1694-KEY OF THE MATHEMATICKS-Mr. William Oughtred

sº
Mr. William Oughtred's

K. E. Y.
*>. O F T H E -
Mathematicks.
Newly Tranſlated from the Beſt EDITION
WWith NOTES,
Rendring it Eaſie and Intelligble to
leſs Skilful Readers. -- - - -
In which alſo, . .
Some PROBLEMS" ...
Left Unanſwer'd by the Author are #ſolvå. .-
Abſolutely neceſſary ... .
For all Gager, Surveyor, Gunner, Milway."
Officers, Mariners, &c. -
Recommended by Mr. E. H.A. i. les,

Fellow of the Royal Society.""
-4 Yºavº.
I O N D O N :
Printed for ſolin &aſugburg, at the
Rºſing-Sun in Cornhil. M DC XC IV.
A
ILTH
- to the
R E A D E R.
*T* H E Clavis Mathematica of
Mr. William Oughtred, is a
Book of ſo eſtabliſhed a Reputati
on, that it were needleſs to ſay a
ny thing thereof. It was former
ly Tranſlated by Dr. Wood into
Engliſh ; but from an Edition
j has been ſince much better
ed and augmented; and beſides,
the conciſe Brevity of the Author
is ſuch, as in many places to need
an Explication, to render it Intel
ligible to the leſs knowing in
Mathematical matters. This Tran
- To the Reader.
ſlation is New and from the fulleſt
Edition, and may be of good uſe
to all Beginners in the Analytical
Art, eſpecially to ſuch, who tho
they may be ignorant of the Latin
Tongue, may yet be deſirous to
inform themſelves in Geometry:
and to all ſuch I recommend it as
a very uſeful Treatiſe.
E. Halley.
E R R A T A.
A GE 3. Line 9, for x read K. line 12. idem.
P p.for4leſs
Sečt. 9. more or mo. r. plus or pl. ſect. Io.
or le. r. minus or mi. p. 4. line 29.
r. accommodate. p. 26. l. 5. for Zw-r- z-a. p. 46.
1. 11. for AA. r. AC. p. 65. 1. 21. for vdA r. req.
p. 86. l. 29. for Wherefore r. Therefore. p. 113.
l. 6, for inſerting r, inverting, p. 111. I. 3. for x
t.--
Mr. Oughtred's
º
M ou GHT REDs * fºs
K E Y of the -
MA THEM ATICKS,
W I TH
N O T E S.
C H A P. I.
of No TA T 1 o N.
Is H E following Table is very
uſeful, not only with reſpect to
the Notation of Numbers,
which it does at firſt fight exhi
bit; but alſo all Computation by Numbers,
Common, and Figurate, and alſo Artificial,
which are called Lºgarithms.
B Integers.
2, Mr. Oughtred's Key
Integers. Fraćtions:
2|37.3343,21° + 2 3 4 5 |678 19
MIMMM
M|CX I
&
M|MMM|MMMCXIIXCIMMMMMMMS.
— IxclMMMMC 63.
|***liº
* *
2. In this Table the upper Numbers are

Indexes or Exponents of the lower, which
are Terms in continual proportion from U
nity on both ſides; and are in Integers, or
whole Numbers; affirmative, in Parts, or
Fraćtions negative. And the proportion is
decuple towards the left hand, and ſubdecu
ple towards the right; as the ſubſcribed nume
ral Letters do ſhew. The Progreſſion, I ſay, |
is from Unity in Integers, ſuch as this, 1, 1 o,
1oo, Iooo, I oooo; and in Decimal Parts,
as, I, º, ..., rº, +…, &c.
3. And after this manner, in any Progreſ
ſion, Indexes are to be ſet to the terms in
creaſing or decreaſing from Unity in any
Ratio or Proportion. - }
4. I have indeed formed this Table in de- |

cupie proportion, that the value of any Num.
bers may be eſtimated by Steps and Periods;
and alſo becauſe this Decimal way of rec.
koning is much eaſier than that ſexagenary
way (or by 60') in Aſtronomical Compu
* tations. This he was ſenſible of, who firſt
- reduced
of the Mathematicks: 3
reduced the Canon of Sines from the Semi
diameter of 60 to 1, with noughts an
nexed. - * *
5. Decimal Parts are written in the ſame

line with Integers; but are diſtinguiſhed by
a rečtangular line; which is therefore called
the Separating Line. And as in Integers e
very term is increaſed by a continual Multi
lication by X, according to its diſtance from
nity. So in the Parts, every Term is di
ſtinguiſhed by a Diviſion, by the produćt of
a continual Multiplication of ºf rſt upon U
nity, and then upon each thus reſulting
Term, according to its diſtance from Unity,
denoted by the Index or Exponent.
6. Decimal Parts take their denomination
from the place of their laſt Figure, as ol;
are fivetenths, ol;6 are fifty fix hundredths,
and ſoonwards.
7. Circles or Noughts before Integers or
after Decimals ſignifie nothing; but after
Integers and before Decimals, they ſhew us
the #. of a Figure from Unity either
way, according to which we are to judge of
its value, as ooo; ſignifie no more than 5;
and of 5oo are five tenths.
8. Wherefore in writing Decimal Parts,
let the Separating line be always made,
B 2. and
4. Mr. Oughtred's Key
and the empty places, if there be any, befil
led with Noughts, as o Loooo; are five hun.
dred thouſandth Parts.
9. The Sign of Addition is + more, or
$720,
%o. The Sign of Subſtraćtion is - leſs,

OT le. -
11. The Sign belongs to the Quantity be

fore which it is placed. And a Quantit
with no Sign muſt be underſtood to be af.
firmative, or to have the Sign-H, although
it be not expreſſed.
12. And obſerve, That I uſe the Signs +
and — when one ſingle Magnitude is affirm
ed or denied of another ſingle Magnitude ;
but the Signs pl. and mi, when a compoun
ded Magnitude or ‘º is affirmed or
denied of a ſingle, or a ſingle of a com
pounded.
13. Quantities may be denoted either by
Numbers that ſignifie their meaſure or by
Symbols; as a line 7 Inches long by 7 or by
a Letter, as A, or B, or C, &c, or by two
Letters ſet at each end of the Line, AB, BC,
CD, &c. at pleaſure; ſo that you remember
for what Quantity every Symbol ſtands.
14. This Symbolical Arithmetick is much
more ccaomodate to Analyticks (in which
you take that which is ſought after as if al
* ready
of the Mathematicks. 5
ready known, and ſo find, according to
the Rules of that Art, what it really is) than
Numerous Arithmetick: in the laſt the Num
bers do ſo ſweep away one another, that
there remain no footſteps of the ſeveral O.
perations: in the former the Symbols remain
without any Alteration, and you may not
only with pleaſure view every ſtep in the
whole proceſs, but you alſo gain Theorem
for the ſolution of the like Queſtions in other
Quantities:
N O T E S.
1. In the fifteenth Chapter you may ſee what

he means by a Figurate Number. ..
2. The Progreſſion is decuple] i.e. In it
you multiply each preceding Term by Io to pro
duce the next. Subdecuple] i. e. You divide
by 1o bere as you multiply by Io there.
6. Decimal parts, 3-c.1 Though indeed
you may without error call of 56, 5 tenths and
6 bundredths; yet ſince # = }., therefore 'tis
beft to call them both by the ſame denomination,
56 hundredths, -
B 3 CHAP.
C H A P. II.
of A D D I T I O N.
I. H E Number which ariſes from Ad
dition is called the Summ or Aggre
agate, as 3 and 7 make Io.
2. Addition begins at the right hand, and
ſets down the particular Produćts of the ſeve
ral rows underneath in their proper places.
3. All the given Numbers together are
equal to the Summ.
Examples of Addition.
7; 3794/236 I. : d.
&; 584|3 17 13 4
8 947 ſo& .9 16 7
-
5087 47?o 7439 228
38 oo
o'9 6
160739 8 7o oo Io
-> 48 5 48 Io 3
1909418599 384 Io 9
4. Symbolical Addition joins all the given
Magnitudes without changing their Signs.
to
to 3 Al A A Al .A
add A --A —# —# E
Sum, 3A-FAA-A1A-5A5A-3AAFE
Fi. e. 4A o! -2A 2A
to A+B) A-HB "- .

add A-B º .. the 3
-
3
Sum. 2A |2A-HE — d; . 2, 2.
N O T E S.
4. The Meaning of -A, is, that there is

a Defečf or Subdućtion of A; and conſe
quently --A-A=o: for that Affirmative
A being put where there was leſs than nothing
by A., does no more than ſupply that De
feč.
- C H A P. III.
of s z, B D z c T I O N.
i.T H E Number found by Subdućtion is
- called the Remainder or the Diffe
rence or Exceſs; as, out of 7 take 3 there
remain 4. -
B 4 2. Sub
8 Mr. Oughtred's Key
2. Subdućtion begins at the right hand,
and writes the Differences of the Figures of
each place in their proper places.
3. In Subdućtion the Number to be ſub
dućted together with the Difference, is equal
to the Number from which the Subdućtion is
to be made.
E X A M P L E S.
347266836 3794L236 l. 1, d.
6807392 947 log I7 I3 4.

34°399-44 5.3 9 16 7
- 7 16 9
4. Symbolical Subdućion joins the Magni

tudes given, changing the Signs of thoſe
which are to be }.
out of 4A 3A, 5A. A "
take A 5A -3A E
rem. 4A-A A-ºffs A— E
i. e. 3A –2. A
out of A A . c.3 3
take B+C B—Cl So in 2 2.
rem, A-B-CA-E-FCIndexeſ. -
5 5
N O T E S.
N O T E S.
4. As to the Subdućtion of one Quantity from

another when they have like Signs, either-Hor—,
there is no difficulty. As to the Subdućtion Ž
one Quantity from another when they have unlike
Signs, either an affirmative ºuantity a ſudućted
from a negative, or a negative from an affirma
tive, it may be explained thus,
Take-A from --A the remainder will be
2A : for as to ſubdult a poſitive Quantity from
any Totum is to turn it into a Defett; ſo to ſub
duša Defe&#from any Totum is to add ſo much.
The caſe is this, you are to ſuppoſe any Quantity,
ſuppoſe A, with a defett of E, or -E lying by
it, to take away that defett is to ſupply it, and
conſequently the Summ that thus ariſes will be
A+E. As for the other’tis now very eaſte.
C H A P. IV.
of M z L TI P L I c. A T / o N.
I. T H E. Number found by Multiplication
is called the Fačius, or the Produćt,
or a Rećtangle, or a Plane: for one of the
ſuppoſed Numbers may be called the Longi
tude the other the Latitude; and both my
IO Mr. Oughtred's Key
be called Faëtors and Sides; the greateſt
power of any two Quantities being a Figure
compoſed by them, whoſe angles are right,
and whoſe fides are parallel.
2. Multiplication begins at the right hand,
and multiplies all the Figures of one given
Number upon all the Figures of the other,
and collecteth the ;Produćts into one
Summ, a regard being had to their places.
If Decimal parts be mingled with the Num
berstobe multiplied, you muſt cut off from
the Produćt as many places of parts as there
are in both the Faëtors: For in Multiplicati
on the Index of the Produćt of any two Fi
gures is found by adding the Indexes of the
two multiplied Figures. So 58.74 multi
plied
of thebyFigure
6oo makes
6 in 35-38.
600 is 2;For
thethe Index.
Index of
the laſt Figure 3 in 58113 is 2. Let the
Indexes a and 2 be added, there will ariſe 2
for the index ofthe laſt Figure in the Produćt
35238; which therefore belongs to the place
of Unites. And ſo of any other Figures.
3. If there be Noughts in the Numbers
to be multiplied, omit them, and multiply
the Figures, and then in the Produ& let
there be added as many places of Integers
as you omitted Noughts in both the Fa
&tors. -
4. In
of the Mathematicks. Ir
4. In Multiplication. As I is to either of
the Faëtors, ſo is the other to the Produćt.
As 4 upon 6 makes 24, therefore as,
L4 : : 6 : 24.
I6 :: 4 ; 24.
E X A M P L E S.
4:16 589134 358 5873

892 47 15 6oo
w 6oo
9 ſ52 F 2 148oo 35238
I 184 290 17o
sº
8
4062 38
2 I 32 6
2321
4081792 27566,155
5: There is a very uſeful Contraction of

*iplication
Method. according to the following
If, it ſuffice to have your Product not en
tire, but wanting ſome of the laſt Figures;
you muſt put the place of Unity of the leſſ:
Number, under that Figure of the greater,
whoſe Index is equal to the Number of Fi.
gures, either to be cut off in the Integer, or
to be left in the Parts. And then ſº the reſt
of the Figures of the leſſer Number under
the greater in the inverſe order. A.
- -, et
I2, Mr. Oughtred's Key
let each Figure of the Multiplier begin to
multiply that of the Multiplicand, which is
juſt over; but ſo as to have reſpect to what
would have been brought thither from the
following places.
of this Abridgement there are Four Caſes.
Caſ. I. If you would have
246(914 the Produćt without any
gºls? Parts. Set the place of U
nity of the leſſer under the
74 of place of Unity in the great
I2 35 er : as in this Example,
49 where:46|914 upon 35 |27
17 produces 87.08 Integers; all
87 o'8 the decimal parts being
dropt.
–––2.
9I41:43 Caſe. II. If you would
2,
º: º Produćt #. º:
17.1% places of parts s_Tuppoſe 4:
740 747 oo ſet the place of Unity of the
12 3 457 oo leſſer Number under the
4 938 28 Fourth place of the Parts of
I 718 49 the greater.
870 8165 68
caſ. III. If you would have the produćt
wanting ſome places of Integers; ſuppoſe
5 :
of the Mathematicks. I3
5: ſet the Unites place of 82902
the leſſer in the fifth place. 57893
before the Unites place of 2427ſ
the greater. As ſuppoſe 7281
80902 the Sine of 54 de- 647
grees, be to be multiplied by 57
39875 the Sine of the great- 4.
eft Declitnaion 23° 3 o'. 226o
The product will be the pe. *
clination of the Sun, at the 24° of 8.
Caſ: IV. If you would have the Produćt

robbed of ſome places of Integers, ſuppoſe 5,
to be repair'd again with ſomeplaces of Parts,
ſuppoſe 4; becauſe 5–4=1. Therefore
you muſt put the Unites
place of the leſſer Number 422 62.
one place before the Unites 4 600|o
place of the greater. As in -
this Example, where , the ºf 25
Sine 42262 is multiplied by 2,
o looë4; ſo that the five o Looz 7.

laſt Figures being cut off, four
places of parts are reſtored; the Produćt
will be ol ooz7.
6. Symbolical Multiplication connects both

the Magnitudes with the Note × or for the
moſt part without it, if the Quantities be
denoted
I4 Mr. Oughtred's Key
denoted with one Letter. ... If the Signs are
both alike, the Produćt will be affirmative,
if unlike, negative. -
Note, That A upon A, or Ax A, or AA, a

