SALTS AND THEIR

PREPARATION
BY WAFI 9S
 WHAT ARE SALTS?

• SALTS ARE IONIC COMPOUNDS. THIS MEANS THAT THEY CONTAIN A CATION (POSITIVE ION)
AND AN ANION (NEGATIVE ION). SALTS CAN BE MADE BY REACTING ACIDS WITH METALS,
CARBONATES, BASES OR ALKALIS.
 REACTIONS IN WHICH SALTS CAN BE MADE AND
FURTHER INFORMATION ABOUT SALTS.
REACTANTS PRODUCTS
ACID+METAL SALT+HYDROGEN GAS(H₂)
ACID+CARBONATE SALT+WATER+CARBON DIOXIDE GAS (CO₂)
ACID+BASE SALT+WATER(H₂O)
ACID+ALKALI SALT+WATER(H₂O)

During the reaction, one or more hydrogen ions of an acid is replaced by a metal ion or an ammonium ion. For example, the salt
potassium chloride is formed from the following reaction:
KOH (aq) + HCl (aq)  KCl (aq) + H₂0 (l)
Potassium ion (K+) comes from the base KOH<-- [K |Cl]---> Chlorine ion (Cl-) comes from hydrochloric acid (HCl)

The anion of the salt usually comes from an acid but the cation can come from a metal, carbonate, base or alkali.
SOME EXAMPLES OF SALTS OBTAINED FROM
DIFFERENT REACTANTS.
 CLASSIFICATION OF SALTS
SALTS CAN BE PRIMARILY CLASSIFIED INTO THREE TYPES. THEY ARE:-
• MONOBASIC SALTS (SALTS WHICH HAVE ONE HYDROGEN ATOM IN THEIR COMPOSITION)
• DIBASIC SALTS (SALTS WHICH HAVE TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS IN THEIR COMPOSITION)
• TRIBASIC SALTS (SALTS WHICH HAVE TWO HYDROGEN ATOMS IN THEIR COMPOSITION)
WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION:
MANY SALTS COMBINE WITH WATER MOLECULES TO FORM CRYSTALS. THESE WATER MOLECULES
ARE KNOWN AS WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION. SO, THERE ARE TWO MORE TYPES OF SALTS
ACCORDING TO THIS. THEY ARE:-
• HYDRATED SALTS (SALTS THAT CONTAIN WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION) EXAMPLE-

• ANHYDROUS SALTS (SALTS THAT DO NOT CONTAIN WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION)

 THE WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION CAN BE REMOVED BY HEATING HYDRATED SALTS.
 MORE CLASSIFICATION AND EXAMPLES
• SALTS CAN BE SOLUBLE OR INSOLUBLE IN WATER DESPITE THEIR IONIC
PROPERTIES. SO THE SALTS WHICH ARE SOLUBLE IN WATER ARE KNOWN AS Examples of Salts:
SOLUBLE SALTS & SALTS WHICH ARE INSOLUBLE IN WATER ARE CALLED Monobasic-
INSOLUBLE SALTS. HOW CAN WE IDENTIFY THESE? SOLUBILITY RULES HELP
US. BELOW SHOWS THE RULES. Dibasic-

Tribasic- (Very rare)

HOW TO
PREPARE SALTS?
3 WAYS -

Titration

Excess method

Precipitation
 TITRATION
This method is used for preparation of soluble salts. Sodium ,
potassium, ammonium and other group I salts can be prepared
using this.
[Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water]
[Acid+ Soluble Carbonate = Salt + Water + CO2]
PROCEDURE:

1. FILL A BURETTE WITH DILUTE ACID. NOTE THE INITIAL BURETTE READING (V1 CM3)

2. PIPETTE 25 CM3 OF ALKALI SOLUTION INTO A CONICAL FLASK.

3. ADD ONE OR TWO DROPS OF INDICATOR (E.G. METHYL ORANGE) INTO ALKALI SOLUTION. TURNS YELLOW.

4. WHILE SWIRLING THE CONICAL FLASK, ADD DILUTE ACID FROM THE BURETTE SLOWLY UNTIL THE SOLUTION TURNS
ORANGE PERMANENTLY. THIS IS THE END-POINT.

5. RECORD THE FINAL BURETTE READING (V2 CM3)

6. FIND THE VOLUME OF THE ACID REQUIRED FOR COMPLETE NEUTRALIZATION.(V2-V1)

7. WHOLE PROCEDURE IS REPEATED WITHOUT USE OF INDICATOR AND ADDING (V2-V1) CM3 IN STEP 4. STEP 3 AND 5
ISN’T NEEDED.

8. HEAT THE SOLUTION UNTIL IT IS SATURATED.

9. ALLOW THE SATURATED SOLUTION TO COOL SO THE SALT CAN CRYSTALLIZE.

10. FILTER TO COLLECT THE CRYSTALLS. THEN, WASH THE CRYSTALS WITH A LITTLE COLD WATER TO REMOVE
IMPURITIES. DRY THE CRYSTALS BETWEEN A FEW SHEETS OF FILTER PAPER.
 EXCESS METHOD
This method is used for preparation of soluble compounds. In this
one, an acid is reacted with an insoluble base or insoluble
carbonate or metal to form a soluble salt. In this procedure, we
will be using the example of preparation of Zinc Sulfate which
can be prepared using excess method.

PROCEDURE:
1. FILL HALF A BREAKER WITH DILUTE SULFURIC ACID
2. WITH CONSTANT STIRRING ADD ZINC POWDER UNTIL NO MORE REACTION OCCURS
WITH THE ACID OR NO MORE EFFERVESCENCE IS OBSERVED
3. FILTER TO REMOVE THE EXCESS (UNREACTED) ZINC POWDER.
4. COLLECT THE FILTRATE (ZINC SULFATE SOLUTION.)
5. HEAT THE SOLUTION UNTIL ITS SATURATED.
6. ALLOW THE SATURATED SOLUTION TO COOL SO THAT THE SALT CAN CRYSTALLIZE.
7. FILTER TO COLLECT THE CRYSTALS. THEN WASH THE CRYSTALS WITH A LITTLE COLD
WATER TO REMOVE IMPURITIES.
8. DRY THE CRYSTALS BETWEEN A FEW SHEETS OF FILTER PAPER.
 PRECIPITATION METHOD

• PRECIPITATION INVOLVES MIXING TWO
SOLUTIONS TO FORM AN INSOLUBLE SOLID
THAT SEPARATES OUT FROM THE REACTION Step 1
MIXTURE. THIS METHOD IS USED FOR
PREPARING INSOLUBLE SALTS SINCE THE SALTS
CAN BE SEPARATED FROM THE STARTING Step 2
MATERIALS BY FILTRATION. THE PROCEDURE IN
SAME FOR ALL INSOLUBLE SALTS, JUST THAT
BARIUM NITRATE AND SODIUM SULFATE IS
• Pour about 50 cm3 of Barium nitrate solution into a
small beaker.
• Add sodium sulfate in excess and stir until no more
precipitate forms.
• Filter to collect the precipitate
• Wash the precipitate with a little distilled water to
remove impurities.

USED IN THE PROCEDURE AS AN EXAMPLE.

Step 3 • Allow the precipitate to dry on a piece of filter paper.

AQUEOUS + AQUEOUS =
INSOLUBLE + AQUEOUS
SOLUTION AB SOLUTION XY SALT AY
THANK YOU!
A PRESENTATION BY WAFI 9S