Unit II

UNPACKING THE
SELF
Lesson 2 – The Sexual Self
THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• sexual development – takes place inside the womb of mothers
• (early stage of human development) the embryonic reproductive
structures of males and females are alike and are said to be in
the indifferent stage
• primary sex characteristics – seen after birth (sex organs)
• pseudohermaphrodites - individuals having accessory
reproductive structures that do not “match” their gonads
• hermaphrodites – individuals who possess both ovarian and
testicular tissues (rare in nature)
THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
hermaphrodite
 THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• accurate ultrasound imaging identifies the sex of a person prior
to birth
• primary sexual characteristics – reproductive in nature
• secondary sexual characteristics – other visible changes that
are seen in puberty; non-reproductive
• puberty – period of life generally between ages of 10 and 15
years old
 THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
Male during puberty stage
- age of 13
- increase size of reproductive
organ
- appearance of hair in the
pubic area, axillary, and face
- sexual maturation marked by
the presence of mature
semen in the testes
Female during puberty stage
- age of 11
- budding of the breasts
- menarche (first menstrual
period of females which
happens two years after the
start of puberty)
- hormones – regular ovulation
and fertility
THE HUMAN EROGENOUS ZONES

• erogenous zones – refer to the

parts of the body that are
primarily receptive and increase
sexual arousal (sexual
awakening) when touched in a
sexual manner
- parts of the body that are
sensitive to touch
 THE HUMAN EROGENOUS ZONES

• commonly known erogenous zones

ü mouth ü anus ü neck ü abdomen
ü breasts ü genitals ü thighs ü feet
• erogenous zones may vary from one person to another
• (for protection) a person must be in control, responsible, and
know when to say “no”
 UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN
SEXUAL RESPONSE
• humans have desires for sexual pleasure and satisfaction
(psychological and physiological bases)
• body reacts when something is perceived to be sexually
pleasurable
• desiring for somebody is normal
• desire (according to sexologists, coming together of visual,
biochemical, emotional, biomechanical cues that trigger
hormonal cascade – fertilization of an egg) and sexuality cannot
be separated
• libido – sex drive or desire for sexual activity
 UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN
SEXUAL RESPONSE
• knowledge, understanding, and studying human sexual
responses…
1) help you view sexuality as a normal function of the
sexual self
2) help young people make responsible actions and decisions
3) lead to an understanding of the sexual self
• like any other physiological processes, it can be predicted
 BASIC BIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR
• human sexual behavior – any activity – solitary, between two
persons, or in a group – that induces sexual arousal (Gerbard,
P.H. 2017)
• two factors that determine human sexual behavior:
1) inherited sexual response patterns that has evolved as
a means of ensuring reproduction and that become
part of each individual’s genetic inheritance
2) degree of restraint or other types of influence exerted
on the individual by society (expression of sexuality)
 BASIC BIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR
• human sexual behavior are classified according to the a)
gender, and b) number of participants

a) solitary behavior – one individual

b) sociosexual behavior – involving more than one person
- generally divided into heterosexual behavior (male
with female) and homosexual behavior (male with
male or female with female)
 BASIC BIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR
a) solitary behavior
• self-gratification
ü means stimulation that leads to sexual arousal à
sexual climax
ü beginning at or before puberty (common to young
males, most frequent to the unmarried)
ü more males who perform acts than females
ü varies among individuals and it usually decreases as
soon as they develop sociosexual relationships
 BASIC BIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR
a) solitary behavior
• rate of teenage pregnancy is increasing in our time
ü challenge: to develop self-control in order to balance
suppression and free expression
• adolescents need to control their sexual response in order
to prevent premarital sex and acquire sexually transmitted
diseases
 BASIC BIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR
b) sociosexual behavior
• Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount of
sociosexual behavior that occurs between only one male
and one female
• physical contact involving necking and petting is
considered as an ingredient of the learning process and
eventually courtship and the selection of a marriage partner
• petting differs from hugging, kissing, and caresses of the
clothed body to practice involving stimulation of genitals
 BASIC BIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR
b) sociosexual behavior
• petting can be done as an expression of affection and a
source of pleasure, preliminary to coitus
• petting has been regarded by others as a near-universal
human experience and is important not only in selecting the
partner but as a way of learning how to interact with
another person sexually
• coitus – insertion of the male reproductive structure into
the female reproductive organ
 BASIC BIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR
b) sociosexual behavior
• coitus is viewed by the society quite differently depending
upon the marital status of the individuals
ü premarital coitus
ü marital coitus
ü extramarital coitus
ü postmarital coitus (e.g. coitus by separated,
divorced, or widowed persons)
 BASIC BIOLOGY OF HUMAN SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR
b) sociosexual behavior
• difficulty in enforcing abstinence among sexually
experienced and usually older people for societies that try
to confine coitus in married couples
• behavior may be interpreted by society or the individual as
erotice (i.e. capable of engendering sexual response)
depending on the context in which the behavior occurs
ü kissing
ü examining someone’s genitalia
 PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
It follows a pattern of sequential stages or phases when sexual
activity is continued.