Aq. AAA, or Aqâ, is Ac. AAAA,
or Aq Aq, or AcA, is Aqq, &c.
For every ſuperiour Power is made of two
inferior, whoſe Dimenſions both together
are equal to the number of the Dimenſions
of the ſuperiour. And as many as are
the Magnitudes which are multiplied, ſo
many are the Dimenſions of their Pro
dućt.
A| A+E A-HE+I A-E
upon El B Z B
makes AEIBA-FBE ZA+ZE+Zi BATBE
B+1
A
BA-HA
upon
3A
3A
AE
A
A E #
A E |A+E
makes 6Aq AqE AqAq'Aq+AE
+AE +Eq
Aq+2AE+Eq
\
A+E ſ
|
ºf the Mathematicks. 15
|
ſ: • A-HE - : * ..
upon A-E,
-* *-*.
- -
. .. . . -
- -
.
makes AA-FAE -- -
_-AE-Eq º -
Aq-Eq . :
If heside AB+gpie multiplied a

r
itſelf, this Square will be produced,
º, BArT-2AB-CD+CDr. * .
º, ºr . . . . *. *
. . . *. . *. . . . .. . ."
,
-s ºn \,...' N.O.T. E. S. . . . . .
2. And if Decimal parts be added, dºe. J

Here I ſhall firſt explain that Rule, which B.
£ere gives us concerning Multiplication, and
ſhºw then from that Rule that you muſt cut off as
many decimal places in the Produći, as ther are
fuch in both the Fattors.”
The R U L E is tºº. -
-
* : *
The Index of every particular Product is
found by adding the Indexes of the Fa
Čtors. - . ". .. . .
The Reaſon of this will appear upon viving

the fºrementioned Table, Cap. 1, but mºſt plaii:
ly if we ſet it in this Form,
-
&c.
6-c. 4 3 2, I O
&c. xxxx . XXX. XX • X , I

1 2. 3. 4 &c.
1. – =# =}=&
# , xx. XXX. XXXX*
A, for Integers, ’tis plain that if yºu take
any two or more of the fºrms toward; the right
hºld that the Indexes of their Produá will be
equal to both and all their Indexes added tºge
ther : take theſe,
2, + 3 = 5 -
XXX XXX=XXXXX, and ſo of any

others.
As for Frađions the caſe is the ſame.
l
2 + 2 = 5. ~
I x = I
XX XXX XXXXX.
A, for Frađions upon Integers; Becauſe Di

viſion undoes what is done by Multiplication,
therefore, ---
3 2
XXX x. I XXX—
;=º-X. whoſe Index-
if I = 3–2.
Hence it follows, that you muſt cut off as ma

my places of Parts in the Produći, as there are
fuch in both the Faëtors.
For take any Example. Suppoſe 34|45 to
be multiply'd by 3. 75. By the Rule the In
dex of 5 in 1 is 2, and in the other alſo : ; which
added together make 4 the Index of the Pro
dućt of theſe two: and 4 is alſo the number of
Parts in both Faitors.
Thus in any other Example.

5. The Rule in this Paragraph I will not
Tranſcribe, but ſuppoſing the Reader to have it
in his memory, I will here give him the Rea
ſon of it; and conſequently of all the Operations
in the Four following Cafts. 'Tiſ this;
Firſt of all, by this Method 'tis moſt pluim,
that you place your Unity ſo, that from its particu
lar Produćt or Line you cut off or ſecure juſt as
many Figures as you pleaſe. If you would cut
off 5 in the Integers, you ſet it under the 5th
place of Integers, and multiply, it upon the Fi
gure which is over; and in the Parts, if you
C woul
would ſecure five places there, you ſet the Unity
under the fifth place of Parts, and do th like.
Farther, by placing the Figures of your Mul
tiplicator in the inverſe Order, and multiply
ing as you are here directed, you will in each
rank that is made, by multiplying each Figure
of the Multiplicator, upon the Multiplicand,
effect your deſign. The reaſon is, becauſe when
the Figures are ſo placed, the Index of each Fi
gure added to the Index of that which ſtands
directly over it, upon which 'tis to be multiplied
in the firſt place, are, and muſt be equal to
the added Indexes of your Unite, and the Figure
which ſtands directly over it.
Let us take the Firſt Example.

246 914 2.46914
2
35 | 27. 72 53
17|28398 7407
49|3828 1235
1234,570 49
74O742 *—
- 87c8.
Where the Indexeſ of3 and 9 are equal to
the Indexes of 5 and 6, and equal to the In
dexes of 2 and 4, and 7 and 2 ; ſo that the
produćfs of all theſe muſt have the ſame tºº, (
of the Mathematicks: I9
I have here ſet the ſame Sum multiplied the
common Way, and drawn a Line, that cuts off
thoſe Figures which you drop in this way of Mul
tiplication; where you may ſee, that according
to this method of Contračtion you multiply the
laſt Figure firſt, and the laſt ſave one next,
and ſo onwards, and all along drop thoſe Figures
which £and in thoſe places which you deſign to
cut off. And ſo of any other Example.
—l
!.
C. H. A. P. V.
of D I V Is I o N.
I• TH E Number found by Diviſion is
called the Quotient, or alſo the Pa
ralia, becauſe it ariſes out of the Appli
cation of a plain Number to a given Lon
gitude, that a congruous #. may be
found. If Two Numbers ſtand one above
another, with a Line drawn between them,
'tis as much as to ſay, that the upper is to
be divided by the under; as *.*, and .%.
2. Diviſion begins atthe Left Hand,and after
it has diſtinguiſhed ſo much of the Dividend
asis ſufficient for the Diviſor, and ſet the Divi
ſor under it, or ſuppoſed it to be written un
der, it takes the Diviſor out of thoſediſtin
guiſhed Figures as often as it can : Then
C 2. the
2. O Mr. Oughºred's Key
the Diviſor being multiplied by the Quotient,
and the Produćt taken out of the Dividend
it ſets the Diviſor a ſtep forward, and pro
ſecutes the Diviſion. Every particular Øso
tient found belongs to that P. to which it
that Figure of the Dividend does, which
ſtands, or is ſuppoſed to ſtand over the u
nites place of the Diviſor. For in Diviſion
the Index of every particular Figure of the
Quotient is found, by taking the Index of
the Diviſor from the Index of the Dividend.
So 17|14 divided by 857 give olz to the
Quotient : For the Index of the firſt Fi
gure of the Dividend 17, is 1 ; and the
Index of the firſt Figure of the Diviſor. 8, is
2. 1–2=1, for the Index of the firſt Fi
gure; which therefore belongs to the firſt
place of Decimals,
3. If the Diviſor have Noughts toward the
right, neglect them, and cut of ſo many Fi
gures in the Dividend, and then divide. '
But in the end of the Diviſion your Noughts
and Figures are to be reſtored.
4. In Diviſion as the Diviſor is to U- |
nity, ſo is the Dividend to the guotient;
or as the Dividend is to the Diviſor, ſo is |
the Quotient to Unity. If you divide 24 by
6the Quotient is 4. 'Tis therefore 61 :: 24.4. |
and 24, 6:34, I.
5. If |
of the Mathematicks. zr
* .5. If a quantity be made by the Multi
*plication of two others, either of them will
# be its Diviſor, and the other the Quotient.
* 6. In Multiplication and Diviſion Unity
* makes no alteration.
* 7. If a number be multiplied by another,
and the Product divided by the ſame, no
# thing is done: For what Multiplication does,
Diviſion undoes. Wherefore in the applica
ºtion of one magnitude to another if the ſame
* Magnitude be both above and below the
* Line let it be blotted out in both places.
f
t EXA M P L E S. f
§ -
f 297) 1871 35075 (630084}}}.
f 2.97.
1782.
# 89.3
f 2.97.
iſ: 89 I
g 25 of
| 2.97.
t| * 376
0. I3 I 5
# 92.7
º I I 88 -
#)
I
1 2.7 *
-
6000)4320|765
Tholºts
C 3
I ,
89.2.1.3.r7. º
297) rººrgyºzy (630084.437

*78.2 ry?48 297
8.92xx.8 . ..
stolia) arres |ays (47's

2:32:3:38, ''
43.62.37
- 2.92.r
8. Sometimes a number is to be divided
by an irrational or indefinite Number, e.
ther conſiſting of Integers or mix in this
Qaſ take as many of the firſt Figures of
the Diviſor as are neceſſary, for the firſt Di.
viſor; and then inevery following particular
Diviſion drop one of the Figures of the Di.
viſor towards the Left Hand, till you have
got a competent Quotient.
E X: A M P L E. -
ºº . . ~
17
3.23.
2.8.2.3,
229932.
35793.6423) 467&#3 (1307|38.
3°57'293. . .
2.97.rz7.
25 gº
28.6 This -
This is an excellent Contračtion of Di
viſion ; and of great Uſe in Aſtronomical
Computations. For Example: If 137638
be to divide 126213 i. by the
Total Sine, that is, with five Noughts
ſet after the laſt Figure. Set down but
one Nought, and for the reſt diminiſh the
Diviſor. Tº 137638) 161230 )61707.
9. Symbolical Diviſion puts the Diviſor un
der the Dividend with a Line between them,
and then conſiders, whether, in their Com
poſition, any one magnitude multiplieth
both of them, and ſtrikes it out in both.
Diviſion, when the Diviſor and Dividend
have the ſame Signs, whether-H or - will
have + in the Quotient, when divers Signs-.
Divide|AEIBAc
º A.
*A*A*-gº
A
Aq
l B–C | 3 A
&otient El BA | B+ 1 | A |- A.
N O T E S.
2. As for the Rule about Indexes in Divi

ſion, he that will ſee what has been ſaid con
cerning them in Multiplication, and vary the
tryal, as the nature of Diviſion does require,
will eaſily underſtand it.
C4 CHAP.
CH A P. VI. of P Ro Po RTIo N.
F of Four Numbers the firſt be to the
ſecond, as the third to the fourth, thoſe
numbers are called Proportional. The Ra
tio of one number to another is found by
dividing the Antecedent by the Conſequent;
as the Ratio of 31 to 7 is 4%. i. e. guadruple
fuper-triparting ſevenths.
2. Wherefore if the ſame number multi
ply any two numbers, the Produćts will be
proportional to the numbers multiplied ;
and if the ſame number divide two num
bers,the Quotients will be proportional to the
numbers divided.
As 4:3; ; ; and 4); %

B-BA BA. B
Alſo Ax}#} and A);...&
3. Wherefore if four numbers be propor
tional, the Produćt of the two Extremes
will be equal to that of the two middle
quantities. - -
Now 793: 744, 9:43:28.36

- 7x9x4 §§.
= -
4. Hence follows the Golden Rale of Pre

portion. Iſof three numbers given you dº
- the
of the Mathematicks. 2.5
the Rećtangle made by the ſecond and
third by the firſt, the Quotient will be the
fourth Proportional. Let there be given 7.
|
9.28, and call the *
7. 9 :: 28. Q.
ſought, Q. Then
7Q= 9× 28 therefore 9 x 28-Q.
7
Alſo 5. I* : : 8, 8x12, i. e. 191.
5 5
5. Of three given Numbers to find a

fourth Proportional , the two firſt give
you the Ratio: The Queſtion is concerning
the third. In Direč, Proportion the firſt Term
is of the ſame kind with that by which the
Queſtion is made. But in Reciprocal Propor
tion , the firſt Term is that by which the
Queſtion is made. -
6. Direá Proportion is when the greater

that Term, by which which the Queſtion
is made is, the greater the fourth will be
alſo, and theleſſer it is, the leſſer the fourth.
7. Reciprocal Proportionis, when the grea
ter that Term, by which the Queſtion is
made, is, the leſſer the fourth will be; and
the leſſer that Term is, the greater the
fourth. - -
8. Proportion is Continual - is, when all

the Terms between the firſt and the laſt
are both Antecedents, and conſequents in
the ſame Proportion. 8, 12.
3.12.18. 27. are + for 8. 12::12.18:18.27.
ÉÉe &g &c. &c. &
Alſo &. & 2 ×g &c. &nd ‘’” “
Wherefore in this Series, if the laſt Term
be 6, and the ſum of all the Terms be Z, then ,
Z@- will be the ſum of all the Antecedents,
and Z-3: the ſum of all the Conſequents.
9. If Four Quantities be proportional.
A & :: B6. they will alſo be Alternately
Inverſly; and in Compoſition, Diviſion, and
Mixtly proportional. s.
A. & :: B. &.
Alternately A. B:; & 8.
Inverſly. &, A: ; 3B.
In Compoſit. A+3.0... : B+3.8.
Or A+B.B::0.-)-6. 6.
In Diviſion. A-X. & :: B-6. 6.
Or A—B. B :: 2–6, 3.
Converſly. A. A+ x :: B.B-F 6.
Gr A. A+B :: &.o. -- 6.
Mixtly. A+& A–2: B-F3. B-3.
Ot A+B. A-B:: *-ī-6, &–3,
10. In any number of Proportionals. As w

one of the Antecedents is to its Conſe
quent, ſo will be the ſum of the Antecedents
to the ſum of the Conſequents. Let thers º
4.
A. & 2. B. & :: C. y :: D. 3: Then will be
A: & :: A+B+C+D. &-Eš-Hy-F3.
A. & :: B.6, and in Compoſition.
For 2A+B. &-H3 :: (B. & ). C. Y. and
A+B+C. a+3+y:: (Cy) D3.
Alſo in-... c. 3% - Z-6. Z-x. Wherefore
.o. Z–&q=87–66, or (3Z–07-32–24.
From hence #: =Z { The Sum
of the Terms=. - -
11. If the Antecedents of ſeveral Propor

tions be equal. As one of the Antecedents
is to the ſum of its Conſequents, ſo the other
to the ſum of its;
Say A. B. :: 0.3, and A.C. : : «, y, and
A.D. :: 2.3, then is A.B+C+D :: c. 6+
y–H3. It appears from the foregoing De
monſtration; the Terms being placed Alter
nately.
12. If of two Ratio’s the Conſequents are
equal, they are to one another as the Antece
dents? If the Antecedents are equal, they
are Reciprocally as their Conſequents.
#. #: ; 7.9, and #. #::7. 9.
13. If twice Four Quantities are alike Pro
portional, then their Sums, and their Dif.
ferences are proportional.
14. If four Proportionals be either multi
plied or divided by 4 other Poroſion.
the
the Produás andItQuotients
tional alſo.
will be propor
follows from the third.
15. The Ratio of the Antecedent to the
Conſequent, is compounded of the Ratio of
the Antecedent to a third, and of that third
tº the Conſequent; or of the Ratio of the
third to the Conſequent, and the Ratio of
the Antecedent K º
... . $7. A. and 7.9:: x . A 2.
-
7. 9 :: * A. 9. - #.
16. As for the Invention of the fourth
Proportional in Aſtronomick Computations.
if 133000 be the firſt Term, the fourth is.
found by the fifth. Cap. 4 Caſe 3. As
Iooooo. 8092 oz. . . .39875. 32.2°2:. . .
If ſooooo be the ſecond or third Term,the
fourthis foundby 8. Cap.5. 137658. Iootooo
:: 126225. 91706. .. -
1. As for the finding out of a Proporti.

