wind turbine PMSG integrated with a BESS to analyze
the performance in a real system. Reference [10] presented a
model for the analysis and evaluation of the performance of a
NaS-based BESS. A BESS capacity decision is among one of
the main research directions of this technology considering its
high cost. Reference [11] estimated the capacity of a BESS for
the mitigation of wind power fluctuation with smoothing effect
in the Jeju Island. Reference [12] developed a control method
LI et al.: ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL CONTROL METHODS FOR GRID BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS 1029

using wind velocity and long period power variation of the BESS unit i, SODi is the SOD of the BESS unit i, and L is
power grid to reduce the BESS capacity needed to suppress the total number of the PCS.
fluctuations. Reference [13] established a 4-step coordinated A typical EMS architecture of a BESS is shown in Fig. 4.
control technique based on ADALINE (Adaptive linear neu- First, the main-EMS calculated the power commands in real-
ron) using a small BESS capacity. Reference [14] proposed time based on the total power demand of the BESS according
an intelligent wind power smoothing control using a recurrent to the current collection status information of each transformer
fuzzy neural network (RFNN). Fluctuation suppression is a unit. The sub-EMS then allocated the transformer unit demand
process in need of frequent actions. References [15]–[18] power to each PCS unit according to its status. The status
proposed a smoothing control method for reducing the output parameters include the allowable maximum charge/discharge
power fluctuations and regulating the battery SOC under typ- power of the PCS unit, and the SOC among others. The real-
ical conditions. Reference [19] established a control strategy time demand power was guaranteed to prevent overcharge
for a BESS to mitigate the fluctuation of the PV station based or discharge of the battery, thereby ensuring the safety and
on the fuzzy control theory to avoid the over-discharge of reliability of the transformer unit [2].
the BESS, thereby decreasing the potential damage to the
system. Without a scientific and reasonable state of charge Master station layer
(SOC) management method, the operating life and operational PBESS_all QBESS_all
effectiveness of the battery will be affected.
Main-EMS layer
Reference [15] defined and proposed a smoothing problem
based on the power fluctuation rate as shown in (1) to (3). The PTU 1 QTU 1 PTU s QTU s
power fluctuation rates over the investigated time period were #1 Sub-EMS layer Ă #s Sub-EMS layer
used to evaluate the control effects of the wind and PV power P1 Q1 P2 Q2 PL QL P1 Q1 P2 Q2 PL QL
in smoothing both with and without a BESS.
 max min

T PWPPV − PWPPV PCS PCS Ă PCS PCS PCS Ă PCS
rWPPV = f rated
(1)
PWPPV T Ă
!
max min
T
Phybrid − Phybrid #1 #2 #L #1 #2 #L
rhybrid = f rated
(2) unit of unit of Ă unit of unit of unit of Ă unit of
Phybrid ESS ESS ESS ESS ESS ESS
T
W
X V
X Sub-BESS based on a Sub-BESS based on a
rated transformer unit transformer unit
PWPPV = uWP rated
k PWP k + uPV rated
k PPV k (3)
k=1 k=1
Fig. 4. A typical EMS architecture of a BESS.
T
where rWPPV is the original PV and WP generation power
T
fluctuation rate during the investigated time period T , rhybrid From the research results, a BESS has a significant effect
is the hybrid wind/PV/BESS power fluctuation rate, PWPPV max on smoothing the output fluctuations of new energy power
min
and PWPPV are the maximum and minimum power values for generation. The evaluation index of the power grid output
the original PV and WP generation, respectively, Phybridmax
and fluctuation is the core issue of the reasonable control strategy
min
Phybrid are the maximum and minimum power values for the when new energy power generation is connected to the grid.
hybrid wind/PV/BESS, respectively, and PWPPV rated
is the total On this basis, the closed-loop control is an effective way to
rated power of the PVGS and WPGS. The smoothing control solve the optimal control problems with the output fluctuation
power of a BESS was then calculated based on the real- as an input variable. Presently, the assessment index of the
time feedback control of the SOC and power fluctuation rate. output fluctuation of new energy power generation is relatively
Meanwhile, the rate of power change at time t, and charge and loose. Future studies in this field should consider the output
discharge power for each power conversion systems (PCS), i, fluctuation as one of the constraints, combined with other
was calculated using (4) to (7), respectively. grid constraints of the new energy generation process such
as tracking the output deviation of the power generation plan,
PWPPV (t) − PWPPV (t − 1) studying the optimization control method of the energy storage
κWPPV (t) = (4)
∆t system, and developing economic and reliable operational
ui SOCi ini controls and energy management methods.
Pi = L PBESS (5)
P
(ui SOCi ) B. Output Tracking and Economic Dispatch
i=1
The output of the new energy power generation systems
ui SODi ini is generally intermittent and extremely difficult to accurately
Pi = L
PBESS (6)
P
(ui SODi ) predict. This problem is rooted on the scientific and rational
i=1 day-ahead, within-the-day, and ultra-short time (real-time)
SODi = 1 − SOCi (7) output plans that ensure efficient export of new energy under
the premise of meeting the schedule and storage constraints.
ini
where PBESS (t) is the initial power of the BESS at time t, In the field of output tracking, current research can be
ui is the start-stop status of PCS i, SOCi is the SOC of the divided into three aspects: day-ahead, within-the-day and ultra-
1030 CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 7, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2021