1. Excitement phase
• cause by increase in pulse and blood pressure (skin
temperature, flushing, swelling of all distensible body parts
(male reproductive structure and female breasts), rapid
breathing secretion of genital fluids, vaginal expansion, and
general increase in muscle tension
 PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
2. Plateau phase
• generally of brief duration
• if stimulation is continued, orgasm usually occurs
• heart rate quickness, blood pressure rises, muscle
increases, and breathing becomes faster
 PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
3. Orgasm phase
• known as the “climax” or “peak” of the sexual excitement
• marked by a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, a rapid
increase in the pulse rate and blood pressure, and spasms
of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the female
reproductive organ and ejaculation for males
• characterized by involuntary vocalizations
• may last for a few seconds (normally not over ten)
 PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
4. Resolution phase
• last stage that refers to the return to a normal or subnormal
physiologic state
• males and females are similar in their response sequence
• males return to normal even stimulation continues, but
continued stimulation can produce additional orgasms in
females
 PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
• are very personal bodily and intimate in nature
• knowledge of these phases leads to an appreciation of who
human beings are, gifted with brains, body, and sexual desires
and energies
ü LOVE, MARRIAGE, and COMMITMENT
• teenagers (youth) are interested in the pleasure felt but are not
ready for the great responsibility of parenthood
 PHASES OF SEXUAL RESPONSE
When one does not engage in premarital sex…
1) one protects self from unwanted pregnancy
2) early marriage
3) instant parental responsibility
4) abortion
5) sexually transmitted diseases
6) broken dreams
DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
 DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
1. Solitary
• self-masturbation is a sexual stimulation with the intention
of causing sexual arousal that leads to orgasm; hand is
used to rub the genitals to experience sexual pleasure
• most masturbation is done in private as an end in itself but
is sometimes practiced to facilitate a sociosexual
relationship
• married couples – foreplay in the excitement phase
 DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
2. Heterosexual
• romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior
between persons of the opposite sex or gender
• someone who is heterosexual is commonly referred to as
‘straight’
 DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
3. Homosexual
• romantic and sexual attraction, or sexual behavior between
persons of the same sex or gender
• male homosexual is called gay
• female homosexual is called lesbian

4. Bisexual
• refers to a person who is attracted to both sexes
 DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
5. Transsexual
• a person whose gender identity is opposite the sex of the
person had or was identified as having at birth
• a person may or may not undergo surgery or hormone
therapy
 DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
6. Transgender
• includes not only the transsexuals but people who view
themselves as third gender, transvestite (one who dresses
in the clothes of the other gender), or others who believe
that traditional male-female gender classifications
inadequately characterize themselves (Prince, 2005; Hyde,
DeLamater & Byers, 2006)
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
(STDs)
• are infections transmitted from infected persons to an uninfected
person through sexual contact
• can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites
• are significant global health priority because of their
overwhelming impact on women and infants and their inter-
relationships with HIV and AIDS
• can lead to long-term health problems
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
(STDs)
List of diseases that is based on Sexually Transmitted Disease
Surveillance 2016 of the US Department of Health and Human
Services Centers for Control and Prevention