onal Part from the given. Difference of 2.
numbers in the Canon of the Proffhaphºreſ”.
In the Prutenick Tables, at Gr. 6+. Of the
Anomaly of the firſt Epicycle ºf the Moon,
the proftaph is Gr. 4|1786, Ablative, and
the difference Gr. olo;33. How great a
part is due to the Anomaly Gr, 62 tº:2
Šay i. oloA43 :: olić61.934:: * cap. 4.
Sea. 5. Caſe 2. Then 4 1786+olo245=4
|2011, which is the correct Proff haphare.
fi. And
And on the other hand; if there be
ſought the Anomaly of the firſt Epicycle
of the Moon, congruous to the Proſtaph,
of Gr. 4 |2031, the next leſs in the Canon
is Gr. 4|1786, anſwering to the Anomaly
of Gr. 62. And the difference Gr. o.o.A:3.
But 4| 2031-4 1786=2 | on 45. Sayrere.
fore of 2443.0|o-A5 :: 1. oſ;66+. The
parts to be added to Gr,62. And theſought.A.
nomaly is Gr. 62 |566. -
18. The Converſion of Sexageſimals into

Decimals, And of Decimals into Sexageſ.
mals is thus: 45 Sexageſimals are ºrn
ed into Decimals, by dividing by 60, and
ol.75 Decimals are turned into Sexagºff.
mals, by multiplying by 60. As
and 6o. 45' ::
1. oys ::60.45'.
1. o |75, : For
Diviſion by 60. Sets the ſeparating Line

one ſtep toward the Left Hand,and divides by
6; and Multiplication by 60, ſets the ſeparº.
ting Line one ſtep toward the Right Hand,
and multiplies by 6: Which Rule is ºbſervable.
But if .. be ſeveral Sexageſimal Species
joined to integers, ſuppoſe 12%. 32.0% o9".
45"; uſe this Abridgment, inder the Inte.
§§§ 27; ſet the Sexageſimals in an oblique
Deſcent, and then, from the loweſt, divide
each
3O Mr. Oughtred's Key
each by 6; and ſet the Quotients in the next :
upper rank, till you come to the Integers.
127|5333784722
* 32|ooz708332
“ool 1625
"oºl 75
" 45
On the other hand. If Decimals be gi

ven, ſuppoſe 127 | 533378+722; multiply
them continually by 6, and write the Pro
dućts under one another, dropping one place
toward the Right Hand, that the deſcent
may be oblique. Obſerve the Example.
The degrees of the Equinoëtial, with
decimal Parts, ſuppoſe 236|4276 are turned
into Decimal Parts of the Day, by dividing
by 360, i.e. 6× 60.
* the Decimal Parts of the Day ſup
PO1C 6) 236/4276
60) 394 odóx6
oló567433 : x60 |
656144: into Degrees, by multiplying by
360; i.e. 60x6. Obſervethe Example.
The
of the Mathematicks. 3t
The degrees of the Equinoëtial with De
cimal Parts. Suppoſe 236 (4276 are turned
nto hours, by dividing by 15; i.e. 3x5.
(3) 236|4276
5) 78.8092-3
15||76.184×5
And hours with Decimal Parts are turned
into Degrees, by multiplying by 15 ; i. e.
5x3.
Hours with decimal Parts. Suppoſe 1576184.
are turned into decimal Parts of the day, by
dividing by 24; i. e. 4x6.
And decimal Parts of the Day. Suppoſe
6567433+ are turned into hours by divid. '
ing by 24, i.e. 6×4.
4) 15 (76184
6) 3 |94046x4
o6567433x6
A Collect Sum, ſuppoſe 191374 is turn.
ed into an Expanſe Sum, by dividing con
tinually by 60 : and an Expanſe into a
into a Collect, by multiplying it continually
>
by 60.
191374
60) 31893_
#3 o
So
So that if the Colle&ed Sum be of U
nities, viz. 191374°, the Expanded will be
# o9" 34°. i. e. 53 ſecond Sexagenes; 9
rſt Sexagenes; and 34 Unites. But if
the Colle&ted Sum be of the ſecond Sexa
geſimals, viz.,191370", the Expanded will
be 53°. 99.34". -
19. Arithmetical Progreſſion is an equa

lity of Differences. As 74. 12. 9. are in A
rithmetical Proportion 7, 7–1 : 12. 12–13.
20. Wherefore of four Arithmetically
proportionals the Sum of the two Extremes
is equal to the Sum of the two in the mid
dle. 7-4-12–3–7–3+12.
21. Add the ſecond to the 3, and ſub
dućt the firſt ; the remainder will be the
fourth. As 12-1-4—, -9. a --
22. 'Tis called Continual Arithmetical
Progreſſion, when every Term has the ſame
increaſe; as 4. 7. Io. 13. 16. 19, the com
mon increaſe is 3. So that every Term
conſiſts of the firſt, and as many common
pºsite
firſt.
as it is ſteps diſtant from the
The Thirteenth Term will be 4+12x3,
i. e. 4+36=4o.
23. Add the firſt Term to the laſt, and
multiply them by the number of Terms, the
product will be twice the ſum of the Pro
greſſion. 40+3x13–572=27, or twice
the ſum of the Terms, 24. If
of the Mathematicks: 33 .
24. If over a Series of Terms, in Geo
metrical Progreſſion, you ſet ſo many Terms
in Arithmetical Progreſſion? To any four
Terms, in Arithmetical Proportion, there
will anſwer four in Geometrical Proportion.
Index's, 6.8. Io. 12, 14. 16. 18. 20.
Terms, 5.15.45.135.405. 1215. 3645. Io935.
Becauſero-H16–6=to, thenisłłłłłł=
FIo935: 5
And from hence appears the Invention of
any Term in a Geometrical Progreſſion.
25. There is alſo a Proportion called Mu
fical. When in four Numbers, the firſt is
to the fourth as the difference of the firſt
and ſecond,to the difference of the third and
fourth : As 5. 8, 12. 30 are Muſically propor
tional Becauſe 5. 30::8–5.30—12:: 3. I
In Symbols, A, M, N,E; Let A.E:: M-A’
E–N. Wherefore AE-AN=ME—AE'
theſe Terms being rightly ordered, the Rule:
AN
...
will be
•
2. *LM-E and;EM__
E – N=A. In
words thus; If the Rećtangle contained un

der the firſt and third Terms, be divided by
the Exceſs of the firſt doubled above the ſe
cond, the Quotient will be the fourth Term
in Muſical Proportion: Wherefore the firſt
Term doubled ought always to exceed the
ſecond. D NOTES.
N O T E S.
k
9. If any have a mind to ſee the derivá
tion of theſe Proportions, they may find them in
Dr. Wallis's Treatiſe of Algebra. Cap. 19.
They are too much to inſert here:
1. Reciprocal Proportion may be beſt ex
plained by 2 equal Rečiangles.
B=4 b–8
16o a-20
16o A=40
Here AxB-axb conſequently A, a . : b. B.

Theſe guantities are ſaid to be Reciprocally
roportional, becauſe A is to a, not as B is to
but backwards, A, a ; ; b. B.
17. In
17. In the Prutenick Tables, &c. [Theſe
Examples will ſtand thur.
o |5667
334olo
Ját1 .. 433) 2450 (ol;65+
OOOOO 21.65 -
OOOO 1850
227 2,598
17 2320
I 2 165, &c.
olo245
18. The converſion of Sexageſimal, into
Decimals , &c. Divide an Unite into 60
parts , and the ſame into Io; there muſt
of neceſſity be contained in every tenth 6 ſixtietär;
and conſequently the ſixtieth muſt be divided by
6, to reduce them into tenths ; and tenths mul
tiplied by 6, to reduce them into ſixtieths. And
this is the Foundation of all that belongs to the
Matter; and will eaſily ſatisfie any one con
cerning this, or the following Operation.
19 Degrees of the Equinoëtial with De
cimal Parts, &c.] The Reaſon is tha. The
whole Circle conſiſts of 360 degrees, that is,
36xio, or ten times 36 degrees; and therefore
every tenth of the whole Circle contains 36
degrees: So that you muſt divide Equinošial
Degrees by 36, to caſt them into tenths, and
multiply tenths by 36, to caſt them into 360".
r
D 2. CHAP.
C H A P. VII.
Concerning the greateſt Common M EA

Sz, R E by which given Numbers are
reduced to the leaſt Terms.
I. TH E greateſt common Diviſor or
Meaſure of two Numbers is found
by a perpetual Diviſion of the greater by
the leſſer, and of the Diviſor by the Re
mainder. For that Diviſor, which firſt di
vides its Dividend without any Remainder,
will be the common Meaſure of the given
Numbers. As of the number 899, and
744 the greateſt common Meaſure will be |
31. As thus,
!
744) 899 (1
744
155744 (4
|620
*|†: (I |
I 24
2.
--- *|†:
I 24 «
|
OOO
|
|
31 . I24 . I 55
31) 224) ryy) 744) 89.9 (+4.r4.
22:4; 224 &za 744.
2. Numbers are reduced to the leaſt Terms
of the ſame Ratio by a diviſion of them both
by their greateſt Common Meaſure. As
899 and 744 are reduced to 29 and 24,
the leaſt Terms in that Ratio, both being
dividedby 31,their greateſt Common Meaſure.
So 3 Aq are reduced to A, by diviſion of
6A 2.
them both by 3A. And 4Ace are reduced

6Aqq
to 2A4, by adiviſion of them both by 2A44.
3
Alſo BA is reduced to A, by a Diviſion of
B
them both by B. For that which is done by
Multiplication, is undone by Diviſion.
3. Wherefore, If the greateſt Common
Meaſure of two Numbers be 1; Theſe 2
Numbers are called Prime Numbers, and are
the leaſt which bear that Proportion to one
another. Such are 29 and 24.
4. If a Number be a Prime Number, with
reſpect to two other, 'twill alſo be a Prime
Number to the Produćt of thoſe two multi
plied into one another? Hence the manag
D3 ing
38 Mr. oughted, Key
ing proportional Numbers may be made
more eaſie oftentimes. For Example,
I
3' 2: 5
12. 8 :: 15. Io
5. You muſt remember always when a
Fraćtion is before you, to reduce it to the
eaſt Terms. As 344' to 24
899 29
N O T E S.
1. Concerning this matter you are to conſult

the ſecond Propoſition of the ſeventh Book of
Euclides Elements. -
4. In this Example 12 8 : : 15. Io. Firſt

you (as is before diretied) reduce the Ratio of
** to #, by dividing them by their common
Meaſure 4. ſo that 3. 2 : : 15. Io. Then
dividing 3 and 15 by their common Meaſure
3. The Figures will be theſe; I 2 : : 5. Io.
CHAP,
C H A P. VIII.
concerning F R A C T I O N S.
I. UI*; or any other Totum or whole
thing, may be conceived diviſible
into never ſo many parts; which receive
their Name from the number of parts into
which Unity is ſuppoſed to be divided. As,
if Unity be ſuppoſed to be divided into two
equal parts, they are called ſeconds; if into
three, thirds, &c.
2. Fraćtions conſiſt of two Terms one
above the other, with a Line drawn be
tween them ; the lower of which tells you,
that Unity is to be ſuppoſed to be divided
into juſt ſo many equal parts,called the Deno
nator. The upper tells you, how many of
thoſe parts belong to that Fraćtion ; and
is called the Numerator. As 4 Numerator,
- Denominator.
This Fraćtion does denote four fifth parts
of an Integer; that is: Suppoſe an Integer
divided into five parts, this denotes four of
thoſe parts.
D4 3. There.
4O Mr. Oughtred's Key
3. Therefore whatſoever Ratio the Nu
merator has to the Denominator, the ſame
has the Fraćtion to Unity.
4, 5 ; ; 4 - I • R. S :: R. I
5 S
4. And becauſe a Ratio may be expreſſed
innumerable ways, and that in higher and
higher Terms, infinitely in the ſame habi
tude one to another; it follows, that Fraćti
ons may be expreſſed innumerable ways al
ſo; as 5 (the leaſt Terms in that Ratio,
I 2,
and in Latin called ºuincunx) is equivalent

to -24, °5 r:#
32 6o,
12 48, 45 ;"
and any other numbers
that ariſe from the multiplication of 5 and 12
into any other number, .
Sečt, 2. Chap. 6.
5. Wherefore the Terms of equal Fra
étions are proportional; and if the Terms
are proportional, the Fraćtions are of equal
value. -
6. If the Numerator be leſs than the De

nominator,the Fraćtion is leſs than an Unite;
if equal, it ſignifies an Unite? If the numera
tor be greater than the Denominator, the
Fraćtion is as much greater than an Unite as
that is greater than this? A Fraćtion is re
duced to Unites by dividing the Numerator
by the Denominator. - A
S
31 — , 3.a4GR+SA— SA
as #–4;
7 and=# = C++. -
On the contrary Unites are reſolved into

Fraćtions, by multiplying them by the De
nominator of the Fraćtion, as 1=} or 3, &c,
wa
and 3–28+3–3. andc+.
4;====#. SA_ -
C H A P. IX.
Concerning the Addition and Subdućtion
of Fraćtions,
1. TF the Fraćtions to be added be of divers
Denominations. Firſt, They are to be
reduced to the ſame Denomination by
dividing the Denominators by their greateſt
common Meaſure , and multiplying the
Terms by each others Quotients; then the
Numerators of the ſo found Fraćtions are to
be added or ſubdućted. And laſtly, write
that common Denominator under the Sum
or Difference.
2. And if Integers be mixed with the
Fraćtions, they are to be numbled *:::: OT
For Example, If you would take out of
6 # theſe Fraćtions, ## and 2 #, firſt
of all you muſt add #3 and 2 # and they will
39-H28 Or 61. viz, #which
come to 2 and
48 49 48
being taken out of 6; there will remain *;
as in the Example,
67
3 9-1-28 57
gºut of;:52-48.
I 44 I.4
*3, 7, £4– it: 144.
4)rg’ ra" 343 #918 57
2 3 6) 8 3 ‘i,
L^^n \-TYN-" there remains
48 I44 295
I44
A A+ZB
Add #and -
Z, the Sum will be BA

A B ... CA-Bq.
Out of B take C there remain. -Ba
BE+DA
B+D
C)CAN/ CE
AX E
\-e-N-N-y
CAE
CH A P.
—T-
C H A P. X.
Concerning the Multiplication and Divi.