short time (real-time) output tracking. Literatures, using the 1) Frequency-based Inertial Control (FBIC)
day-ahead output plan, proposed compensating control meth- FBIC is a commonly used inertial control method in com-
ods of energy storage devices for new energy power generation mercial DGs, including BESSs and wind turbines. Fig. 6
to address active and reactive power plans, respectively. Good presents the block diagram of the FBIC method [27]–[30].
results in the peak load shifting and power flow improvements FBIC has two control branches: the upper branch based on the
were achieved. The within-the-day output plan focused on rate of change of frequency (ROCOF), and the lower branch
introducing the optimal performance index function based on designed as a droop-control-based on frequency deviation. The
the real-time electricity price, load demand, and new energy “If” block represents the threshold that determines whether
output to achieve the additional goal of extending the battery the FBIC should be enabled based on the measured system
life while tracking the output plan [19], [20]. For real-time frequency deviation. The ROCOF-based term is dominant at
output, it is necessary to reduce the day-ahead short-term the beginning of the frequency event whereas, the droop-based
forecast error of the new energy as its control objectives [21], term becomes more dominant when the system frequency
[22]. is closer to its nadir. Intuitively, FBIC is more feasible for
A BESS performs an important role in improving the power networks with relatively smooth frequency profiles,
schedule tracking ability and utilization of new energy power transmission networks or bulk power systems. For power
generation [23]. Effective coordination and integration of systems with relatively high penetration levels of renewable
different time scales in the output planning and tracking energy or islanded micro-grids, the enabling threshold of FBIC
control strategies and improvement of the instruction tracking could be difficult to determine.
performance of the BESS is a research direction for further
exploration in this field. df ωl
fsys − Kf
dt s+ωl
+
C. Frequency Regulation with Power Sources If ∆Pref
−
s +
The growing installed capacity of a utility-scale BESS fn
s+ωh
Kd
+ fsys
provides more viable solutions in revising frequency regulation
strategies and improving the stability of power systems. The
Fig. 6. Frequency-based inertial control (FBIC).
abnormalities of the system frequency profile can be regulated
and restored with the integration of a BESS as it can act as an
energy buffer. As shown in Fig. 5, inertial response is crucial 2) Swing-equation-based Inertial Control (SEBIC)
for maintaining the frequency stability of power systems. It Contrary to FBIC which is widely adopted by different
stores kinetic energy in a rotating mass of a conventional types of DGs, most SEBIC applications depend on a BESS.
synchronous generator (SG) which can be released to arrest the Different SEBIC methods, including virtual inertia control,
rate of change of the frequency (ROCOF) during sudden power virtual synchronous generator (VSG) [31], virtual synchronous
supply-demand imbalances [24]–[26]. Many virtual inertia machine (VSM) [32], [33], synchro-inverter [34], and inertia
algorithms and virtual synchronous generator control schemes emulator [35], incorporate the swing equation of a conven-
were proposed by researchers for power electronics conversion tional SG to imitate its electromechanical transient behavior by
systems to achieve a smoother transition to a renewable- controlling the power conversion system of the BESS. Fig. 7
energy-dominant system. In many cases, droop control was illustrates the control diagram of a SEBIC.
incorporated in the virtual inertia control diagram. Generally,
various virtual inertial control methods for a BESS can be Dp
divided into two categories: frequency-based inertial control
(FBIC), and swing-equation-based inertial control (SEBIC). −
ΔPm + + 1 Δω +
ω
ωn Js
Tm − +
ΔP Te
Generation loss or load change occurs 2πfn
ωn
Initial slope of frequency decline
Grid frequency (Hz)

depends on system inertia Fig. 7. The diagram of a swing-equation-based inertial control.

According to Fig. 7, Eqs. (8) to (9), and References [31]

and [36], SEBIC can be considered as an extension of a droop
controller due to its similar steady-state responses in terms
of active power. Reference [36] demonstrated the equivalence
0s 5-10 s 20-30 s 5-10 min Time (s) between SEBIC and the frequency-droop control in a Laplace
Inertial domain, whereas Reference [37] performed a detailed theoret-
response
Primary Secondary Tertiary ical simulation, and experimental comparisons. In sum, better
frequency frequency frequency frequency stability can be achieved using the SEBIC method
control control (AGC) control
(Droop) even with heavier power oscillations. In Fig. 7, Pm and P are
considered as emulated mechanical power and electromagnetic
Fig. 5. System frequency profile during a frequency event [24]. power of an SG, respectively. Tm and Te are the emulated
LI et al.: ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL CONTROL METHODS FOR GRID BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
mechanical and electromagnetic torques, respectively. ω is the
output frequency of SEBIC and ωn is the system nominal
frequency, both in angular speed. Control parameters J and Dp
represent the virtual inertia constant and damping coefficient,
respectively, which can be tuned without limitations.
dω
Tm − Te = J + Dp (ω − ωn ) (8)
 dt
 ∆ω = ω − ωg
 introduced in the paper. A novel inertial control method based
Pm = ωTm ≈ ωn Tm (9)


