Definition, Dimensions Determinants of Tourism Impacts: Learning Outcome

MODULE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & HOSPITALITY ASSESSMENT & DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 1
Definition, Dimensions Determinants of Tourism Impacts
Introduction
Tourism is one of the most pervasive of human activities. Traveling is now a regular part
of people‟s leisure activities.
Learning outcome
1. Define impact
2. Enumerate and discuss the various dimensions of tourism impact
3. Enumerate and discuss determinants of tourist impact
Definition of tourism impact
Hall and Lew (2009, p 54) define impact as “a change in a given state time as
there result to as external a stimulus. May be defined as an effect brought about directly
or indirectly by tourism policies
Some definition also:
1. Influence
2. Effect
3. Outcome
4. Result
5. Consequence
6. Aftermath
7. Upshot
8. Product
Dimension of tourism impact determinants of tourist impact
Tourism impact may be categories in terms of their scope, the direction of

change and type of impact, and the scale, distribution and duration of the effects.
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The scope of tourism impact may be economic, environmental, social, cultural, or

political.
Impact are seldom uni-dimensional, for instance, a focus on tourism may make
government overzealous in protecting nature at the expense of indigenous people
crafting a conflict between environment and cultural concerns
Swidden farming, more popularly known as kaingin, require shifting the area of
cultivation periodically after several year to allow each patch of land to fallow.
Because the of the protected area restriction, farmer term to return to a patch much
earlier than the optimal time.
This results in the land losing its fertility, soon leading to insufficient and low-
quality produce.
The type of impact may be categorized in many ways-actual (objectives) or
perceived (subjective), quantitative or qualitative, direct or indirect.
Actual (objectives)- Impact of tourism are caked up by hard data, most
economic impact such as the increased population, number of jobs, amount of
investment and amount of tourist receipt generated by tourism are objective in nature
and re quantitatively measure.
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The concept of a tourist area life cycle (TALC) was introduced by Butler (1980) to
explain the evolution of a tourist area over time. This concept is similar to the product
life cycle, which was first introduced in the marketing literature (Bass, 1969; Harrell and
Taylor, 1981). The product life cycle theory suggests that a new product or brand will
start slow with negative profits, proceed to a growth stage experiencing a rapid increase
in sales and profits, move into a maturity stage where sales level off and profits begin to
decrease, and finally reach a decline stage with decreasing sales and profits. The life
cycle follows an asymptotic curve, which resembles the letter „S‟.
file:///C:/Users/cristopher%20takano/Downloads/3030-11261-1-SM.pdf
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Quantitative impacts-are impacts which

can be measured and expressed in
numerical form.
Qualitative impacts- are impacts that can

only be observed and described.
Direct tourism impact- is one that is immediate and flow tourism to receiver of impact
without intervening persons, agencies or industries.
Indirect tourism impact-flows from tourism to the receiver of the impact through
intervening persons, agencies or industries.
Cumulative impact-is one that is caused by tourism development over time. “examples
is the urbanization of hitherto idyllic island resorts.
Immediately impact-is an impact that is caused by a single event and could happen
within a short period of time. “an example is the increased occupancy of hotels brought
about the hosting of an Olympic.
Long-term impact-those are that will be borne or experienced by the affected sectors
or stakeholder for years or even generation to come.
Tourism impact will also be felt at varying level in the different area where tourism
activity could take place Leiper (1990).(1) tourist generating region, (2) the transit route
region, (3) tourist destination region
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Tourism impact may also be classified according to the sources, according to Hall and
lew (2009,p64) a tourism may come from a (1) point sources or (2) non-point
sources.
(1) point sources-is a specific tourism-related facility, project or object.
(2) non-point sources. –is mobile, intangible, and has an indefinite lifespan.
Determinant of Tourism Impacts
Several factors determine the direction, scale, duration and distribution of tourism
impact could be deduced. Some of these are the level of economic development of the
destination; the strength of economic linkages between the tourism industry and other
economic sectors: capacity of the stakeholder; tourism policy, tourism law, tourism
development criteria and investment incentive criteria, weight.
Page 5
Level of development of the tourism industry
The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index(TTCI)
Based on the four board sub-indices with a total of 14 pillar components. Under the
enabling environment sub-index are
(a) business environment (with 12 individual indicators)