ſion of Fraćtions.
I. Mºjº. compares the Numera
tor of one and the Denominator
of the other, that is, reduces them to their
leaſt Terms, and multiplies the Terms of
the ſame name.
2. Diviſion compares the Terms of the
ſame Name; and multiplies the Terms of a
different Name.
3. If Integers be mixed with Fraćtions,
they are to be reſolved into a Fraćtion.
Example of Multiplication. - -
I 5 #
9 upon 22 is 5 tº 5 is 22] :
ré 27. iſ, upon 3 * 27
4 3 .- 3 .
I3
5 upon
I. 3. ;Gé;
* is 63r,
1S aL ;
A. —al A _ZA
# upon B =AH; upon Z=#
A ZA ZAq
E upon 3 # = 3-#.
Examples of Diviſion.
3 5 37
* Yi (228
#): #);(Y,” (ºriſ,
( 3317. 8
y 7 3 I
1 3
.) (;
4./ I \ I
#);(#):(º) (;
1 / B \DBD / 1 \ A B / I A
#)*(
A / I \ 1*#); (;
|| C / DVDAc
4. What Number is ; of 21 2 Multiply 21
by ; for 1 # * : 21 . 6. or 7. 2 :: 21.6.
5. Of what Number does 6 contain #2
Divide 6 by 3. for # 1 :: 6.2 i. or 2.7 ::
6. 2. I,
6. The
6. The antient # * 4 3
Writers of Muſick 8
are wont to connečt 6T
the terms of Ratio’s, 12,
either to be conti- 9
nued or diminiſh'd,
with Curve Lines after this manner: If the
Ratio’s be 3 to 4 and 4 to 3.
7. To continue Ratio’s is to multiply them
as if they were Fraćtions. To ſay let theſe
Ratio’s 3 to 2 and 4 to 3 be continued, is
as much as to ſay, let # be multiplied upon
#, and ſo there will ariſe *. Now the Ra
tio of 12 to 6, is double. Wherefore a
twice-and-an-half-Ratio upon a once-and
one-third-Ratio produceth a double Ratio,
that is, as Muſicians ſpeak,a Diapaſon is com
pounded of a Diapente and a Diateffaron.
Imminution of Ratio’s is done by Diviſi
on, as to ſay, take out of the Ratio of 3 to 2,
the Ratio of 4 to 3, is as much as to ſay, di
vide ; by #, thus, ) #(#. Which Quo
tient is the Meaſure of an entire Tone.
Whence Muſicians ſay, that the Difference
between a Diapente and a Diateſſaron is a
Tone. As in this Line or Chord divided in
to I2 parts.
12, _2_3_6. O
!
N O T E S.
Here I ſhall briefly and ſymbolically deliver

the Reaſon and Myſtery of Multiplication and
Diviſion of Fraćtions. To that purpoſe I will
make uſe of this Example, Suppoſe that you are
to multiply # upon it, 'Tis plain, firſt that
C AC
Axis =#; ; becauſe you are not only to mul
- C - A -
tiply A upon D but E. : there that Quantity
awhich ariſes from a Multiplication of A *;

- º muſt be divided B, that is, B muſt be
multiplied upon D the Denominator of the Fra
#ion, and then it will be # As for Di
D);(#
viſion the matter ſtand; thus
and Épºca-ii; therefore É); BD

A AC DNA / AC
C H A P.
C H A P. XI.
Some eaſe Examples, which prepare the

Way for Analyticks.
I. Oº. firſt, that for brevity ſake and
to help the Fancy, we make uſe of
theſe Symbols, A and E ſignifie two Magni
tudes of which A is the greater, Ethe leſſer,
AE their Rećtangle, Z their Summ, X their
Difference, Z, the Summ of their Squares,
X, the Difference of their Squares, Z the
Summ of their Cubes, ºx the Difference of
their Cubes; A, M, E ſtand for three quan
tities in continual Proportion; A, M, N, E
for Four; Q: C. QQ. QC: fignifie, ſuch
and Powers; V denotes the Root or Side of
a ſimple Power. But if the Power be inclu
ded between two Points at both ends,it ſigni
fies the univerſal Root of all that Quantity ſo
included; which is ſometimes alſo ſignified
by b and r, as the Vb is the Binomial Root,
the Vr the Reſidual Root (or of the Apo
tome.) = is a note of Equality.
2. There are two Numbers of which A is
the greater, E the leſſer, I ask what is
their Summ? what is their Difference? what
is
is their Rećtangle 2 what is the Summ of
their Squares? what is the Difference of
their Squares? what is the Summ of their
Summ and Difference? what is the Diffe
rence of their Summ and Difference 2 what
is the Rectangle of their Summ and Diffe
rence? what is the Square of the Summ 2
what is the Square of the Difference 2 what
is the Summ of the Squares of the Summ and
Difference? what is the Difference of the
Squares of the Summ and Difference 2
what is the Square of the Rećtangle 2
Z=A-HE X=A—E
:=Aq+Eq X =Aq-Eq
Z-HX=2A Z—X=2E
# Z-H # X=A # Z- # X=E
ZX=Aq—Eq=X, Zq. X, :: Z, X.
Zq=Aq+2AE-HEq=Z+2AE.
Xq=Aq—2AE-HEq=Z-2AE.
Zq+Xq=2 Aq+2 Eq=27.
"Zq-Xq=4AE #Zq—#Xq=AE
HEq=AqEq.
3. There are two Quantities, the Summ
of which is Z and the greater A. What is
the leſſer 2 what is their Difference? what
their Rećangle 2 what the Summ of their
Squares? what the Difference of their
Squares. -
E
F=Z—A. X=1 A–Z, AE=ZA—Aq
Z=Zq-2ZA-H2Aq. X-27A –ZQ
But if the leſſer E be given,
A-Z–E. X=Z–2E. AE=ZE—Eq.
Z=Zq—2ZE+2 Eq. X = Zq—2ZE
4. There are two Quantities, of which
the difference is X, and the greater A; What
is the leſſer 2 what is their Sum ? what their
Rećtangle 2 what the Sum of their Squares?
what the difference of their Squares?
E=A—X Z=2A–X AE=Aq—XA
Z=2Aq—2XA+Xq X,+2XA—Xq
But if the leſſer E be given, , ,
A=E--X Z=2E--X E=Eq+XE
Z=2Eq-|-2XE-HXq X=2XE-HXq
5. There are two quant’ties of which the
greater has the ſame proportion to the leſſer,
as R to S; and the greater of them is ſup
poſed to be A : What is the leſler 2 what
is their Sum'? what is their Difference 2
what their Rećtangle 2 what the Sum of
their Squares? what the difference of their
Squares 2
: E=SA.
R
Z=RA+SA X=RA—SA
R R
AE=SAq Z=RqAq+SqAq.
TT Rq
x=RqAq—SqAq.
Rq
E Fút
5.o Mr. Oughtred's Key
A=RE Z=RE--SE. X=RE-SE

S
AE=REq Z=RqEq-l–SqEq.
S s— | l
S Sq ſ
X=RqEq-SqEq.
s—— |]
6. There are two Quantities,of which the |

Rectangle is AF; and the greater A: What
is the leſſer 2 what is their Sum ? what is
their Difference? what is the Sum of their
Squares? what is the Difference of their
Squares 2 |
E=AE, Z=Aq+:F. X=Aq-#.

A. A A
=Aqq-i-AEq X-FAqq-MEq i.
Aq - Aq |
!
A=AF. Z=#E+Eq. X=E-Eq
E E E
Z=AFq+Eqq X=/Eq-Eqq
Eq Eq. .
7. And
of the Mathematicks: 5I
7. And from hence many equalities at
riſe. Let us take the Sum and Difference
for Examples.
Z=A+E=2A—X=7E4-X=Aq+E=
Æ--Eq, &c. A
E -
X=A—E=2A–Z=Z-2E=Aq—F=
£-Ed, &c. A -
After this manner the ſame quantity will

admit of divers Interpretations and Diverſi
w
ties.
N. O. T E S.
Here (no more being neceſſary) 'I ſhall only

adviſe young Students of this ſort of Learning,
to pračiſe theſe Queſtion; ſeveral times over,
and to draw Figures for ſome of the Equations;
whereby they may gain a full underſtanding ºf
s the matter.
P. 3, CHAP.
C H A P. XII.
Of the Geneſs and Analyſis of POWERS.
I. Bºº all things are to be reſolved

into thoſe parts of which they con
ſiſt; firſt we muſt know of what parts eve
ry Power conſiſteth. Now Powers ariſe
rom the ſide or Root multiplied once or
more times into it ſelf. The Root multiply
ed upon it ſelf makes a Square. The
Square, multiplied upon the Root, makes a
Cube. A Cube upon its Root makes a
Quadrato Quadrate, or fourth Power [4].
This again, upon its Root, makes a Qua
drato-Cube, or fifth [5] And after this
manner there are made a ſixth [6], a ſe
venth [7], an eighth [8], a ninth [9], a
tenth [Ioj Power, &c.
2. Wherefore the Procreation of Powers
from a ſingle Root, which conſiſts of one
Figure or Note, hath no difficulty at all.
The *
- of the Mathematicks. 53
The former Table of POWER S from a

fingle Root.
-- -
|2| [3]
3 |4| 15 |7| 18;
qqC qcc
I I
—-a-
-
2.
i
-
9
8I
#: .
5 ſ 2. 5 6 2. 5 3 I 2. 5
--
3 6 2. I 6 I 2. 6 7 7 7 6
I
729
4096 || 16384
562 5
4. 6 6 5 6
128
21.87
78.125
656 I
65536
390625
27.9936 16796 16
49 3 4. 3
-
24o |16807|1 17649, 82354; 57.648o I
8|64 5 12.4096||3:1768|261 I 44|1097 i 52 167772 16
9°17 19656 ||59°49' 531441 |478,969 43o467 + 1
s 3. But
3 But Powers from a Binomial Root are
generated after this manner.
The Geeneſs of Powers from a Binomial Root.

A-|-E
A+E
Aq+AE
_-HAE-HEq_
Aq+2AE--Eq. Quadrat.
A+E
AcT-2AqE-FAEq
+AqE+2AEq+Ec
Ac-H3 Aqb-H2AEq-HEc. Cube.
A-HE
Aqq-H3AcE+3Aqbq+AEc
––AcE+% AqEq-i-3AEc-HEqq
Aqq-F4AcE+6AqEq+4AEc-FEqq. Qua
A+E &c. ( drato-quadrat.
4. And by this Artifice may be framed a

Table of Powers aſcending in the ſcale from
a Binomial Root; which I call the LATTER
TA B L E.
AE
55
！-
#|
E | -ī5||
ż -9 |Aãūč
-[5-qqce
* ·
C CCC
ſëſā|[7]#AcccIoAcccE
--AqqcA
! ººººº
of the Mathematicks.
q/>*-
| 5 || Āēcsae
— || 41Aqc7 AccEqq6A45AqccEq
o AqqcE
AccEqqCEç
AqqE21 AqcE84
[2]]'，qq6AqcE28AccEq12
| 2 || AC5 5 Aº sº4ACCEC
IoAccE
AACEI15 AqqEq['56AqcEc2
A ſºqC|
2AEºAqE6AIoAcEq35AqqEcI26AqcEqqqq
toAqqEcc
º ſe,3AEqººſheAqE&•Asſel,ſaeºſºſ，AqqE252AqcEqc
AE| 15 AqE6AqC
2.
Ec;CSAEqq}įqq2íaſ！84AcEcc2
qqEqcqC7AEccqEcc6A120AcEqqc
AqEqcc
Ecc8AEqqc36AqEqqcA
Eqqc9AEqcc45 IoAEccc
EqccEccc
~^Eqqcc
5. Every intermediate Species of each
row is made up of the two Species of the
former row next unto it on both ſides ;
namely, the Power of A in that above it,
and of E in that below it. The Number
prefixed to it is made up of the two Num
bers next adjoyning in the foregoing Pow
er, ſo that you may continue it as far as
you pleaſe. -
6. In this Table the two extreme Powers

in each rank are called the Diagonal part
of the Power; the intermediate Species, to
which the Uncia (or Figures ) are prefix
ed, are called the Complements; all the
Complements together with the Power of
E are called the Gnomon.
7. From this Table 'tis manifeſt, that the
Square from a Binomial Root conſiſts of
the Diagonal Squares of the greater and
the leſſer Nomen, with two Rećtangles made
by them. The Cube of the Diagonal Cubes
of the greater and the leſſer, with three So
lids made by the Square of the greater up
on the leſſer, and three other Solids made
by the greater upon the Square of the leſſer.
Thus from this Table you may learn the
Parts of which higher Powers conſiſt.
8. This Table (being full of fine Myſte
ries) do's alſo ſhew how many places be
long to every Power or to its Complements.
For
\
y
For becauſe between two Squares there can
be but one kind of Complement, there
fore the Square requires but one place for
its Complement. But becauſe between two
Cubes there are two kinds of Complements,
therefore the Cube does require two places
for its Complements,
N O T E S.
5 Every intermediate Species, &c.] That

is, (for inſtance take the fifth Power) the
third Species AcEq (before which, in the fourth
Power, ſtand next to it AcE and Aqeq) takes
from the former Ac, and from the latter Eq.
And ſo of all other Specieſ.
But the Number prefixed, &c.] To keep
to the former inſtance, Io prefixed to AcEq ir
the Aggregate of 4 and 6 prefixed to AcE and
Aq£q in the foregoing Power.
C H A P. XIII.
Concerning the Geneſs or Compoſition

of POW ERS.
I. Sº you are to compoſe a Square
from the Root 57. Then the great
er Note A is 5 or 50. The leſſer E is 7.
- - Let
Let them be written at the diſtance of one
Place or Degree from one another, and
draw a Line under
them. Under 5 25||7|Aq
ſet its Square 25, 7|o 2AE Gnomon.
under 7 its, which 49| Eq 3
is 49, then double 3249
5 and multiply its
double by 7, and the Produćt will be two
Rećtangles, viz., 70; and write 70 in the
intermediate Place. Add them up as they
ſtand, and the Produćt will be 3249 for
the ſquare of the ſide 57.
2. Suppoſe you were to make a Cube from
the Root 57. Let them be ſet down two
Places one from the other, and draw a Line
under them. Under 5
ſet its Cube 125, and 5 || 7 -
º
under 7 its Cube 343. 125| Ac
Then treble the Square 52|;
of 5, and multiply it
º:
7|35 |3AEq
ſo trebled by 7, and the
Product will be 525; 135||93.
342| Ec :
three greater Solids to
be ſet in the former intermediate Place ;
alſo treble 5, and multiply it ſo trebled by
49 the Square of 7., the Produćt will be
735; three leſſer Solids to be ſet in the lat
ter intermediate Place, that is, one Place
further towards the right hand. Add them
up
up as they ſtand, and the Produćt will be
185193, for the Cube of 57.
3. If the Root conſiſt of many Figures, as
this 57299. Firſt you muſt compoſe the
Power of the two firſt Figures 57; then ta
king 57 for A, and the next Figure 2 for
E, proceed as before ; and ſo till you have
diſpatch'd all the Figures in the Root.
5 || 7 || 2 | o 9 The Root.
25 Aq
7 o |2AE
49 | Eq Gnomon. -
32 49
2.2, 8 §E
2,
4 || Eq {Gnomon.
32 || 7 I | 84 || Oo Aq
I | O2 || 96 || O |2AE
81 #Gnom.
32 || 72 |86 || 96 | 81 | The Square.
60 Mr. Oughtred's Key -
5 || 7 || 2 | o | 9 || Root.
I 25 Ac
52|5 |3AqE
7|35 |3AEq}~ Gnomon.
|#43'Éc"
Ac
185.194 3 AqF
F,949.4
684 3 AEqX Gnomon.
| 8 Ec N
187|149248]..., | |Ac
88.33968oſo |3 AqF
| I 3 395.60 3 AEqX Gnomon.
-
729| Ec
187.5760ſ;973.19. Cube.
4. From what has been ſaid it will not be
hard to compoſe any Power.
CH A P.
of the Mathematicks. 6I
C H A P. XIV.
Concerning the Analyſis or the Extrađion

of the Roots of POWERS.
I. Fter you have pointed the Power
A according to #.
,
ſetting your
firſt point under the Unites you muſt take
the Diagonal Power out of the Figures of
the firſt Point on the left hand, and ſet its
Root down by itſelf, ſomewhere near your
work; and then call it A. the Remainder
as far as the next Point (which is under
ſtood to contain the Gnomon ) being di
vided by a Diviſor made up of A according
to the Nature of the Power, gives the ſe
cond part of the Root E; with which you
are to compleat the Gnomon, and to ſub
ſtraćt it being compleated out of that Re
mainder, which it has relation to.
And thus again, the whole Power of the
two Figures firſt found contained under
the two firſt Points being ſubſtraćted, there
will remain a Gnomon reaching to the
third Point; by means of which and your
Diviſor, as before, you may find the third
. part of the Root; as before. Tº
€.
The Extrašion of the Square Root.