P = ωTe ≈ ωn Te
The implementation of SEBIC requires the reconstruction
of the inverter control system instead of being an add-on
controller. Similar to the operation of an SG, the “power
angle” of a BESS with SEBIC is passively increased during
a frequency event to release energy within a BESS in a con-
trolled manner and realize an inertial response. The validity of
SEBIC using a BESS was proven in many research papers and
demonstration projects. However, there are still many areas
that are promising for future research. A self-tuning VSM
was proposed and implemented in [38] using BESS for the
dynamic frequency support of an autonomous power system.
Thus, the frequency nadir and ROCOF were minimized while
maintaining the optimal inertial and droop constants.
The introduction of the swing equation enlarges the time
constant of the active power loop (APL) of inverter systems.
As a result, slower dynamics and larger oscillations are ob-
served in the application of SEBIC with satisfactory frequency
support. Reference [39] proposed a bang-bang control strategy
to design the variable inertia for a PV-BESS-based VSG. The
authors demonstrated the ability of the variable inertia control
strategy to maintain the stability of power systems after faults.
In [40], the virtual inertia and droop coefficient were unified
and jointly designed using fuzzy logic. A simpler control
structure for BESS inertia control that maintained the inertia
response was introduced. Reference [41] proposed a virtual
inertia design scheme based on the model predictive control
(MPC) for micro-grid control. The energy used to accomplish
the virtual inertia block was obtained from energy storage
systems. The simulation results illustrated the advantages in
terms of robustness and frequency stabilization of the proposed
MPC-based virtual inertia in comparison to variable inertia
achieved by fuzzy logic approaches. The employment of
variable inertia and droop can greatly improve the dynamic
response and tracking performance of SEBIC. However, in
the perspective of frequency regulation of power systems,
it can cause vulnerability of the inertial controller in some
system frequency dips. In this case, SEBIC may operate in
low-inertia or low-droop mode during its recovery stage or
the BESS ramping stage as it cannot react to frequency dips,
especially second frequency dip, due to the uncertainty of
power system frequency events. This contradicts the original
goal of developing inertia controllers.
Currently, most SEBIC applications require a BESS as
the DC power supply of the inverter systems or a part
thereof. Reference [42] described a single-phase synchro-
inverter architecture for a grid-connected roof top PV-BESS.
1031
Similar with [35] and [39], a majority of the energy used
for inertial response was extracted from a BESS even with
the system employed for the implementation of a virtual
inertial control. Reference [43] proposed a VSG control for
a type 4 wind turbine. A dispatchable wind power generation
system was achieved using only a minute-level BESS as an
energy buffer. The wind turbine contributed to the inertial
response during certain modes. A BESS sizing design was also
on the torque limit control (TLC) for a permanent magnet
synchronous generator-wind turbine generator (PMSG-WTG)
under variable wind speed conditions was proposed in [44]. A
coordinated control strategy between a small-scale BESS and
PMSG-WTG was developed. The TLC inertial control can
be enhanced and the frequency oscillations after the system
frequency event can be eliminated by adopting a BESS. In
general, a wind turbine with inherently more kinetic energy
stored within its rotor and blades can achieve virtual inertial
response by decelerating the rotor speed. In this case, a small-
scale BESS can be used to improve the performance of the
overall inertial control. However, inertial control applications
in PV systems are more reliant on a BESS to export the instant
power demand.
For other implementations of virtual inertia using a BESS,
Reference [45] proposed a VSG architecture using the joint
application of a battery/ultra-capacitor. The ultra-capacitor was
used to mimic the fast-varying power fluctuations introduced
by the virtual inertia while the battery provided the relatively
sustained power. Battery life can be extended by employing
a hybrid BESS (HESS) to reduce the power fluctuations of
the battery. Reference [46] expanded the usage of VSM into
vehicle-to-grid (V2G) services. An EV charger based on VSM
technology contributed to the spinning reserve and frequency
regulation of yhe power systems. The methodology of the
optimal placement of virtual inertia in power systems was
proposed in [47] and [48]. The robust and optimal virtual
inertia allocation problem was solved thus providing strategy
for building a BESS service station in the future to improve
modern power system frequency responses.
Aside from imitating inertial response and providing pri-
mary frequency control, a BESS is also widely applied as
an AGC unit and system reserve. Under different BESS
penetration levels, references [49] and [50] proposed a siz-
ing method for an aggregated BESS according to system
level performance tests. Reference [51] developed an opti-
mization model considering the regional integrated energy
system with a BESS. The pay-for-performance was proposed
in the regulation market and a balance between the power
trading and regulation market revenue was provided to achieve
the maximum profit. Reference [52] proposed a cooperative
frequency regulation scheme using a BESS in improving the
performance of AGC units. A successful demonstration project
with a 2-MW BESS was presented. A specific type of BESS,
LiFePO4, was used in [53]. The methodology for the economic
optimization of the parameters was proposed to achieve the
lowest tender price in the UK FFR market. Distinct from the
design of a virtual inertia using BESS, the implementations of
secondary and tertiary frequency control using BESS involves
1032 CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 7, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2021