1. Chlamydia
• caused by bacteria called Chlamydia Trachomatis
• can infect both men and women
• (women) cervix, rectum, or throat
• (men) urethra (inside the penis), rectum, throat
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
(STDs)
2. Gonorrhea
• most common in young adults
• bacteria that cause gonorrhea can infect the genital tract,
mouth, or anus
• can be acquired during vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an
infected partner
• a pregnant woman can pass it to her baby during childbirth
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
(STDs)
3. Genital Herpes
• is caused by a herpes simplex virus (HSV)
• can cause sores on your genital or rectal area, buttocks, and
thighs
• can be acquired from having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with
someone who has it
• mother can also infect their babies during childbirth
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
(STDs)
4. Human Immunodeficiency Virus
• harms the immune system by destroying the white blood cells
that fight the infection
• puts someone at risk for serious infections and certain cancers
• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is the final stage
of infection with HIV
• spreads through unprotected sex with infected person, sharing
drug needles or through contact with the blood of an infected
person
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
(STDs)
5. Human Papillomaviruses (HPV)
• group of related viruses
• cause warts on different parts of the body
• more than 200 types (40 of those types affect the genitals
• can be spread through sexual contact with an infected partner;
can put you at risk for cancer
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
(STDs)
6. Syphilis
• caused by bacteria
• infects the genital area, lips, mouth, or anus for both men and
women
• can get from sexual contact with someone who has it
• can also pass from mother to baby during pregnancy
 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
(STDs)
7. Trichomoniasis
• caused by a parasite
• spreads from one person to person during sex
• many people do not have symptoms and if one get symptoms,
they usually happen within 5 to 28 days after being infected
NATURAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
• natural family planning methods do not involve any chemical or
foreign body introduction into the human body
• people’s religious beliefs are more inclined to use the natural way
of birth control
• others use natural methods because they are more cost-effective
(www.nurseslabs.com, 2016)
NATURAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
1. Abstinence
• refraining from sexual intercourse and is the most effective
natural birth control method with ideally 0% fail rate
• considered to be the most effective way to avoid STIs
(sexually transmitted infections)
NATURAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
2. Calendar Method
• rhythm method
• withholding from coitus during the days
that the woman is fertile
• the woman needs to record her
menstrual cycle for six months in order to
calculate the woman’s safe days to
prevent conception
NATURAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
3. Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
• Indicates the woman’s temperature at rest
• (before the day of and during ovulation) BBT falls at 0.5
degrees Fahrenheit; it increases to a full degree because of
progesterone and maintain its level throughout menstrual
cycle – serves as basis for the method
• woman must record her temperature every morning before
any activity
NATURAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
3. Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
• a slight decrease in the BBT followed by a gradual increase in
the BBT can be a sign that a woman is ovulated
NATURAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
4. Cervical Mucus Method
• change in the cervical mucus during
ovulation is the basis of the method
• (during ovulation) cervical mucus –
copious, thin, watery, has a property of
spinnbarkeit (stretched up until at least 1
inch and is slippery) - woman is
FERTILE
*avoid coitus during those days
NATURAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
5. Symptothermal Method
• combination of the BBT and the cervical mucus methods
• woman records her temperature every morning and takes
note of the changes in her cervical mucus
*abstain from coitus three days after her rise in temperature
or on the fourth day after the peak of a mucus change
NATURAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
6. Ovulation Detection
• uses an over-the-counter kit that requires
the urine sample of a woman
• (the kit) can predict ovulation through the
surge of luteinizing hormone (LH) that
happens 12 to 24 hours before ovulation
NATURAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
7. Coitus Interruptus
• one of the oldest methods that prevents conception
• the man withdraws the moment he ejaculates to emit the
spermatozoa outside of the female reproductive organ
• Disadvantage: pre-ejaculation fluid that contains a few
spermatozoa that may cause fertilization
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