.P.
* 23:02:
3.272.86 9.6|8.” (57209
—|—l t—The Punétation.
25.
IO
Aq
2A
|| Diviſor.
7o 2AE C
49 Eq 3
749 Gnomon:
It |4_2A Diviſor.
* 22 ||8 2 AE -
——l+— EE *
22 |84. Gnomon.
I || 44 2 A Diviſor
t 144 |o 2A Diviſor
1 oz.96 |o 2AE
81 Eq
r" |32.9% 8: Gnomon
The
The Extraćtion of the Cube Root.
2.288
£2,044' 35.3
+8.723?
–*~ –S-
62 r -
| 5.8.2. 32 g ($72.99
Ac
**3,
75 Aq
|5 |3A
7|65 |Diviſ,
52|5
#:
7|15
_343 | FC
|3Aqe
_68|r 23, Gnom

974 |7 3Aq
—l—-17 | 3A
976 |4I Diviſor
I|949 |4 3AqE
6 |84 3AEq
- *- 8 | EC
_* 238.248 Gnom
—|—||
98.155
7 ||62 Big
|3A
—| 99||172 |36 Diviſor T
98.1 5 §26 o 3 Aq T
- (- 171 60 3A
—|–931s 69; Sº Diviſor
8%;
I3
; Ts-à-
º, 3AEq
|899
729 Ec
| *833; ;&Tâyl-āHRE
64 Mr. Oughtred's Key M
2. If the propoſed Number be not a º

º
true figurate Number, ( that is, an exačt

Square) but ſomething remains when the
Work is done, you may ſet after the re
maining Figures as many Ciphers as you
pleaſe, and continue your Extraćtion.
3. From what has been ſaid it will not
be hard to extraćt the Root of any Power,
ſo that you conſult the Table, to learn
thence the conſtituent parts of each Power.
—l
C H A P. XV.
Concerning Surd Roots.

1. T N a rank of Numbers in continual
Proportion. As the firſt is to the
laſt, ſo will be the Power of the firſt, whoſe
Index is equal to the Number of terms,
wanting one to the like Power of the ſe
cond. Let there be, . ; A, M, N, E,
Becauſe SAM:
< M N :: A. Mø
M. º
her will
ill b
be
3. E :: A. §§ A. E::Ac. Ac.
2. Plane Numbers or ſolid Numbers are
then called like, when their reſpective ſides
are proportional, 3. Like.
3. Like plain Numbers are in a duplicate
Ratio (that is as the Squares) of their cor
reſponding fides.
Therefore like plain Numbers are to one
another, as a Square number is to a Square
number. Alſo like ſolid Numbers are in an
triplicate Ratio of their correſponding ſides,
that is as their Cubes are to one another.
Therefore like numbers ſolid bear a cubical
Proportion to one another.
4. And generally all like Figurate Num
bers of divers dimentions are in a Ratio of
| their correſponding ſides, equimultiplicate
to the number of dimenſions of which they
conſiſt. Let the dimenſions be 4, viz.
ABCD of the one, and EFGH of the other
in the Ratio of R to S.
Becauſe
## By Multiplication
ABCD. EFGH: :
C.G. : : R.S - - -
D.H. : R \Rqq. Sqq.

5. If a number be not a true figurate Num
’ her of its kind, its Root is calld a ſurd Root,
and is ſo denoted. VQ64/q4.4/qq2o. Vgci 3.
that is the ſide or Root .# the Square 6, the
fide of the Cube 4, the ſide of the Quadrato
quadrate 20, the ſide of the Quadrato Cube
13, &c.
F 6. Thoſe
6. Thoſe ſurd Roots are call'd Commen
ſurable, whoſe numbers reduc’d to the leaſt
Terms, become true figurate Numbers of
their kind, and are therefore as one number
to another. As Vd 12 and War 47, being
reduced to their leaſt Terms by their greateſt
Common Meaſure važ, become Vg4 and
vg|49; that is, 2 and 7.
Wherefore the VJ12 being to Vg147,
as 2 to 7, they are commenſurable. So
v.c40 and Vc. 715 are to one another,as 2 to
7; becauſe being divided by their greateſt
Common Meaſure Vc;, they become Vc:3
and Vc;43, and therefore commenſurable.
7. Surd commenſurable Roots are added
and Subſtraćted, if the homogene Power of
the ſum or difference of their like numbers
found, (as before ) be drawn upon their
Common Meaſure. . As Vq 147-Hv q11.
is the VG243; that is, the Root of the
Square of 7+? (viz.81 ) drawn upon Vg 2.
And Vol 47-Val2 is Vg15; that is, the
Root of the Square of 7-2, (Viz.25.) drawn
upon v'q3. Alſo Vc.1715-Hvc4o is vºc;645;
that is, the Root of the Cube of 7+2, (viz.
729) drawn upon the Vcs, and Vc.1715–
vºcao is Vc625, that is, the Root of the Cube
of 7-2 (viz. 115) drawn upon the VCŞ.
The
The Examples ſtand thus.

vg|3) waſ 47 (VgA9.7
val? (vg 4.2
Sum Vg 243 va&I.9
Diff. Va 75 Vg 25.5
vc 1715 (Vc343.7
4/c5) vc 40 (Vc 8, 2
Sum Vc,645. Vc"29.9
Diff. Vc. 625. Vci 25.5
V12-Hw'27. v245+ v5.

Or 4. I 2, Iº,
v48—Hv'27 ly’; ‘) V245 (v49, 7

4 4. 3)ſ. (VI. I
4/ ) V48. (V16.4 v320 vº. 8
*2 vºl. (V 9.3 12,
v147, V49.7 v18o V36.6
. . 4. . 12,
v3 Wi. 1
4.
8. But incommenſurable ſurd Roots and

Heterogeneal are added *} º .
the Signs -H or -, as Vg1-Hyq4 an
wcio-Vcs. - * “F : 9. If
9. If a figurate Number be multiplied by
another figurate Number of the ſame kind,
the produćt will be a figurate Number of the
ſame kind, whoſe Root is equal to the pro
dućt of the Roots of the multiplied Numbers
And if a figurate Number be divided
by another of the ſame kind, the quotient
will be a figurate Number of that kind,whoſe l
Root is equal to the quotient of the Root of t

the greater Number, divided by the Root of W
the leſſer. As the produćt of the cubical W
Numbers 343 upon 27–92.61 a Cube, whoſe º
Root is 7x3. Alſo *E*;
10. Wherefore the Multiplication and
Diviſion of homogeneal ſurd Roots, pro
duces a ſurd Root of the ſame kind. As Vg1
upon Vgº is Vg1 and Va") Vaz I (VQ3,
Or ve; ºr Alſo VgA upon VgE, is
vg|AE and VdA ) waſ E ( Vale , or
A
11. But Rootsofa different kind (or He

terogeneal) are not multiplied or divided,
unleſs they be firſt reduced to the ſame kind,
which is done by dividing the Indexes of
both Powers propoſed,by their greateſt Com. .
Ill Oil
of the Mathematicks. 69,
mon Meaſure. And multiplying the Index's
by each others Quotients, and the Powers
themſelves into the Species, denominated by
each others Quotient. Suppoſe the Vaqio
- and VccT were to be multiplied or divided,
firſt let them be reduced to the Vcccc Iooo
and vºcccc49, by cubing to, and ſquaring 7;
then º or divide. So Vaq.A and
vºccBq are to be reduced to VccccAcand
vºccccBqq. As you may ſee in the following
Praxis.
... [...])
:º
{:
I OOO
1O
: §
{
49
7
tº ) ºf 2, al
Again, If the Mcgº be to be multiplied
by 2, for 2 take the vºc?, and by it multi
ply VC22, and the Produćt will be vºcz.56
=2xv'c;2.
Alſo if the vc;2 be to be divided by 2,
for 2 take the W68, and by it divide the
vc;2,and the quotient willbe vcº-:IV.c42.
-
so alº
. . .ºvaAE
.7. vºAq=
49
#A.
7
, - - 12. If
--
7o Mr. Oughtred's Key
12. If the Root of a Power be to be much
plied, according to the Exigency of its own
Species, blot out the Lateral Note of the
the Species, as Q.: Vºló4, or C : Vcó4
is 64.
13. And if the Root of a Power, whoſe
Index is a compounded Number, be to be
multiplied according to the exigence of ei
ther compounding Species. Let the Root of
the other Species be prefix’d, the quantity
remaining as it was. As -
Q, Vccé4=Vc64 and C. McC64–Vgó4,

for Vcc-V [2×3].
14. If a magnitude of ſeveral Parts or
Names be drawn upon it ſelf, one of its
Signs being changed, it will looſe one of
them. As 3+V5+V2 upon 3-H4/5–V2
=12-Hvišo. 3
No res.
1. ‘Til plain, that AMN. MNE : : Ac,
Mc, by contiuual multiplication of the ſeveral
Terms at they ſtand over one another. And
becauſe AM N. MNE : ; A.E; (as is plain
from the multiplication of A and E upon MN
to make them); therefore A.E. : : Ac. Mc.
7. Com
7. Commenſurable Surds, &c.] For at
their common Meaſure, multiplied upon theſe
Numbers found, produce thoſe Surdi, ſo the ſame
Common Meaſure upon the ſum or difference ºf
theſe Number, found produces the Sum or Diffe
rence of thoſe Surdi.
10. Wherefore, &c.] For ſuppoſe
A=bb d v. A=vbb–b
E—cc * ve-vºcc=c.
Then as AE=bbcc, ſo the º */ %E
A
=bc=Vbbcc=VAE, and º =}=”C CC
11. If any one doeſ but conſider tº: Nature

of Powers, he will find no great difficulty in
reducing them.
14. You may ſet them thus, and multiply
them.
3+V5+V2
3-i-V5–V2 --"
9-H34/5
ły;--V2s-V4
2-Hévi-Fºva;-V4: (=5-2-4)
That is 12+V36×v'5,
Or 12-HVi80.
F 4 Ç AP,
C H A P. XVI
concerning E & 2, A T 1 o N s.
I. WW
7 Henſoever any Problem is propo
poſed. § the thing done,
and having uſed a fit Ratiocination, call the
ſought quantity A, or any other Vowel:
and for the given Quantities put Conſo
Ilants. -
2. Purſue the Queſtion as the matter will

give leave, and compare, add , ſubſtract,
multiply or divide, till at laſt you find ſome
thing given equal to the quantity ſought, or
ſome power of it. " '
3. And becauſe at firſt the known and
unknown Quantitieslie promiſcuouſly toge
ther, the Terms are to be ſo ordered, that
what is given in meaſure be brought to one
ſide, and the unknown or ſought Quanti
ties to the other. | doing which the five
following Rules will direá *
-- - - 4. Firſt
4. Firſt, If the ſought Quantity; or any
degree of it be in a Fraćtion, reduce all the
Quantities to one Denomination, ſo that
the common Denominator being dropt, the
Equation may conſiſt only of the Nume
Iſatoſs.
As A–C–Aq+Bq+B+C.
D
Then DA—DC=Aq+Bq+DB+DC.
5. Secondly, If what is given in meaſure
mixed with the unknown Quantities,
tranſpoſe them both, changing their Signs.
DA—DC=Aq+Bq+DB+DC.
Tranſpoſe DC and Aq; DA-Aq=
2DC+DB+Bq. Which rule is to be ob
ſerved in all Tranſpoſition.
6. Thirdly, If the higheſt Species of the
ſought Quantity be drawn upon any given
Quantity, divide the Equation by it.
BAq+Bq/A=Zc.
Divide by B. Aq+BA=Zc.
-
- -- " - B
7. Fourthly, If it happen that all the gi.
ven Quantities be drawn upon ſome degree
of the ſought Quantity, divide the Equation
by the loweſt Species, according to the or
der ofthe Table. A
. ... S
As *ººl
Divide by Aq Aq+BA=Zq Aq.
And after this manner any Equation may
be depreſſed, if all the Terms be divided
by the ſarne degree; as Ac-HXAq=Nc, di
vide by A,and there will be Aq-HXA=Nc:
A
But if you divide by Aq there will be A+X
=Nc. Which Operation will be of uſe in
q
the numerous Reſolution of affected Equati
ons; becauſe the ſide is more eaſily judged of
in leſſer than in greater Powers.
8. Fifthly, Ifany Quantity be a ſurd Root.
The Equation is to be purſued in the Powers
themſelves. VgBA+B+C. Andby Tranſ
qoſition v'gBA=C-B. Therefore being
Squared,
BA=CG-2CB+Bq, or
A = CG-2CB+Bq
B.
Alſo yu: BA+CA:—D=B, or