more economic and planning research. Extensive stability and
dynamic response analysis needs to be investigated to obtain
a satisfying performance of a BESS at the beginning of power
system frequency regulation.
In conclusion, a summary table which highlights the key
features of various applications of a BESS in power system
frequency regulation is presented in Table III.
IV. A PPLICATIONS OF A BESS IN THE P OWER G RID S IDE
The application of a BESS in the power grid side has higher
requirements for equipment and network architecture. It is
necessary to establish an independent communication loop
to directly communicate with the PCS as a BESS needs to
perform various functions such as emergency power support.
A typical network architecture of a BESS at the power grid
side is shown in Fig. 8. Different equipment information is
delivered to the dispatching automation system safety zones I
or II according to the real-time and non-real-time requirements
of its control progress. The device information used for
assisting decision making and information presentation is sent
to an information area III via the horizontal isolation device.
This type of control architecture satisfies the requirements
of the grid for information security while ensuring that the
BESS fully realizes its functions. Through an independent
communication loop, the response time of a BESS can be
improved to 100 ms level. Many safety-related devices, such
as relay protection, and safety-control devices, are added to
the BESS for power grid side application to improve its
reliability. Based on this architecture, a power grid side BESS
can perform functions, such as frequency regulation, power
flow optimization, emergency response, etc.
In 2018, a number of power grid side BESS projects
in China were completed and put into operation. On June
16th, the first phase of the 9.6 MW/9.6 MWh project of
the Henan 100 MW grid-side distributed BESS was success-
fully integrated into the grid. This was the first grid-side
BESS in China. On December 28th, the second phase of the
91.2 MW/116.2 MWh (distributed in 14 substations) was com-
pleted. At the end of 2018, the Henan 100.8 MW/125.8 MWh
distributed BESS was completed and it operated a total of
84 battery storage containers. On July 18th, the Jiangsu
101 MW/202 MWh distributed power grid side BESS project
was officially put into operation and became the largest grid-
side BESS in China. This project meets the regional peak
demand along with functions to provide a strong guarantee for
safe and stable operation of the grid during the summer pe-

TABLE III
T HE K EY F EATURES OF A BESS A PPLICATION FOR F REQUENCY R EGULATION
Description Key features Reference
Add-on controller; Maintaining original control structure of
FBIC BESS; More suitable for transmission networks; Potential [24], [31]
instability due to the derivative component
Imitating swing equation of an SG; Maintaining a frequency Adaptive virtual inertia and droop: [37]–[41]
response model; Potential severe oscillation problem; Single-phase VSG using BESS: [42]
SEBIC
Difficulty in direct application in PV and WTGs; Multiple Virtual inertia achieved by renewable DGs
derivatives, including VSG, VSM, synchro-inverter, etc. assisted by BESS: [35], [36], [39], [42]–[44]
Frequency regulation using BESS/HESS sizing; V2G; Secondary frequency control;
[45]–[53]
BESS at steady state Tertiary frequency control; Optimal virtual inertia placement

Dispatching Dispatching
automation automation Information
Safety- syslem zone-I syslem zone-II zone-III
Safety Safety
stabilization zone-I zone-II
control main
stalion Telecontrol Telecontrol Assistant
equipment equipment decision-
making and
information
Protocol Station level display
conversion monitoring interface
computer Firewall Insulation
device
Local
monitoring
system
Relay Electricity
protection Fault Relay quality
Safety-stabilization
BMS and safety recorder information supervisor
control RTU
control device sub-system device
PCS device

Electricity Auxiliary Video

data access systme monitoring
device system
Battery

Fig. 8. Typical network architecture of a Jiangsu grid-side BESS.