1. Oral Contraceptives
• pill, oral contraceptives contain synthetic estrogen and
progesterone
ü estrogen – suppresses the follicle stimulating hormone
(FSH) and LH to prevent ovulation
ü progesterone – decreases the permeability of the
cervical mucus to limit the sperm’s access to the ova
• woman takes the first pill on the first Sunday after the
beginning of a menstrual flow, or as soon as it is prescribed by
the doctor
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
2. Transdermal Patch
• contains both estrogen and
progesterone
• woman should apply one patch every
week for three weeks on the following
areas: upper outer arm, upper torso,
abdomen, or buttocks; (at the end of 4th
week) no patch is applied because the
menstrual flow would then occur
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
3. Vaginal Ring
• releases a combination of estrogen and
progesterone and it surrounds the cervix
• silicon ring is inserted into the female
reproductive organ and remains there
for three weeks and then removed on
the fourth week, as menstrual flow
would occur
• woman becomes fertile as soon as the
ring is removed
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
4. Subdermal Implants
• are two rod-like implants inserted under
the skin of the female during her
menses or on the seventh day of her
menstruations to make sure that she
will not get pregnant
• are made with estronogestrel,
desogestrel, and progestin and can be
helpful for three to five years
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
5. Hormonal Injections
• contains medroxyprogesterone, a
progesterone, and is usually given
once every 12 weeks intramuscularly
• can cause changes in the
endometrium and cervical mucus and
can help prevent ovulation
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
6. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
• a small, T-shaped objects containing
progesterone that is inserted into the uterus
via the female reproductive organ
• prevents fertilizations by creating a local
sterile inflammatory condition to prevent
implantation of the zygote
• is fitted only by the physician and is inserted
after the woman’s menstrual flow
• effective for five to seven years
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
7. Chemical Barriers
• include spermicides, vaginal gels and
creams, and glycerin films are used to
cause the death of sperms before they
can enter the cervix and to lower the
pH level of the female reproductive
organ so it will not be conducive for the
sperm
• cannot prevent STIs
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
8. Diaphagm
• a circular, rubber disk that fits the cervix and
should be placed before coitus
• works by inhibiting the entrance of the sperm
into the female reproductive organ and it
works better when used together with
spermicide
• should be fitted only by the physician, and
should remain in place for six hours after
coitus
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
9. Cervical Cap
• made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim
of the cervix
• is shaped like a thimble with a thin rim,
and could stay in place for not more than
48 hours
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
10. Male Condoms
• a latex or synthetic rubber sheath that is
placed on the erect male reproductive organ
before penetration into the female
reproductive organ to trap the sperm during
ejaculation
• can prevent STIs and can be bought over-
the-counter
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
10. Female Condoms
• are up of later rubber sheaths that are
pre-lubricated with spermicide
• are usually bound by two rings – the
outer ring is first inserted against the
opening of the female reproductive organ
and the inner ring covers the cervix
• used to prevent fertilization of the egg by
the sperm
ARTIFICIAL METHODS OF
CONTRACEPTION
11. Surgical Methods
• (Men) Vasectomy – a small incision is made on
each side of the scrotum; vas deferens is tied,
cauterized, cut, or plugged to block the passage of
sperm
• (Women) Tubal ligation – performed after
menstruation and before ovulation; done through a
small incision under woman’s umbilicus that targets
the fallopian tube for cutting, cauterizing, or block to
inhibit the passage of both the sperm and the ova
 APPLICATION AND ASSESSMENT
Individual:
Fill out the table below by listing the common
secondary sexual male and female characteristics.
Male Secondary Sexual Female Secondary Sexual
Characteristics Characteristics
APPLICATION AND ASSESSMENT
Individual:
1. When did you observe the changes listed above?
2. Were you able to experience the same changes?
When?
3. If you were not able to experience the above listed
changes, what might have caused such difference?
4. How does the society shape the sexual behavior of
an individual?
5. Can we really change our natural or innate sexual
organ and sexual respons?
APPLICATION AND ASSESSMENT

By group:

Design and create an information-drive material (e.g. flyers,

poster slogan, brochure, etc.) that will raise students’
awareness and to help eliminate sexually transmitted
diseases especially among the youth.