vu: BA+CA=D+B. Therefore
being ſquared, BA+CA=Bq+2BD+Dq,
or A=Bq+2BD+Da
B+C.
Laſtly,
Laſtly, va-º-vas, or by the 11.
of Chap. 15. vº- vºccº Aq. Where
} fore Ac-108Aq, and A=108.
9. The conſtitution of Equations that con
ſiſt of three Species, equally aſcending in
the Scale, will appear from Seči. 2, 3, 4.
) Cap. II. For becauſe
Z—A=E (Multiply 2A
Z-E=A ) both ( E
A—X=EY parts A
E+ X= A ( upo n YE
And ſo of the Z, and X., &c.
And there will ariſe ſuch Equations.
ZA—Aq=E Aq—XA=#E
ZAq-Aqq=#Eq Aqq—X.Aq=#Eq
7Ac – Accº-Éc Acc-XAc-AFC,
0. &c.
ZE—Eq=E Eq+XE=AE
Z.Eq-Eqq=#Eq Eqq+X.Eq=#Eq
‘ZEc-Ecc-Éc Ecc-HºxEc-AEc
C. &c.
When therefore an Equation is propoſed,
conſiſting of three Species, equally aſcend
1ng
ing in the Scale. You muſt ſuppoſe the ab
ſolute Quantity given, to be a Rećtangle
under the two ſought Quantities; Whether
they be, Roots, or Squares, or Cubes, dºc.
or whatſoever be the Power of the middle
Species. But in the middle Species, if the
higheſt Species be negative, the Coefficient
is the ſum of two unknown Quantities; and
to be expounded of them both. If affirma
tive, the Coefficient is the difference of
them: And the Species to be expounded of
the greater, being negative, or of the leſſer,
being affirmative.
Now the Sum and Rećtangle oftwo Quan
tities be given, the Difference is alſo given:
.
Or the Difference and Rećtangle be given,
the Sum is given. For by the 2, Chap. 11;
Q: #7 :-AE=Q+X
Q: #X: +/E=Q#Z . . .
Therefore Vu:#Zq—É=}X
-- vu: ; Xq+E=#Z. A
And #Z, and #x of two Quantities being
given, the Quantities themſelves are given.
1. Rule. ::Z+va;;zq—E:GX) ==
Il Rule vºxº-E:Gzºx=} .
And
§§ theſe two Rules will ſerve to ſolve
ſuch Equations as conſiſt of 3 Species equal.
ly aſcending in the Scale.
19. The Compoſition of the Six Bino
mials from their ſurd Roots. The Rule is
2 this: Z-H2AE=Zq. But for Reſiduals,
'tis Z-2AE=Xq.
I: Example. Let the Binomial 4+vir
be Squared. Here the z is 16+11=27:
and Æ is V16xvi 1–V176; the double ºf
which is V704. Therefore the Square wift
be 27+v'704. This is the firſt Binomial.
II. Example. Let the former Bimedial
be Squared, viz. Vgq. 12+ Vgqº. Here
Z, is viz-Hv #, or wº-twº!, that is,
the v 43 by 7. Chap. 15. And AE is
viz. 3. theqqº,0rvgq;
vgq12xv × Mgq27=Vqq81
dºuble of which is 6. J
Therefore the Square will be v '#-F6.

- 4.
This is the ſecond Binomial.
III. Example. Let the latter Bimedial,
} beSquared, viz.
- vaqºvaqis. Here Z, is vº
++
V. 15, or the Vºivº, that is v * by
y
7 Chap.15.
7, Chap. 15. And AE is the vºzvaq
15, or the Vgq8oxyqq5; that is, Ygq4oo
viz. vio. The double' of which is the
y’80.
Therefore the Square will be vº.

v8o. This is the Third Binomial.
In the Three following, which conſiſt
of Binomial and Reſidual Roots conneéted.
As Vb. A+E: plv r = A-E: It is mani
feſt, that the Z is 2A, and the AE is vaq
Eq. Wherefore,
IV. Example. Let the Major be Squar
ed9 v6:1-#vº;
4.
2,
pl. wº-vº.
4. 2,
Here Z,
is 7-1-1. e i./, .49_2?

is ;--; that is 7. And £isvu: 4 4
that is, vº, viz. V5. The double of which

is the v10. Then the Square is 7+Vio.
This is the Fourth Binomial.
W. Example, Let the Potent a Rational,

with a Medial be Squared, viz. Vb : M5
-- 1: pl. Vr: V5–1. Here the ſum of the
Squares is the V5+V5, that is vºzo; º
HE is the V5–1, that is, V4, viz. z. There
fore the Square is v2.0+4. This is called
the Fifth Binomial.
º VI. Example. Let the Potent, two Me

dials be Squared, viz. Vb : V 5+v3 ; pl.
v'rºv; – v3. Here Z is the V5+V5, that
is vºo: and the AE is the V5–3, that is,
v2 : the double of which is the V8. The
Square therefore is vºo-Hv8. This is call
. the Sixth Binomial.
II. The Reſolution of Binomials. In a
Quadratick Binomial, the greater part or
nomen is the Z, the leſſer 2.É. But in
the 2. Chap.9, we have this Equation.
*Zq—E=#xq: viz. Q.: A+E :—AE
4. l 4. 4.
= Q, A—E.
Wherefore, if inſtead of A and E you

take their Squares Aq and Eq, there will be
#Q. Aq+Eq i-AqB=; Q: Aq-Eq.
That is #zº-Eq=x, From which
Theorem
Theorem this Rule is deduced, for the A.
nalyſis or Reſolution of Binomials.
+74-va-Lya—Fa: ſix \–44.
;złvatiza -Eq. (: x)=#.
I. Example. Let the fide of the firſt Bi
nomial be ſought, viz., 27-FV704; which
conſiſts of theſe parts, Z-H2BE, wherefore
+z, is?? , and Æ the v'704
2. 2,
4. , andžzº
Æq is 7?? 794, thatis 2: ; the Root of
- 4 4. 4.
which 2. is #x. Butby the Rule #4-i-

2, 2. –2.
º Ji, : Therefore the Root is 4+VI 1.

Andiscalled the firſt Binomial.
II. Example. Let us find the Root of

the ſecond Binomial, V #46. viz. Z-H
2/E. Wherefore ;z is #.
6
and Æis 3.
And *za-Ra
4. Zq AEq is 147
isigº— (); 1443. that
. . . 15,
.
3.
16'
Now
ºf the Mathematicks; 81
Now the vá. #x. But according to

the Rule V:. 147+V3_v. 12. v.
IZ-T&T v27. v qq27
qq12
Therefore the Root is v qq.12+v gº

And it is called the former Bimedial.
III. Example: Let us find the Root of

the third Binomial v #+v 8o , viz.
Z-1-2.É. #z is the vº, and the AEvzo

and 2.Zq—Eqis *45_
I 2.
(zo) *”
I 2.
that is,
4.
I 2.
Now the váis;x. Butby the Rule
V145+V;=V8o. vaq80
12 T 12 º' T
v15 . Vgg 15
{ Therefore
the Root of this Binomial is vº

vgq15. And it is called the latter Bimedial.
G IV. Ex:
IV. Example. Let us find the Root of
the fourth Binomial 7-FV20, viz. Z-H2AE.
wº #Z, is # ; and AE is V5.i.
and #74–AFq is : * –(5) **: that is #:
Now the vºx. . . 4.
But by the Rule
—”
1+visvº
4.
: 7+V29
4. 2,
gtº-w29vr 7-vºg
* . . . .
Therefore the Root will be vb. Hº :
pl; wº- #. And called the Major.
W. Example. Let us find the Root of the

fifth Binomial wºo--Z, viz.Z-H2AE. Where
fore #4720 is the V5 : and Æ is 2; and
#Zq—Eq is 5–4; that is, I : Whoſe Root I
is #x. But by the Rule
W;+1=V5+1 . Vb. V5+1
5 v'5–1 . Vr. V5–1.
Therefore the Root is Vb : V5+1 : pl.
vºr. V5–1. And is called the Potent, a Ra
tional with a Medial.
VI. Example. Let us find the Root of
the ſixth Binomial Vio-FV8, viz, Z+2.É.
Where.
Wherefore #z, is vs; and the HE the V2:
and #7.q-AEq is 5–2, that is 3; whoſe
root v3 is #X. But by the Rule
- _V4-Hv'3. Vb. V5+V3
Y;+/-º.
Wherefore the Root of this Binomial is
v'b. V5+v'3: pl. Vrv;—v’3.
And it is called the Potent two Medials.
12. And here by the way we may learn

the Conſtruction of a plain Rećtangular
Triangle. Becauſe Zq=Xq+4AE, viz.
Hq=Ba-HCG, per 47 of the firſt Book of
Euclid. Any two Lines or Numbers being
given A and E, the ſides of the Rećtangular
Triangle will be A+E. A–E and V4AB,
or (inſtead of A and E, you take Aq and Eq)
they will be Aq-l-Eq. Aq-Eq. 2AE. Viz.
V4Aq Eq Or, if you take two Numbers,
2 and i, the ſides will be 3.1. V8. viz. 2.-H.I.
2–1, V4×2x1, or alſo 5, 3, 4 viz. 4+1.
2-1. and 2x 1 twice. **
13. Two Rećtangular Triangles being

given, H. B.C. and h. b. c. to make a third
of them, and that two ways.
Firſt, Becauſe B4=Hq—CQ,
and ba-hq- cq.
Let them be Multiplied upon one another
and there will be BqGba-Ha ha-HCG Incq1.
2
mi. Hgcq+Cq.hq. . . .
But Hahq+Cq.cq+2HChc=Q.Hh-HCC.
And Hgcq+Cqhq+2HChc=QHc—HCh.
Subdućt one Square from another and
there will be BQ bg=QHh-HCc : mi. Q:
Hc-)-Ch. -
And ſo of theſe is made a third Triangle

Bb. Hh-HCC. HC-HCh: This is the firſt
Rule. In Words thus:
For the Baſe of the new Triangle, take
a Rećtangle of the Baſes: For the Hypote:
nuſe a Rećtangle of the Hypotenuſes increaſ
ed, with a Rećtangle of the Catheti.
For the Cathetus : A Rećtangle made
by the Hypotenuſes of the firſt and the
Cathetus of the ſecond increaſed with a
Rectangle , made by the Cathetus of the
firſt, and the Hypotenuſe of the ſecond.
Secondly, Becauſe HQ=Bq+Cd -
- - hq=bq+ cq. .
Multiply them upon one another; there will
be HQ h9–Bqbq+Cq cqpl. Bacq+Cqbq.
But Babg-HCQ cq—2BCbc=Q.Bb-CC.
And Bqcq+Cqbq+2 BCbc=Q.Bc-HCb.
Add theſe together, and there will be HQ ha
=Q:Bb–CC:pl.Q.Bc4+Cb And ſo of theſe
is made a 3d. Triangle,Hh.Bb-CC.Bc-HCb. i
This is the ſecond Rule. In Words thus.
For the Hypotenuſe of the new Trian
gle take the Rečtangle of the Hypotenuſes
For
For the Baſe; a Rećtangle of the Baſes
leſs by the Rećtangle of the Catheti.
For the Cathetus ; a Rećtangle made
by the Baſe of the firſt, and the Cathetus
of the ſecond , increaſed with a Rećt
angle made by the Cathetusof the firſt and
the Baſe of the ſecond.
14. If the fides of a Rećtangular Tri

angle be Multiplied continually according
to theſe two Rules, the firſt Multiplication
will make a Bicompoſit Triangle, the ſe
cond a Tricompoſit, the third a Quadri
compoſit, &c.
Example. Rule I. Bb. HhHCc, HC-HCh.

;. H.
H. C.
C.
A ſimple Triangle.
Bq. Hº-HCQ.2HCA Bicomofit Triangle.

B H C -
Bc. HC-HC4.2HgC
2HCq. HaC+Cc
"Bchc-H2HCq.3HQC+CC.
B H C Tricompoſit
po
Bqq.HQq+3HgCd. 3HCC+HCc
Cºq+3HgCd. HCC-H4HCC
*; Hqq+6 Ferrerºgic. Go
Quadricompoſit.
‘. G 3 Rx
Example. Rule II. Hh. Bb-CC. Bc-HCb.
H. B. C. Simple.
H. B.C
THQ. BQ-CQ, 2 BC. Bicompoſit.
H B C
TI. H. BC. EqC T
—2 BCG BøC-CC
Hc. BC–3BCq. 3 BqC—CC. Tricompſit.
H B C
Hqq. Bqq-4 Bq.Cq. 3BCC-BCc

Cqq-3BGCG. BCC-3BCc
Hqq. Bqq-6BqCQ--Caq:4Bc3-4BCC.
H B C. &c. Quadricompoſit.
N O T E S.
9. In which there are Three Species.º.e.] -
That is, if the Exponents ofthe unknown Quan

tity be in Arithmetical Progreſſion. As A.A.A. I.
Whoſe Exponents are 2. i. o. or Aqqº, Aq. i.
whoſe Exponents are 4, 20, and the like.
Now the Sum and Rećtangle, &c.] For
becauſe Q Z:--AF=Q. #X. Or which is
all one, Tāzq : —É=#Xq. Wherefore
vu: #Zq-É=V:Xq=#X.
Again,
Again, Q#X: +E=Q, #Z. Or which
it all one, , ; Xq-l–F=# Zq. Therefore
Vu : X-1-E=v';Zq=#Z. .
Io. Twill not here be a miſ, to take an
| Example or two.
The Fifth Example is this.

v'b: V5+1 : pl. Vr V5–1, and (as hath
been obſerved) Z=2A and Æ=v'Aq-Eq.
Therefore the Z=lv;; that is the vio.
(For ſuppoſe no in Square # the V5
will be half the vio, and 2v3 the V20;
as appears from the Figure.) . And the
F=v'5—1. For (as was before ſaid ) º
F=VAq-Eq. and 5-Aq and 1=Eq.