LI et al.: ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL CONTROL METHODS FOR GRID BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
riod. These functions include emergency response, frequency
regulation, and voltage regulation among others.
A. Frequency Regulation
With the rapid development of a large-scale centralized and
distributed BESS along with the continuous expansion of its
capacity, the BESS directly takes part in frequency regulation
thereby gradually becoming an effective means of grid fre-
quency stability control in developed regions. Compared with
the power supply side BESS, the grid side BESS participates in
the frequency modulation without relying on the conventional
power source or the new energy power source, and it can
participate in the grid frequency control as an independent
entity.
Presently, through centralized integration into the power
grid, a BESS already possessed a strong research foundation
and application demonstration by participating in the power
grid frequency regulation. In the relevant standard specifica-
tions introduced in China, it is stipulated that a BESS must
have a frequency regulation capability when connected to the
power grid. Primary frequency regulation is often directly
involved by the PCS to ensure the response speed of the pro-
cess. Therefore, PCS must have the grid frequency acquisition
capability and a primary frequency regulation function.
Mainstream PCS primary frequency regulation currently
adopts the droop control, and sets the performance parame-
ters of the primary frequency regulation according to actual
operating conditions. A typical frequency regulation control
curve of the 500-kW converter of the Jiangsu power grid side
BESS is shown in Fig. 9.
P (kW)
400
49.916 49.966 50.033 50.083 f (Hz)
−400
Fig. 9. Typical primary frequency regulation control curve.
The South Australian 100 MW/129 MWh Tesla lithium
battery energy storage project, which was put into operation on
December 1, 2017, is equipped with a frequency adjustment
function. Fig. 10 shows the system frequency and output of
the BESS in response to a grid frequency anomaly event. The
energy output of the blue curve (corresponding to the right
ordinate) reacted immediately after the red curve frequency
(corresponding to the left ordinate) fell and produced the
active power to 02:03. This demonstrated the excellent ability
of the Tesla to adjust quickly [54]. As the access scale of
1033
50.25 10
Frequency BESS output
50.20
50.15 8
50.10
Frequency (Hz)
Output (MW)
50.05 6
50.00
49.95 4
49.90
49.85 2
49.80
49.75 0
01:56 01:58 02:00 02:02 02:04
Time
Fig. 10. System frequency and the BESS power output.
the energy storage systems continues to expand, the role
of the future energy storage systems in the field of system
frequency support also increases. Frequency control strategy
for large-scale battery energy storage power plants is among
the important future developments in the field to fully use
widely distributed energy storage devices, and eventually to
propose corresponding aggregation control methods.
B. Optimize Network Power Flow Distribution
With the large-scale integration of random and intermittent
renewable energy, scheduling and optimization of active and
reactive power flow for the whole network is more difficult.
Moreover, this greatly affects the transmission capacity of new
energy delivery lines. Coordination of the output distribution
of the traditional power source, new energy source and energy
storage systems, along with the realization of the optimal
distribution of active and reactive power in the whole network,
is of great significance for improving the network security
level and line transmission capacity.
Construction of a network power flow optimization model
with a battery energy storage system is the research focus
in this field. Many literatures took the network transmission
economy as the goal, and modeled and solved different energy
storage integration systems. In [55], dynamic active-reactive
optimal power flow (DAROPF) was adopted to cover multiple
time periods. Reference [56] proposed an online optimal
active power flow installed at feeder nodes for a local BESS.
Reference [57] presented a novel multi-period optimal power
flow (OPF) algorithm for the micro-grid considering the states
of charge of BESSs and reactive power flows. Reference [58]
used the optimal power flows to develop an advanced energy
management system that achieved good economic benefits.
Reference [59] presented a BESS control method applied
in a wind energy conversion system (WECS) with a diesel
generator (DG), regulating the loading of the DG to achieve
a low specific fuel consumption.
The application of large-scale energy storage systems can
significantly improve the economics of grid operations. The
combination of stability and scheduling information to achieve
multi-target network power flow optimization and improve the
stability limit of transmission lines, and system security levels
may be considered for future research.
1034 CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 7, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2021
C. Improve the System Angle Stability Level
The integration of energy storage systems into the grid will
result in a series of effects on the power angle stability of
the grid. A BESS changes the distribution of system power
flow through its charging and discharging process. Moreover, it
uses virtual synchronous machine technology to mechanically
couple the virtual inertia generated by the energy storage
system with other generators in the system. Studies have
been conducted on the stability of systems containing energy
storage systems in the functions of BESSs.
Battery energy storage systems quickly absorb or send
active and reactive power according to the current state of the
system. Active and reactive powers are independent from each
other and can be carried out simultaneously without disrupting
each other. Therefore, a BESS can affect the power flow
distribution to a certain extent. References [60], [61] applied
STATCOM/BESS stabilizers in a real large-scale Chinese
power system to alleviate inter-area power oscillations. As
STATCOM/BESS can exchange both active and reactive power
with the power grid, stabilizers attached to it suppressed power
system oscillations via the regulation of active and/or reactive
power. Reference [62] presented the small signal stability of a
BESS used in a low-voltage islanded micro-grid for an ohmic
load case using eigenvalue sensitivity analysis. However, the
relationship between the power flow and system stability was
closely related to different operating conditions of the system.
Adaptively adjusting the control strategy of the energy storage
systems are among the areas in need of future research.
Energy storage systems also affect the system stability
after the introduction of virtual synchronous machine tech-