(b) safety and security (5 indicators)
(c) health and hygiene (6 indicator)
(d) human resources and labor (9 indicators)
(e) ICT readiness (8 indicators)
The Travel policy and enabling condition sub-index:
(a) Prioritization of travel and tourism (6 indicators)
(b) International openness (3 indicators)
(c) Price competitiveness (4 Indicators)
(d) Environmental sustainability (10 indicator)
The infrastructure sub-index consists
(a) Air transport infrastructure
(b) Ground and port infrastructure
(c) Tourist service infrastructure
Natural and cultural resources sub-index
(a) Natural resources
(b) Cultural and business travel
The framework for assessing a place’s potential for tourism is the as framework
suggested by Cruz (2009).
(1) Access
(2) Accommodation
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(3) Activities
(4) Attraction
(5) Amenities
(6) Atmosphere
(7) Attitude
(8) Administration
(9) Assistance
(10) awareness
Strength of the economy and linkages
The net economic impact of tourism depends on the proportion of income that is
retained in the local economy. This is retained income is basically the difference
between the tourism revenues and amount leakage.
Leakage happen when we import product or pay for expatriate managerial

expertise. To minimize leakages, therefore, requires buying local sufficient supply of
such inputs at acceptable quality level.
Stakeholder’s Power and power
One of the key issues in tourism development is the extent by which the bare
shared by the stakeholders. Ideally, there must be equality in tourism outcome. In the
reality, the more powerful stakeholders are able to rake in benefits while the cost of
such development.
One explanation for this inequity is offered by Moscardo (2011) through social
representation theory.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSqA6eQzZ9c”
Page 7
Tourism policy
is a set of discourses, decisions, and

practices driven by governments,
sometimes in collaboration with private or
social actors, with the intention to achieve
diverse objectives related to tourism.
Another determinant of tourist impact is

tourism policy as embodied in republic
act, presidential degree or local ordinances. Prioritization of tourism in relation to overall
development strategy of tourism to overall development strategy and spell out the
objective of tourism development and the key strategies for attaining them
Investment Incentive Criteria and Weight
The kind of tourism impact is shaped by the chosen tourism development

strategy.
One of the major strategies for tourism development that was formulated in the National
Tourism Development Plan for 2011-2016 is the establishment of Tourism Enterprise
Zone or (TEZ) .The Tourism Infrastructure and Enterprise Zone (TIEZA) distinguishes
between ordinary TEZ and flagship primary on the basis of the size.
According to the “guidelines to evaluate TEZ and Tourism Enterprise, “the major
evaluation criteria for TEZ and their corresponding weights are:
(1) ecological and physical design consideration (25%)
(2) economic consideration (20%)
(3) competitiveness and long-term financial sustainability (20%)
(4) cultural consideration (20%)
(5) community and stakeholder acceptability (15%)
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The major evaluation criteria of TEZ:

(1) cultural heritage tourism zone
(2) health and wellness tourism zone
(3) ecotourism zone
(4) general leisure tourism zone
(5) mixed-use tourism zone
Tourism Volume, Density or Ratio
Tourism Density-refers to the number of tourists at a given time in relation to the area
of the destination.
The World Tourism Organization recently released tourism statistics for 2012-
2016, highlighting some of the most over and under tourist countries around the world.
Croatia topped the list with an almost 1:14 ratio of residents to tourists (58 million
tourists in 2016), conversely Tanzania with a population of 56 million only had 1.3
million tourists in 2016, leaving them with a ratio of 1: 0.023.
Regional Examples:
 South Pacific: Australia had a ratio of 1:0.34 with 8.27 million tourists in 2016,
and New Zealand a ratio of 1:0.74 with 3.50 million.
 Asia: China had a ratio of 1:0.10 with 141.8 million tourists in 2016, and
Singapore a ratio of 1:2.81 with 16.4 million tourists.
 EMEA: The United Kingdom had a ratio of 1:0.57 with 37.6 million tourists in
2016, and Greece a ratio of 1:2.61 with 28.1 million tourists.
 The Americas: The US had a ratio of 1:0.54 with 174.5 million tourists in 2016,
and Canada a ratio of 1:0.83 with 30.1 million tourists.
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Tourism ratio is the proportion of the internal tourism consumption consumed by

visitors over domestic supply. Refer to the volume of tourist in relation to the local
population.
Page 10
Distribution of tourism zone
The government in this case would choose to designate tourism development

cluster across the country. In the National Tourism Development Strategy for 2011-
2016, a total of ten tourism cluster identified in Luzon, VIsaya, Mindanao.
To generate enough tourism volume that cover as may destination as possible, the
preferred strategy would be mass tourism
Backpackers may not spend much but could actually produce greater pro-poor
impact because they are the ones who stay longer, and patronize budget establishment
such as homestays, turo-turo restaurant, and sari-sari store.
Tourism market served
Served determine the kind of impact that are exerted on the host destination a
well as those experienced by the tourist themselves Cohen(1972) differentiated
“institutionalized” from “non-institutionalized” tourist.
The type of tourism encourages the standardization of tourism facilities and

service and therefore reduces the quality of novelty and uniqueness of the destination.
The drifters seek the excitement of complete strangeness and direct contact with
new and different people. Thus the drifters tend to experiences the most profound
personal impacts.
The Canadian Tourism Commission categories people by the explorer quotient

