Salt formation

Salts consist of two parts – a metal part,

and the non-metal ion from the acid.

Acid Ions in solution Salts formed

Hydrochloric
H+ Cl- chlorides
acid
Sulphuric acid 2H+ SO42- sulphates

Nitric acid H+ NO3- nitrates

 Salt formation
Examples of salts

Non-metal
Salt Formula Metal ion
ion
Copper CuSO4 SO42-
Cu2+
sulphate
Sodium
NaCl Na+ Cl-
chloride
Potassium KNO3 NO3-
K+
nitrate
Calcium CaSO4 SO42-
Ca2+
sulphate
 Solubility of salts
If a substance is soluble, then this means that it
will dissolve in a solvent.
 Solubility of salts
If a substance is soluble, then this means that it
will dissolve in a solvent.

The most common solvent you will come across is

WATER.
Solubility of salts

There’s no easy way

around this – you’ve
just got to learn the
relative solubility of
salts!
 Preparing
insoluble salts
using
Preparing
precipitation
soluble salts
reactions
from acids

Salts from
Carrying out
acid-alkali
titrations
 Solubility of salts
Most carbonates All ammonium,
are insoluble in
potassium and
water (except
sodium, potassium sodium salts are
and ammonium) soluble in water.

Most sulphates Most chlorides All nitrates are

are soluble in are soluble in soluble in water
water (except water (except
barium, calcium lead and silver).
and lead) PbCl2 is soluble
in hot water.
 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metals

Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen

 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metals

Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen

Magnesium + Hydrochloric -> Magnesium + Hydrogen

Acid chloride

Mg + 2HCl -> MgCl2 + H2

 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metals

Have you got that?

Are you really
sure? Let’s try a
few examples.
 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metals
Magnesium + Sulphuric Acid ->

Iron + Hydrochloric Acid ->

Lead + Sulphuric Acid ->

 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metal oxides

Acid + Metal oxide -> Salt + Water

 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metal oxides

Acid + Metal oxide -> Salt + Water

Copper + Sulphuric -> Copper + Water

oxide Acid sulphate

CuO + H2SO4 -> CuSO4+ H2O

 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metal oxides

Have you got that?

Are you really,
really sure? Let’s
try a few more
examples.
 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metal oxide
Magnesium + Hydrochloric Acid ->
oxide

Iron + Sulphuric Acid ->

oxide

Lead + Hydrochloric Acid ->

oxide
 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metal carbonate

Acid + Metal -> Salt + Carbon + Water

carbonate dioxide
 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metal carbonate

Acid + Metal -> Salt + Carbon + Water

carbonate dioxide
Copper + Hydrochloric -> Copper + Carbon + Water
Carbonate acid chloride dioxide

CuCO3 + 2HCl -> CuCl2 + CO2 + H2O

 Reactions of salts
Acids + Metal carbonate

Write 3 examples
of your own!
Reaction of a base with ammonium salts
produces small quantity of ammonia gas
This method is used to make ammonia gas in the laboratory

https://youtu.be/zfRDZrWLDVA

Calcium hydroxide + ammonium chloride ->

Calcium chloride + Water + Ammonia

Write the chemical equation and the ionic equation

 Preparing
insoluble salts
using
Preparing
precipitation
soluble salts
reactions
from acids

Carrying out
acid-alkali
titrations
Preparing insoluble salts using
precipitation reactions
Eg. the preparation of lead iodide
 Preparing insoluble salts using
precipitation reactions
Eg. the preparation of lead iodide

https://youtu.be/X2mB-q2NQXY

Lead Potassium Yellow

nitrate iodide precipitate
of lead
iodide
Preparing insoluble salts using
precipitation reactions
Eg. the preparation of lead iodide

Filter to separate the

precipitate. Wash with
distilled water and dry to
get the pure product.

Salt + Salt -> Insoluble + Soluble

salt salt
Lead
Lead + Potassium -> Lead + Potassium
iodide
nitrate iodide iodide nitrate

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) -> PbI(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

➔ https://youtu.be/X2mB-q2NQXY

➔ Watch the video and write the chemical and ionic

equations

➔ Now we know Barium sulfate is insoluble in water.

➔ If an unknown Salt solution is given how can we

identify if it is a sulfate salt?
Materials with a low solubility are referred to as
sparingly soluble. If 1g of material requires 30 to
100ml of solute to dissolve, it is usually considered as
sparingly soluble. To put it another way, a material is
sparingly soluble if the amount that can be dissolved in
100ml of solute is between 1 and 3.3g.

Refer to your book and find the solubility of

Barium sulfate
 Preparing
insoluble salts
using
Preparing
precipitation
soluble salts
reactions
from acids

Carrying out
acid-alkali
titrations
 Preparing soluble salts from acid-
alkali titrations
Eg. the preparation of sodium chloride by neutralization
Eg. the preparation of sodium chloride by neutralization

Dilute Dilute
sodium hydrochloric
hydroxide acid
+ indicator
solution
 Preparing soluble salts from acids
Eg. the preparation of sodium chloride by neutralization

Acid + Alkali -> Salt +

Water

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> NaCl(aq) +

Water(l)
Acid – Alkali Titrations

A titration is a
very accurate way
of adding an acid
to an alkali to get
a salt.
Acid – Alkali Titrations
To carry out an acid-alkali titration we need
the right bits of kit.

Conical
flask
Acid – Alkali Titrations
To carry out an acid-alkali titration we need
the right bits of kit.

Pipette
Acid – Alkali Titrations
To carry out an acid-alkali titration we need
the right bits of kit.

Burette
 Acid – Alkali Titrations
Stage 1
meniscus
Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
solution is sucked up into a pipette
using a pipette filler. The pipette
contains exactly 25.0cm3 of
solution when the bottom of the
meniscus is level with the pipette
mark. The sodium hydroxide
solution is then released into the
conical flask.
 Acid – Alkali Titrations
Stage 1
meniscus
Dilute sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
solution is sucked up into a pipette
using a pipette filler. The pipette
contains exactly 25.0cm3 of
solution when the bottom of the
meniscus is level with the pipette
mark. The sodium hydroxide
solution is then released in to the
conical flask.
 Acid – Alkali Titrations
Stage 2

Two or three drops of an acid-

alkali indicator such as litmus
solution are added to the sodium
hydroxide solution using a teat
pipette. The alkali turns the
litmus blue.
 Acid – Alkali Titrations
Stage 3

The burette is filled with dilute

hydrochloric acid to the zero
reading. (Again, look for the
meniscus)
 Acid – Alkali Titrations
Stage 4

The conical flask is placed on a

white tile beneath the burette.
Acid is added from the burette
until the colour of the solution
turns from blue to red. The point
at which the colour changes is
called the end-point. At this
stage the conical flask only
contains salt and water.
 Acid – Alkali Titrations
Stage 4

The conical flask is placed on a

white tile beneath the burette.
Acid is added from the burette
until the colour of the solution
turns from blue to red. The point
at which the colour changes is
called the end-point. At this
stage the conical flask only
contains salt and water.

At the end-point the volume of

acid added can be measured by
reading off the volume used in the
burette – this is the titre
 Preparing
insoluble salts
using
Preparing
precipitation
soluble salts
reactions
from acids

Carrying out
acid-alkali
titrations