nology. The virtual synchronous machine technology refers to
the technology of simulating the electromechanical transient
characteristics of a synchronous machine. This allows the
power source to adopt the current transformer and obtain
the operational external characteristics of the synchronous
machine, such as inertia, damping, frequency and voltage
adjustment. Reference [63] proposed using a storage integrated
on the DC link to synthesize extra inertia by programming the
storage power electronics controller to achieve an emulated
capacitance. Reference [64] emphasized the importance of a
BESS for frequency stability in low-inertia power systems.
The impact of the new energy integration process on system
power angle stability is more evident with the increasing pro-
portion of new energy installed capacity. Large-scale battery
energy storage devices are significant in reducing the impact
thereby improving grid capacity of new energy.
D. Peak Regulation
The energy storage can flexibly perform two-way regulation
of charge and discharge according to the load characteristics
of the power grid, and has the peak-shaving capability twice
that of its own installed capacity. The BESS participation in
peak shaving is often carried out by directly receiving the grid
AGC command.
In recent years, the research of large-scale electrochemical
energy storage in power system peak shaving focused on the
optimization of energy storage configuration for power grid
peaking demand. In [65], aiming at saving the maximum
fuel cost of the system, the optimal scheduling model of a
BESS for load stabilization was established, and the capacity
allocation problem was discussed. Reference [66] took into
account both total costs and peak-load regulation benefits of a
BESS, and proposed a benefit-evaluation model for the optimal
configuration of a BESS.
From the existing research, the current research on energy
storage participating in power grid peak regulation is still in
its infancy, and how to coordinate with conventional power
supply in capacity allocation and coordinated control is still a
problem in this field.
V. A PPLICATIONS OF A BESS IN THE P OWER
D ISTRIBUTION S IDE
A. Energy Management for Cost-saving
The ability to save electricity costs and reduce energy
consumption is the direct reason for energy storage on the
user side. Many documents proposed various BESS energy
management methods to save electricity costs for users. Ref-
erence [67] presented the estimation method for the optimal
capacity of a BESS to reduce the electric charges of common
consumers. The daily optimal charge and discharge plan of
a BESS which satisfied the given constraints was established
using linear programming through the change of rated out-
put/capacity for a certain time. The electric charges in the
highest-reduced rates were selected. Reference [68] proposed
an energy management system to coordinate the use of PV
generation and a BESS in an existing university campus.
Reference [69] proposed a novel optimization technique using
a Linear Programming (LP) method to solve the optimal
scheduling problem of a BESS and obtain the dual objec-
tive function of economics and peak-shaving. Reference [70]
analyzed the customer daily load patterns to determine the
optimal charging and discharging schedule that can minimize
the electrical charges through the installed BESS.
The application of energy storage in cost-saving is relatively
mature. Future research in this field will deepen and expand the
combinations of various application scenarios such as electric
vehicle charging.
B. Power Supply in Remote Areas
In remote areas, power supply cannot be obtained from the
backbone network. Instead, it can only be acquired through the
micro-grid from power sources such as DG, wind power, and
solar power. Fully utilizing the energy storage function of a
BESS maintains the stability of the micro-grid system [71],
[72]. Reference [73] presented a PI controller used as a
BESS in the charge and discharge process in a micro-grid
for islanded operations to achieve frequency and voltage
stability. Reference [74] advocated an effective way of energy
management in a micro-grid through a synchronous reluctance
generator (SynRG) based on a wind energy conversion system
(WECS) connected to a DC bus that maintained voltage
through a BESS. Reference [75] proposed a new DC output
voltage control for a BESS based on the battery SOC. The
proposed control scheme was verified through computer simu-
lations for a typical stand-alone DC micro-grid. Reference [76]
LI et al.: ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL CONTROL METHODS FOR GRID BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
analyzed the factors that affect the power sharing when the
energy storage system is connected in parallel to the micro-
grid. A method of proportionally distributing the power of the
energy storage system was also designed.
There are many operational control theories of energy
storage in the micro-grid, however, there are fewer large-scale
projects for demonstration of the operations. Nonetheless,
the micro-grid is still important for future energy storage
applications.
C. Application of Distributed Energy Storage Systems
As the price of a battery dropped in recent years, a large
number of BESSs were connected to the grid from different
locations. These formed a big decentralized energy network in
the power system making the traditional power system more
distributed. Managing and controlling these distributed BESSs
to ensure the safety and efficiency of the power system is a
challenging task. Along with it, new operational strategies are
needed to exploit the potential benefits of a distributed ESS.
The decentralized nature of the ESS network makes its
distributed control and optimization techniques very useful for
the operation of ESSs. One of the most popular distributed
methods for ESS is ADMM (alternating direction method of
multipliers) [77], [78]. ADMM is a distributed optimization
method that divides the global optimization problem into a set
of sub-problems to obtain an optimal solution for the entire
system by solving local problems by the distributed facilities.
This method can be explained as follows: Suppose that the
global optimization problem is solved in (10) and (11):
min f (x) + g(y) (10)
x,y
s.t. Ax + By = c (11)
where f (x) and g(x) are the decomposed (local) problems
of the global optimization problem, x and y are variables
of the local problem, and A, B and c are the parameters
of the constraints. In the ADMM, the augmented Lagrangian
Lρ (x, y, λ) of this problem is:
Lρ (x, y, λ) = f (x) + g(y) + λT (Ax + By − c)+
ρ 2
∥Ax + By − c∥2 (12)
2 which is more suitable for the distributed optimization prob-
where λ is the Lagrangian multiplier, and ρ is the penalty
parameter. The global optimization problem can then be solved
locally by the following ADMM algorithm:
xk+1 = arg min Lρ x, y k , λk