Therefore V5–1=VAq-Eq.
The Sixth Example is this.

vb: V5+v; ; pl. V5–V3. Here again
for the ſame reaſon, Z is 24/5 , that is, V20:
and the E is v3–3 ; for 5-A A and
3=EE, *
G4 CHAP:
88: Mr Oughtred's Key
C H.A. P. XVII. -
A Second Inſpeãion of the latter Table

in the 12. Chap. -
I. A LL the Species of Powers ariſing

from the Binomial Root A+E are
Affirmative. Every other Species of Powers,
ariſing from the Reſidual Root is Negative.
As the Q : A–E : is Aq-2 AE-HEq,
and the C.A–E: is Ac—3 AqL+3AEq—Ec.
And the Q Q : A–E : Aqq-4AcE+
6Aq Eq-4AEc-HEqq , , &c. So that if
you take the Alternate Species of any Power
and make two diſtinét Sums of them, theſe
Sums conne&ted with the Sign of the Root,
will be the Power of the Root it ſelf. And
this is the Conſtitution of Binomials and
Reſiduals, Quadratick and Cubick, &c.
2. Wherefore the Difference of the Parts
of a Binomial or Reſidual Power is the
homogene Power of the Difference of the
partsof the Root. As Ac-H3AEq mi, 3AqE
H-Ec,or Ac-H4AEq—3Aqe-Eq=C.A–E.
3. And the Difference of the Squares of
the parts of a Binomial or Reſidual Power, is
the homogene power of the Difference of the
Squares of the Parts of the Root. As
of the Mathematicks.89
Q: Ac'-- 3 AEq mi. Q 3AqE+Ec is
C: Aq-Eq.
For according to the Example of Rule I.
in the 16. Chap. Sett. 14. If A be the Hy
potenuſe of the Triangle, and E the Ca
thetus, and Aq-Eq the Square of the
Baſe. The Theorem may otherwiſe be ex
preſſed thus,
Q. HC-H.3HCq. mi : Q. 3 HQC+Cc=
C: B4-Q_: Bc. Therefore, &c.
4. But if the Species of which thoſe Parts
conſiſt, be alternately Affirmative and Ne
gative, the Sum of the Squares of thoſe
parts is the homogene Power of the Sum of
the Squares of the parts of the Root.
As Q. Ac—3 AEq. pl. Q: 3 Aqe-Ec is
the C : Aq+Eq.
For according to the Example of Rule II.
Chap. 16. Seči. 14. If A be the Baſe of the
Triangle, and E the Perpendicular, and
Aq+Eq the Square of the Hypotenuſe,
º may º be expreſſed thus;
: BC–3 BCQ, pl. Q. 3BqC-Cc=
=C, HG=Q. H.S.tiº &c.
: 5. All the Intermediate Species of every
Rank, are alſo Powers of mean Proporti
onals between A and E. For between Ac
and Ecthere are two mean Proportionals,
AqE and AEq; which are alſo Cubes of
M and N: So that A. VCAqE. VCAEq. E.
are in continual Proportion, viz., A.M.N.E.
-
For
For AqB=AMN=Mc and AEq=MNE
=Nc. And from hence you may learn to
find as many mean Proportions as you pleaſe.
If you would find Five, the Power muſt be
the Sixth, or cc; the Index of which ex
ceeds, by one, the number of mean Pro
portionals ſought. -
And they will be A. VccAqcE. Vºcaqq.

Eq.vccAcEc. VccAqEqq VccAEqc. E. H.
6. Every intermediate Species is made of
the two Powers of the Parts of the Root,
whoſe Indexes both together are equal to
the Index of that Power to which it belongs.
But the diſtance of the middle Species from
the Extremes, is equal to the Index of one
of the foregoing Species on the one hand,
and the other on the other of which it is
Compounded; and between which it ſtands,
tiz. Aqec is made by Aq upon Ec, and is
the third from Aqc, and the ſecond from
EqC. --~ -
A Conſeótary. And hence it is eaſie to

conſtruct the Power of any Binomial Root
given, having found all the mean Propor
tionals between each part of the Root, and
that Power of each which you are to Con
ſtruct. For Example; Let the fifth Power
of A+VAE be Conſtručed, the Cube will
be Aqc-F
of the Mathematicks. 9I
Aqc-H A Aqc
IoHEAc-H AcAq9 ;wÆAqcc
5AEq.A plus AAq Jo AEAc
5v'ĀAqcc-H Iov/EcAqq
Iov'AſcAqq+ **Evre 5 figA
| v'AEqc. */EqAc.
Which is a Binomial Quadrato-Cubical.
7. If any Specics be multiplied upon the
HE, the Produćt will be a middle collateral
Species, in the next row ſave one, and e
qually diſtant in number from the two Ex
tremeS.
Ack He is AqqE, which is the firſt in or
der after Aqc, and the fourth from Eqc. So
AcExAF is Aqq.Eq, which is the ſecond from
Acc, and the fourth from Ecc: And ſo of
the reſt.
8. If any Species be multiplied by A—E
or X, the produćt will be the Difference
between thoſe two Species in the row
following it that lie next it, one on one ſide,
and the other on the other. As
Acx=Aqq-AcE. AqBX=AcE-AqEq.
AEqX=AqEq-AEc. EcK=AEc-Eqq.
Hence if all the Species of any Rank be
multiplied by X, the Difference of the two
ČXtſ'Cille
extremeSpeciesofthe next higher Rank will
be produced.
;
As Ac-HAqE+AEq+ExXis Aqq-Eqq.
9. In thoſe Ranks which ſtand in odd
places, or have odd Indexes, (le, a c, &c.)
the ſum of the two extreme Powers: But in
thoſe Ranks which have even Indexes (4,
4'4 cc.&c.) the Difference of the ſame is made
by A+E, drawn upon each Species of the
lower foregoing Rank, having their Signs
alternately, affirmative, and negative.
As Ac-HEc is made by Aq-AE-HEq.
drawn upon A+E. And Aqq-Eqq is made
by Ac—AqE+AEq—Ecupon A+E.
10. If the ſame Quantity be multiplied
upon two contrary Quantities, the produced
Quantities will be contrary. As A q
2AE+Equpon A–E makes Ac—3Aqe-H
+3 AEq—Éc. But the ſame upon-A+E
makes--Ac-H3AqE-3AEq+Ec.
11. The Uncia: or Numbers perfixed to the
ſeveral Species are numerarie Figures. All
under A and E are laterals; all under A
and Eq are Triangulars; all under Ac an
Ec are Pyramidals; all under Aqq and Eqq
are Triangulo-Triangulars; all under Aqc
and Eqc are Triangulo Pyramidals; all i.
- dºr
of the Mathematicks. 9;
der Acc and Ecc are Pyramidi-Pyramidals,
dºe.
12. If a Root conſiſts of three parts

A.E.I.
É A *::::A;
à l'Aq,2AE( 9 13 Aqe. 3AEq
3&E. EIX:#&#Aqi Alq
g YIq. 2AI (9);Eqi. 3EIq
-E
H 6AEI.
And Note, that if any Species, the num

ber of negative Sides be odd, the Species will
be negative; as Q: A-HE—I: is Aq+2AE+
2AE--Eq-2Eſ-HIq—2AI, and the C: A
i.e. is Ac-H3AqE-H3AEq+Ec-3Eq.[
3EIq-Ic-3Aql-H2AIq—6AEL
N O T E S,
3. If you Square Ac-H3AEq, and Square

3Aqb-HEc, and ſubſtračf the latter from the
former, you will them find the remainder equal
to the Cube of AA—EE.
5. Which are alſo Cubes of M and N.]
Let there be A.M. N.E. H., then there will be
AMN=Mc, and MNEENc. For AN=
=Mg, and therefore ANM- Mc §:
s
94 ºf the Mathematicks.
ME=Nq, and therefore MNE=Nc. So
here multiply A and VcAqe, and VcAEq con
tinually; or which is all one, VcAAA and
VcAqEand VCAEqcontinually, and there will
ariſe vºca AAAAAEEF=AAE. Likewiſe
multiply VcAqE and v'cAEq and VceEEcon
tinually, and there will ariſe vºca AAEEEEEE
=AEE. Therefore they are in continual Pro
portion. -
C H A P. XVIII.
Of E Q & A T 1 O N S.
I. Fº the firſt and moſt eaſie Equa
| tions, which are nothing but either
expoſitions of the Terms or ſimple Affe
étions, (ſuch as are thoſe of Chap. 11.
*Z–E=}X, and , k+E=}Z, &c.) innu
merable others may be deduced by Addition,
Subdućtion, Multiplication, Diviſion, Tranſ
poſition, and Interpretation; by taking that
which is found equal to ſomething elſe, in
the room of that to which it is found equal.
Which Analytical Furniture is not leſs pre
cious than plentiful; of which I ſhall give
you ſome of the moſt chief and neceſſary
ones. Many more may be found by a Stu
dent of this Art. And whereſoever, either
1n
Mr. Oughtred's Key 95
in Arithmetick, or Geometry, or in any
other Art, he ſhall meet with a quantity
equal to another, that is the ſame quantity
diverſly expreſſed. He muſt all manner of
ways diſcuſs and vary that equality, that he
may find a new Inſtrument that may be
uſeful to him, which he is to keep in ſtore,
and (as he ſhall have opportunity) to bring
forth for the help and advancement of this
Art.
2. Q : 1:=9Q :#: &c. C. 1–27 C:#:

: I :=}Q: 3 : &c. C. 1 :=* C: 3 :
QG 1.-:Q; ; ; &c. C. 1.-3. C. :
*Q; 1 =;x*Q:::ó’c. 3C:1:=;x*C:; :
#Q4:=2x16Q:1:6 c. 3C 4:=2x64C:1
3 3
3. If a Line be biſe&ted and otherwiſe;

the Rećtangle under the unequal Segments,
is equal to the difference of the Squares of
the Biſegment and the Interſegment; i. e.
of half the ſum and half the difference of
the Segments, 5 & 2. AE=Q_; # A-1-#E :
mi_Q.: #A-#E, and that is AE=, Zq
#Xq.
4. If a Biſe&ted Line be increaſed. A
Rectangle under the whole increaſed, and
the augment is equal to the difference of the
Squares
Squares of the Biſegment increaſed, and the
Biſegment 6 & 2. Af-E upon E=Q: #A
+E: mi Q: #A. And A+E upon A=
Q: #E--A : m i Q #E.
Therefore the ſum of three--, (Aq-HA
E+Eq) with either of the Extrems being
given, the other two are given thus:
vu: Aq+AE+Eq—łAq: mi;A=E
vu: Aq+AE--Eq-#Eq: mi;E=A.
For Q:# A-HE: =#Aq+AE+Eq.
And Q:#E+A=Aq+AE--. Eq.
5. If you divide a Line any where,the Sum
of the Squares of the whole, and of one Seg
ment, is equal to the aggregate of theSquare
of the other Segment, and a double Rect
angle under the whole Line, and the for :
mer Segment, 7 & 2. Zq+-Aq=27, A-HEq,
and Zq+Eq=27E+Aq. T. Wherefore
2ZA-l-Eq-Aq=Zq=22E--Aq-Eq.
6. If a Line be divided any where and
lengthened with either of the Segments,
four Rećtangles under the Line ſo divided
and the added Segment is equal to the Dif.
ference between the Square of the whole line,
ſo lengthened, and the Square of the other
Segment, 8 & 2. Q. Z-l-E :-Aq=42E,
and Q : Z--A:—Eq=4ZA. F
- 7. I
7. If a Line be divided into equal and into
unequal Segments, the Sum of the Squares
of the unequal Segments, is equal to twice
the Sum . Squares of the Biſegment and
Interſegment, 9 & 2. -
jº. #A+;E: +10.4A-#E.

8. If you divide a Line equally and add a
fline to it. The Sum of the Squares of the
whole, ſo lengthened, is equal to twice
the Sum of the Squares of the Biſegment ſo
lengthened, and the Biſegment Io e 2.
Q.:A+E:+Eq=2O:#A+E:-H2O::A;
Q: A+E: +Aq=zQ3;E+A: +2O:#E:
9. Aq=ZA—AE=XA+AE=;ZA+:
#3. Z—E:=Q: E-HX: =Z—Eq=
". Eq=ZE—AE=AE —XE=; ZE—
#XE=Q:Z-A :=Q. A–X=Z—Aq=
Aq-X.
• Io. AE=}Zq—#Xq=ZA—Aq=ZE—
Eq=Aq—XA=Eq+XE={Zq—#Z=:Z.
-#Xq-#ZA—#XA=;ZE-HXE.
11. Z=Aq+Eq=Zq—1. AE = ? AE
Xq=ZE+XA=ZA—XE=-Q.: #2, -
2Cº #Z—E:=QA-2N :-l-Q:2M-E=
37:44xq=º: # :-H2O: #x:. 3.
Oſº
Conſeótary may be drawn from the two
laſt Equations, viz. If a Quantity conſiſt
of the Squares of two other Quantities,
its double will conſiſt of two Squares, name
ly, of the Sum and of the Difference. And
its half will conſiſt of two Squares, namely,
of half the Sum,and half the Semi-Difference.
And X=Aq—Eq=ZX=22A–Zq=
Zq–27.E=2XA—Xq=2XE-HXq=ZA
—ZE==XA-HXE=Zq– 27 F=ZA-HXE
—2AE=XA-H2AE-ZE=Q_: A+2N: mi:
Q. 2M-HE.
12. Q_: #A+#E: =Q: #A—#E: +AE.
And Q. * A–3 E = Q, # A-1-4E: —AE.
For Zq=#Xq+-AF.
13. 2A+2E upon A=2 Aq-F2AE=Zq
--Xq. And 2A-2E upon A=2 Aq-2 AE
=X-l-Xq. And 2A-H2E upon E=2 AE
+2Eq=Zq—X. And 2A-2E upon E=
2AE -2Eq=X-Xq.
14. X.4=ZqXq=Z+1+, upon Z-25E
=Zq-4AqBq.
15. ZAF-Aqe-]—AEq. And XAE=AqE
—AEq. And Z.É=AcB+AEc. And
X.AE=AcE—AEc. Wherefore Z-H.32.É.
=Zc. And Z-3X/E=Xc. So that Z.Z.
EZ
=Z-HZE=Ac-HAqE+AEq+Ec. And
ZX=x— XAE-Ac-AqE+AEq—Ec.
And ºzºś
Ec. , And XX=Z-ZAF=Ac-AqE—
AEq+Ec. Hence Z.Z-HXX=27. And
X,Z-HZX=2x. And Z.Z–XX=22.É.
And XZ-ZX=2XAE.
16. If in a Circle 7 be to 22 : ; 3. T : :
113. 355.. then
3. T :: 2R. P. Periph.
3. T : : RQ. Circle.
3.T.: : 2Rc. Cylind.
3. T : : Rc. Sphaer.
- 3.7 : ; ;Rc. Cone. s
And
T. 3 : : #P. R. Semidiarn.
T.3 : : #Pg. Circle.
Tg. 34 : : #Pc. Cylind.
Tg. 3d : #Pc. Sphaer.
> Tg.8q : ; #, PC. Con.
17: Moreover theſe Problems and Theos
' rems are to be underſtood.
Theorm 1. Thoſe Triangles are equal, in

which either three Sides, or two with the
Angle made by them, or two Sides with
) H 2. aſı
IOO Mr. Oughtred's Key
an Angle oppoſite to the ſame Side,ſuppoſing
there be an Angle oppoſite to the third Side
of the ſame kind: Or two Angles with the
Side that lies between them, or two Angles
with a ſide ſubtended to the ſame Angle,
are equal. 4. 8. 26. & I.
Theor. 2. Plain Triangles are like, if they
are Equiangular, or have all their ſides pro
portional, or have one Angle equal, and
another between proportional Sides, and a
third of the ſame kind; 4. 5.6.7. A 6.
Theor. 3. In every Triangle the greater
Side is ſubtended to the greater Angle, and
the leſſer to the leſſer, and the equal ſide to
the equal. 18, 19. 1.
. Theor. 4. Two right Lines are Parallel,
if a right Line cutting them makes either the
alternate Angles, or the external and inter
nal, oppoſite Angles, or the two internal
of the ſame ſide, equal to two right Angles.
And on the contrary, 27. 18. 19. 30. 1.
For parallel Lines are as it were one broad
Line. -
Theor. 5. The three Angles of a Triangle

are equal to two right Angles; and the ex
ternal Angle equal to the two internal, and
oppoſite Angles, 3 2. & I.
Theor,6. If a right Line drawn from the Cen
ter, cut a right Line inſcribed in the Circle in
half, it will alſo cut it at lightAngles, 3.83.
heor. 7.
of the Mathematicks. IOI
Theor. 7. A Perpendicular to the end of

the Diameter, is a Tangent to the Circle by
the 16, 18. 19. & 3.
Theor. 8. The Angle at the Center is e
qual to twice the Angle at the Circumfe
reſhCC. - -
Theor. 9. In the ſame Circle or in equal

Circles, the Angles upon equal Arches are
equal, 21 & 3.
Theor. Io. An Angle in a Semicircle is
3. #. Angle; 3 H & 3.
Theor. If. If from a point of the Circumfe
rence two right Lines be drawn,0netouching
the Circle, the other cutting it. The meaſure
of the Angle comprehended between them,
will be equal to half ſo much of the Circum
ference as is cut of, 3 2 & 3.
Theor. 12. Triangles or Paralellograms of
the ſame heighth, or between the ſame pa
rallel Lines are to one another as their Ba
ſes, 35, 36, 37, 38, e I. And I & 6.
Theor. 13. If a right Line divide equally an
Angle of a Triangle, it will cut the Baſe
into parts proportional to the Legs, 3 & 6.
Theor. 14. Letany Rećt- A -
angular Triangle be noted,

with the Eetters A B C.
So that A ſtands at the right & F
Angle, and BA may denote the Baſis, and
CA the Cathetus, and BC the Hypotenuſe.
H 3 Theor. 15.
IO2, Mr. Oughtred's Key
Theor. 15. In ſuch a Triangle, a Perpen
dicular from the right Angle upon the Hy
potenuſe, divides the Triangle into two Tri
º like to the whole, and to one another.
8 & 6.
BC. B.A. CA:: BA. BP. AP :: CA. AP, CP.
The Hypot. The Baſes. The Perpend.