(EQ) EQ break down market into nine (9) psychographic groups called explorer type.
Page 11
The EQ Types are described by the CTC as followed:
1. Authentic experience-
Are typically understand traveller looking

for authentic, tangible engagement with
destination they seek, with a particular
interest in understanding the history they
visit.
2. Cultural Explore
Are defined by their love of constant

travel and continuous opportunities
to embrace, discover, and immerse
themselves in the culture, people
and setting of the places they visit a
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3. Cultural history buff
Are defined by their focused interest in the

history, culture and natural surroundings of
the places they visit. They are driven to
learn everything about a culture in the
company of other like-minded.
4. Free spirit
Are highly social and open-minded, their

enthusiasm for life extend to their outlook on
travel. Experimental and adventurous, they
indulge in high-end experiences that are shared
with others.
5. Gentle explorer
Are primary defined by their reluctance to

venture far beyond the comfort of home
and travel and condition, demanding the
very best and most comfortable
environment for themselves when they
must do so.
6. No-Hassel travellers
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Are extroverted, flashy people who seek

secure travel, allowing them to be
pampered in luxurious surrounding while
seeing all the main sight of destination?
7. Personal history
Are primary defined by their desire to

connect of their cultural roots and do so
by travelling in comfort, style and security.
8. Rejuvenators
Are family-oriented people who

travel with other to escape from the
stress of everyday life to get
pampered and indulge themselves.
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9. Social sampler
Are defined by their affinity for travelling in group as well as by idea that time is
limited while traveling; thus, they show a preference for focusing on must-see
attraction
Illustrate EQ Segment
https://slideplayer.com/slide/14264651/
Technology
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Impact, especially on the environment,

may be modified by technology. For
example, nose and greenhouse gas
emission form aircraft, which is the
primary mode of long-haul travel, have
been significantly reduced with
deployment of the newest generation of
aircraft.
Carrying capacity
The impact of tourism in a given environment will depend on this volume of

tourism compared with carrying capacity of the site.
In 2012, Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park Authorities set the
carrying capacity of Puerto Princesa underground river to 780 visitor daily (Salaveria
2012).
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nYDqCbMqCA
https://youtu.be/dVXMIHR1LP0
Other factors
Besides the factor mentioned, Ryan (2003) added the emergency of bureaucrats,
the rise of unlivable cities which drove people to escape the physical crowding of the
cities and women‟s liberation as driving force for tourism development.
Page 16
Chapter 1 pp 1-13, Tourism Impact and Tourism Sustainability-Cruz, 1st edition, Rex Store published
2016R
EX
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-nYDqCbMqCA
https://youtu.be/dVXMIHR1LP0
https://youtu.be/a9kJhdJs4lU
Page 17

Definition, Dimensions Determinants of Tourism Impacts: Learning Outcome

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MODULE SUSTAINABLE TOURISM & HOSPITALITY ASSESSMENT & DEVELOPMENT

Definition, Dimensions Determinants of Tourism Impacts

Some definition also:

Tourism impact may be categories in terms of their scope, the direction of

The scope of tourism impact may be economic, environmental, social, cultural, or

Quantitative impacts-are impacts which

Qualitative impacts- are impacts that can

(1) point sources-is a specific tourism-related facility, project or object.

Determinant of Tourism Impacts

Level of development of the tourism industry

The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index(TTCI)

(a) business environment (with 12 individual indicators)

Leakage happen when we import product or pay for expatriate managerial

Stakeholder’s Power and power

is a set of discourses, decisions, and

Another determinant of tourist impact is

Investment Incentive Criteria and Weight

The kind of tourism impact is shaped by the chosen tourism development

The major evaluation criteria of TEZ:

Tourism ratio is the proportion of the internal tourism consumption consumed by

Distribution of tourism zone

The government in this case would choose to designate tourism development

Tourism market served

The type of tourism encourages the standardization of tourism facilities and

The Canadian Tourism Commission categories people by the explorer quotient

The EQ Types are described by the CTC as followed:

Are typically understand traveller looking

Are defined by their love of constant

3. Cultural history buff

Are defined by their focused interest in the

Are highly social and open-minded, their

Are primary defined by their reluctance to

Are extroverted, flashy people who seek

Are primary defined by their desire to

Are family-oriented people who

Impact, especially on the environment,

The impact of tourism in a given environment will depend on this volume of

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