(13)
x
y k+1 = arg min Lρ xk+1 , y, λk


(14)
y energy dispatch problems were solved by the consensus-
λk+1 = λk + ρ Axk+1 + By k+1 − c


(15)
The stopping criterion of the algorithm is:
k+1
Ax + By k+1 − c
⩽ ϵpri
(16)
Many papers were published with proposed solutions for
different problems of ESSs in power systems with ADMM
techniques. In [79], dynamic optimization of the active power
dispatch with ESSs was discussed. To achieve the dynamic
1035
optimization, ADMM was employed to develop a fully dis-
tributed optimization algorithm for the ESSs. The optimal
placement and sizing problems of ESSs was discussed in [80].
To minimize the cost of electricity purchased from the external
grid and realize the congestion management by considering the
voltage support and network losses minimization, ADMM was
used to develop a distributed algorithm to achieve the optimal
solution for the entire power system. In [81], a versatile
decentralized energy management system (d-EMS) for ESS
was developed on the basis of ADMM. The d-EMS provided
the decentralized solution to the economic dispatch problem
(EDP) to minimize the cost of the power system operations.
Reference [82] proposed a distributed model predictive control
(MPC) approach based on the ADMM to obtain a better
control performance in the power system with ESSs. Similarly,
in [83], ADMM was also integrated with MPC to achieve
the optimal management of ESSs with consideration on the
stochastic nature of renewable energy. Reference [84] also
used ADMM in stochastic programming problems to obtain
the distributed optimal solution. However, both the intermit-
tence of renewable energy and randomness of the energy
market were considered in the optimization. In addition, the
ADMM was adopted to control and manage the shipboard
power system with ESSs in [85].
Another important method for the control and operation of
the distributed ESS is the consensus-based method based on
the consensus protocol [86]. The consensus protocol is solved
in the following form:
X
xi (k + 1) = xi (k) + τ wij [xj (k) − xi (k)] (17)
j∈Ni
where xi is the state of the ith node, τ is the time step, wij
is a weight parameter between the ith node and the jth node,
and Ni denotes the set of neighboring nodes. The state xi
R n vertices in a graph will converge to limk→∞ X(k) =
of all
( n1 i=1 xi )·1 as the time approaches infinity when the network
is connected, and ρ(Lω ) < τ2 , where ρ(Lω ) is the maximum
eigenvalue of Lω ; Lω is the weighted Laplacian of this graph
and n is the total number of vertices in the graph.
The consensus-based method is a good tool to solve the
control problems in distributed systems as opposed to ADMM
lems. Several papers addressed distributed control problems
using the consensus-based method. For example, in [87],
the distributed P -f /Q-V droop control was realized by the
consensus-based method with ESSs. The voltage and fre-
quency control by the consensus-based method in distributed
power systems with ESS were discussed in [88]–[90]. The
based method as well. Reference [91] proposed a distributed
algorithm for coordination of a flywheel energy storage matrix
system (FESMS) incorporated with a wind farm. The average
consensus was employed to build a distributed ratio consensus
algorithm for a FESMS dispatch problem. It is worth noting
that in many papers, the consensus-based method was selected
since it has less information exchange. This provides the ad-
vantage of using the method in systems with limited communi-
cation resources. In [92], for example, consensus integral con-
1036 CSEE JOURNAL OF POWER AND ENERGY SYSTEMS, VOL. 7, NO. 5, SEPTEMBER 2021
trol was proposed for ESSs in micro-grids to synchronize the
SOC and power levels of batteries with limited transmission
of information. Adaptive/approximate dynamic programming
(ADP) has solved various control problems [93]–[96] in recent
years. In [97], for example, control-limited ADP was proposed
to solve the optimal charging/discharging actions for a multi-
type BESS.
In addition, distributed energy storage is primarily applied
to the user side in China. By 2018, the user-side energy storage
capacity of China was 319.1 MW, accounting for 47% of
the total energy storage capacity of the country. In countries,
such as Germany, Australia, the United States, and Japan,
residential electricity prices and peak-valley differences are
higher than that of industry and commerce. Policies encourage
photovoltaic-ESS combination usage to increase the propor-
tion of PV self-use. Therefore, this combination is the main
application form. In China, electricity prices are relatively low,
and energy storage configuration is primarily used to provide
peak load shifting and demand management for industrial and
commercial users to reduce the cost of electricity consumption.
Battery enterprise investment plus integrated energy service
company operations are the main development model.
D. Application of V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) Technology
With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry,
the charging and discharging capacity of electric vehicles
in the distribution network and the influence of the charg-
ing and discharging process on the safe operation of the
distribution network cannot be underestimated. How to help
with the management of the charging and discharging process
of electric vehicles in a scientific and orderly way, through
intelligent distribution network and intelligent transportation
technology, and participating as an energy storage carrier of
electric vehicles to optimize the energy management of the
distribution network, is one of the most important research
directions of future distribution networks [98]–[100].
The large-scale access of electric vehicles (EVs) in the
future will affect the planning and operation of the power
system. The interaction between EVs and the power grid
can achieve peak load cutting, valley filling, and frequency
regulation in addition to also providing backup. This is im-
portant for the safe and economic operation of the power
grid and the improvement of the absorption capacity of new
energy resources. Grid constraints, battery constraints and
user demands should be considered in proposing a control
strategy of distributed energy storage for EVs to realize two-
way exchange of information with the grid and double-phase
exchange with energy resources [101]–[103].
V2G technology will cover a broader application prospect
with the development of the EV industry. However, research
studies in this field are still in their theoretical framework
construction and application mode exploration, thereby lacking
mature technical routes and implementation methods. It is
urgent to carry out continuous and in-depth research from the
following aspects: 1) develop a real-time online monitoring
system and big data analysis ability of EVs to achieve the goals
of charging early warning, optimizing charging scheduling,
and improving charging efficiency; 2) expand the Internet
application of EVs, promote its interconnection and data
interaction, charging pile, charging service platform, power
battery traceability system, online monitoring platform, etc. to
realize the safety management of the whole life cycle of EVs
and improve its safety level; and 3) establish standards for
connectivity and data interaction among EVs, charging piles
and platforms, and promote the research and development of
relevant standards for wireless communication safety, platform
and application safety, data safety and user personal informa-
tion protection of the Internet of vehicles.
E. UPS + Arbitrage Mode
The use of lithium battery energy storage in data center
power supply systems will become a trend. For the data center
industry, it is especially important to maximize the use of
existing space and minimize operating expenses, especially
UPS power cooling energy consumption, battery maintenance
and battery replacement service costs. Lithium batteries are
the key to solving these problems because of their excellent
performance. In addition to performing the role of an emer-
gency power supply, UPS can also perform the function of
an energy storage system. It can be charged when the price
is lower than the peak price, and it can discharge at the peak
high price, so as to achieve a win-win benefit for the data
center.
VI. C ONCLUSION AND F UTURE D IRECTIONS
This paper introduced the development of BESS applica-
tions and monitoring technology. The application of energy
storage technology in the power system was also analyzed in
detail from the power supply side, power grid side and power
distribution side.
With the planning and construction of large-scale/ultra-
large-scale BESSs [104], [105], continuous development of
different sizes and distributed capacities, and mobile plug-and-
play BESSs, battery storage systems can potentially achieve
multi-target synergies in smart grids and energy Internet sys-
tems. Aside from its application for the new energy generation
and distribution side, the BESS also provides a positive effect
for the power grid security, stability and economic operation
under various corresponding constraints. Hence, future devel-
opments and applications of grid BESSs need to focus on some
of the following aspects:
1) Consider the safety boundary, fault early warning and
fire protection issues of different types of energy storage
systems to effectively avoid the occurrence and spread of
accidents for the entire process of production, integration,
design, installation, operation and monitoring of multi-type
and multi-specification energy storage batteries.
2) Effectively utilize methods such as big data, cloud
computing, Ubiquitous Internet/Internet of Things, artificial
intelligence, cyber physical systems, Edge computing, Parallel
System Theory, etc. to ensure safe, stable, reliable operation,
and modeling and simulation accuracy of large-scale central-
ized/distributed BESSs.
3) Innovatively develop system integration, energy man-
agement, and control and operational methods for large-scale
LI et al.: ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL CONTROL METHODS FOR GRID BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
centralized/distributed BESSs, considering the various require-
ments of intelligent operational scheduling, safety and stability
control, life-cycle management, multi-objective control and
management, and optimal operational efficiency.
4) Develop a method to improve the technical economy
of BESS planning, layout and grid-connected operations in
the auxiliary services of the power market, and quantify and
standardize relevant indicators.
5) The energy and ancillary markets should establish rules
and policies for a BESS participating in the market as soon
as possible, so that the multiple values of energy storage can
be measured and rewarded.
Although a lot of studies have been done on the control
structure and strategy of large-scale BESSs, the research
objective was primarily aimed at the scale of the 10-MW level
or less. The results cannot effectively meet the needs of a 100-
MW and the GW level ultra-large-scale grid BESS, and there
is a clear lag in theoretical research in this area. With the multi-
scenario and multi-objective application requirements of large-
scale and ultra-large-scale centralized or distributed BESSs, it
is urgent to start with the control architecture and strategy
of a BESS, and carry out a series of original designs and
intensive research aiming at the complexity of the information
interaction network architecture, the dynamic optimization of
power and energy, control effectiveness and stability, multi-
time scale and multi-scenario coordinated control issues.
The above research will serve as a solid foundation for
grid-connected operations and multi-scenario applications of
grid BESSs, increase the utilization rate of clean energy, and
improve the level of power system security and stability. The
authors have great expectations for the future of BESSs.
VII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author Xiangjun Li would like to thank Prof. Xiaoxin
Zhou for his paper invitation and guidance in ensuring com-
pletion of the final document, as well as the reviewers who
provided very thoughtful feedback.
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Xiangjun Li (M’06–SM’12) received the B.E. de-
gree in Electrical Engineering from Shenyang Uni-
versity of Technology, China, in July 2001, and his
M.E. and Ph.D. degrees in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering from Kitami Institute of Technology
(KIT), Japan, in March 2004 and March 2006,
respectively. From May 2006 to March 2010, he
worked as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Ko-
rea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon,
Korea, and Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,
respectively. In March 2010, he joined the Electrical
Engineering and New Material Department, China Electric Power Research
Institute (CEPRI), Beijing, China, where he has been engaged in the topic
of integration/control/SCADA/application technologies for large-scale multi-
type battery energy storage systems/stations, distributed generation systems,
electric vehicles, and micro-grids. His research interests include renewable
energy power generation, electric energy saving/storage technology, and power
system engineering. He has served as the Executive Vice Secretary-General
of IEEE Power and Energy Society China Council, and the Chair of the IEEE
CIS Task Force on ADP and RL in Power and Energy Internets. He has also
served as the editor of the IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, editor
of Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems (Springer journal), and
guest editor of Engineering (Elsevier journal). He has been awarded two U.S.
Patents of Invention and 43 Chinese Patents of Invention. Prof. Li is a Fellow
of IET, chartered engineer, and is one of the senior members of IEEE, CSEE,
CAS, and CES, etc.
Shangxing Wang received the B.S. degree in Elec-
trical Engineering from South China University of
Technology in 2011 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees
in Power System and Automation from North China
Electrical Power University in 2013 and 2017, re-
spectively. Currently, he is working as an engineer
at the China Electrical Power Research Institute.
Mr. Wang’s research interests include energy storage
control and application, power grid security and
stability analysis.