Hence, 1. the Perpendicular is a mean
proportional between the Segments of the . .
Hypotenuſe, and therefore the Square of the
{. is equal to a Rećtangle made by
the Segments. Viz.
+BP. A.P. C.P. and APg=BPxCP.
2. The Baſe is a mean Proportional be
tween the Hypotenuſe, and that Segment of
it, which lieth next the Baſe, viz:
-:BC. B.A. BP.
3' The Perpendicular is a mean propor
tional between the Hypotenuſe, and that
Segment of it which lieth next the Cathe
tus, viz. --BC. CA. C.P.
4. The Square of the Baſe and Cathetus,
are as the Segments of the Hypotenuſ:
which lie next them, BP. CP:: BAq, CAq.
For BP. CP:: BCxBP. BCXCP :: BAqCAq.
5.The Squares of the Hypotenuſe is equal
to the Squares of the Baſe and Cathetus to
gether. BCQ=BAq+CAq. For BCq=
BCxBP+BCXCP=BAq+CAq.
- : Theor. 16.
of the Mathematicks. Io;
Theor. 16. If two
right Lines inſcrib- IE
ed in the Circle, in- IB

terſe&t one another
within the Circle,in
the Point (A.) A
N ID
Reótangle made by
the Segments of the
one, is equal to a E C
Rećtangle made by
other, 35 & 3. But
the Segments of the
other if they interſe&t one another without
the Circle in the point E. The Rečtangles
made of them both from the point to the
Convex and Concave of the Circle are
equal; 36, 37, e 3 (1.) ABxAC=ADxAF.
For the Triangles BAF. DAC, are like.
(2) EBxEF=EDxEC. For the Triangles
BEC. DEF are like. -
Theor. 17. The A IB,

inward oppoſite an
gles of a four ſided
Figure inſcribed in
a Circle, are both C
together equal to
two right Angles. ID
And if you draw
two Diagonals, the -
Rećtangle made by the two Diagonals will

be equal to the two Rećtangles made by the
H 4 op
IO4 Mr. Oughtred's Key
oppoſite Sides. I ſay, ACXBD=ABxCD
+ADxBC. For making DAE=CAB. The
Triangles ACB, ADE are like, and ADC,
AEB are like alſo.
Wherefore AC. CB :: AD, DE

AC. CD : ; AB, B.E.
Therefore, &c.
Theor. 18. If a
Perpendicular be
drawn from any
A. of a Tri
angle inſcribed in
|
a Circle to the
oppoſite ſide, as
that Perpendicu
lar is to one Leg
ofthe ſame angle,
ſo the other Leg is to the Diameter of the
Circle, viz. CE. CB : : CD.C.E. For the
Triangles ABC. DCE. are like.
Theor. 19. Triangles having one Angle

equal, are to one another in a Ratio com
pounded of their Sides, 23. 6.
Theor. 20,
of the Mathematicks, ros
Theor. 20. If (any ſide of a Triangle being

taken for the Baſe, and the other two ſides
for the Legs) a Rećtangle made by half the
Sum and half the Difference of the Sum of
the Legs, and the Baſe be drawn upon a
Rećtangle made by half the Sum and half
the Difference of the Baſe, and the Diffe
rence of the Legs. The Square Root of
the Produćt will be equal to the Area of the
Triangle. Let the Triangle be BCD, the
Legs BC and BD, the Baſe CD. Let the
3 Angles be Biſe&ted, BI. CI. DI. concur
ing in I. From whence draw the Perpen
diculars IA. IE. I.O. There are then with
in the Triangle BCD, 3 pairs of equal Tri
angles. Wherefore if to the Legs BC there
be added directly CF=DE.
There will be
BF
`--
Io6 Mr. Oughtred's Key
BF=/c4+BD++CD. And
BA=BF–CD=#BC++BD–#CD
AC=BF–BD=;CD++BC—#BD
CF=BF—BC=#CD–#BC+; BD :
BG being drawn =BF=, and CK=CF.
Draw the Perpendiculars FH, GH, KH:
and produce BI to H. Becauſe the Angles
FCK-HPHK= to two right Angles =FCK
+ACO, and Ang. ACO+AIO= 2 right
Ang. Therefore the Quadrangles FCKH
AIOC are like, and the Triangles CFH,
IAC are like the Triang. BAI, BFH are
like alſo. Now I ſay, that the Square of
the Area of the Triangle, viz. BFQxIAq
=BFxBAxACxCF. For
IA. BA : : FH. BF. And
IA. AC : ; CF. FH. Therefore
IAqxBF=BAxACxCF.
Now Multiply by BF, and there will be,6-c.
Probl. 1. From a given Point, or at a
diſtance given, to draw a Line parallel to
a right Line given. This is the 3 iè1.
Prob. 2. A right Line being given, from a
given point in it, to erect a Perpendic. I I & I.
Prob. 3. From a given Point, without the
Line, to drop a Perpendicular to it,T 12
--
& 1.
Prob.4. From the point
given A, without the A
Circle C,to draw a Tan
gent AT. 1783.
Prob. 5. Three right Lines being given,
to find a fourth Proportional, I 2 °6.
Prob. 6. Two right Lines AB, AD, being
given, to find a mean Proportional, 1 386.
Prob. 7. Two right Lines •º. C.
AB, AC, or AD, AGbe º”’’.....:
ing given, to find a third º
in continual Proportion, º
I 1 & 6. iſ-à-i,
C
Prob. 8. A Triangle being
given, whoſe heigth is AC,
and whoſe half Baſe is AB,
to make ADQequal to it. IB
Prob. 9. A Rećtangle being given, to make

another Rećtangle equal to it, with a given
fide, 14é6.
Prob. 10. A Triangle
being given , to make
another equal to it, of a
given heigth. From the
heighths A and &,let the
parallel Lines A3 and
&B be drawn to the op
poſite Angles.
Prob. 11. A Poly
gon being given , to
make a Triangle equal
to it, -
Io9 Mr. Oughtred's Key
Prob. 12. Three points being given, not
; in a ſtreight Line, to draw a circum
erence through them. 25 & 3. -
Prob. 13. The Baſe and Cathetus of a

Rećtangular Triangle being given, to find
the Hypotenuſe, or to add the Square of
one to the Square of the other.
Prob. 14. The Hypotenuſe and Baſe be
ing given, to find the Cathetus, or to take
the Square of one from the Square of the
other. \
Prob. 15. To find the Ratio of two like
* nd a third Proportional Aq, Mg
; : A, E.
Prob. 16. A Figure being given, to make
alike Figure in given Ratio, find a mean
Proportional R. VRS :: A. M., if the Ra
tio of the Figures be as R. S.
Prob. 17. To inſcribe a regular Hexagon
in a given Circle, 1584.
Prob. 18. To inſcribe a regular Decagon
in a given Circle. Let the Semidiameter
of the Circle be cut in extreme and mean
Proportion, as the 1 & 2 direéts.
Prob. 19. To inſcribe a regular Pentagon
in a given Circle, find the Hypotenuſe of
a Rećtangular Triangle, whoſe Baſe is the
ſide of an Hexagon, and the Perpendicular
the ſide of Decagon.
NOTES.
of the Mathematicks. Io9
N O T E S.
4. The Sum of three Quantities in con

tinual&c.] Q.: #A-HE={AA+AE+EE,
or which is all one, Q. # A-HE=#AA (AA)
+AE+EE-#AA. Tº Aiº
AA+AE-HEE-4AA :
* . E-Vu : AA+AE+EE—#A. After
the ſºme manner there will be found A=y.
AA+, 6-c. -
II. Q A-2N : +Q.: 2M-E :=

Aq+Eq.] It appears thus,
A=vcAc. And M—wſcAge Then
E=v'cEc. N=VcAEq'
A-2N=vcAc-zvcAEq. And
M-E=14/cAqE-VcEc. So that
Q.: A-2N i =VGAcc-4vcAqqeq +
4v'cAqEqq.
Q-2M-E.-Veecc-F4vcAqqEq–4ve
AqBqq. Wherefore
Q.: A-2N-FQ 2M-E :=Aq+Eq.
16. If in a Circle, &c.]
8. T : : 2R. P.
*#R *;
3. T : : RR. #RP. i. e. the Circle.
- *2R "aR
3r
1 IO of the Mathematicks.
3. T : : 2RRR. RRP. i. e. the Cylinder.
3. T : : RRR. RRP. i. e. the Sphere ,
becauſe the Sphere is of the Cylinder.
3. T : : #RRR. #RRP. i. e. the Come, be
cauſe the Cone is # the Sphere; and becauſe in
ferting the firſt Proportion.
T. 2(; : P. 2R) : : #P. R.
x+Px+P.
T. 3 : : #PP. *RP. the Circle
×71% d\ xP xR
TT. &\g\ :: #PPP.RRP, the Cylind.
TT. & :: #PPP.;RRP, the Sphere.
TT. d'é" ::#PPP.+RRP, the Cone.
Theor. 20.] Here you have theſe Proportionſ.
IA. B.A. : : FH. BH
IA. AC : : CF. FH. Therefore
IAxBF=BAxFH. And
IAS:FH=ACxCF.
Multip.’em,IAqxBFXFH=ACxBAxFHxCF
Divide by FH. IAqxBF=ACxBAxCF.
Multip. by BFIAqxBFq=ACxBAxCFXBF.
Prob. 18.] This depends
upon the 9th. Prop of the
13th Book of Euclide, which
ſaith, that if you joyn BE,
the
ABſide
the of
ſideanof Hexagon to Ai
a Decagon, ... •
(as in the Fgure) that AEis to BE :: BEAB.

Hence
Mr. Oughtred's Key 1 II
Hence it follows, that if you divide the Se
midiameter in that which is called extreme and
mean Proportion, the greater Segment will be
the ſide of the Decagon.
For let AB be =a.
BE =b."
Becauſe a-Hb. b : ; b. a. (as is ſuppoſed)
Then aa-Hab–bb.
And aa–bb—ab. Therefore alſo b is
to a : a b-Ha. That is, the Radius is to
the ſide of the Decagon : : as the ſide of the
Decagon to the remainder.
Prob. 19.] This is that II & 4. But con
cerning this matter, ſee Barrow’s Euclide, Scol
Io & 13.
C H A P. XIX.
Examples of Analytical Equation, for

Inventing Theorems , and Solving
Problems, at which Mark (as it were)
the Præcepts hitherto delivered, do
principally aim.
Pº. 1. The Invention of the 11 e2, viz:
cut B, a right Line given, ſo that the
Rećtangle under the whole B and the leſſer
Segment, may be equal to the Square of the
greater
11, Mr. Oughtred's Key
greaterSegment. Call the greaterSegmentā,
the leſſer will be B-A 5 draw B-Aupon B,
and there will be Bq—BA=Aq, or Aq-H
BA–Bq. Wherefore wºu:Bq++Bq.-:B=A-
By the 9, Chap. 16, which Theorem is expreſ
ſed in words thus. If to the Square of the
Line given, be added a quarter of the ſaid
Square, and from the Square-Root of the
Sum be taken, half the Line given, the re
mainder will be the greater Segment.
It is Geometrically
effected thus; Draw C.
AB=B, and to it at r –
right Angles ſet BC 2^.
== B; and draw the .21 : “....
Hypotenuſe AcThus A. Tº B,
is AC=Vu :
Cut off º:
-
#Bq: CD=BC, the remainder

ſhall be AD=vu :Bq++Bq :-4B. Laſtly,
meaſure AE=AD for the greater Segment.
Prob. 2. The Invention
of the 12 e 2, viz. the com- ... C.
paring the Baſe of an ob- :
tuſe Ångle with the Sides. :
Let BCD
whoſe be, aAngle
inward Triangle,
at B, 6 - B4—
A.
is obtuſe. The Baſe is DC, and the Sides

BD. BC. Here
BCG
of the Mathematicks: I 13
BCG-BAq=CAq=DCq
(—DAq by the 4 & 2)—BDQ-2BDxBA
—BAq. Wherefore BCQ-HBDq
=BCq—2.BDxDA.
In words at length thus. In Obtuſe angled
Triangles, the Square of the ſide ſubtending
the obtuſe Angle, exceedeth the Sum of the
Squares of the Sides, comprehending the
ſame Angle by a double Rećtangle under
one of the Sides about the obtuſe Angle,
and the Segment of the ſaid Side (produced)
between the obtuſe Angle and the Perpen
dicular.
Prob. 3. The Invention of the 13 e 2.
viz. the comparing of the Baſe of an acute
Angle with the Sides.
Let BCD be a Triangle, C
whoſe inward Angle at Bis :
ſuppoſed ſharp. The Baſe
is DC, and the Sides BCBD,
2^
£TXTB
Here BC4–BAq=CAq=DCq(–DAq,
by the 7th of the 2d.J–BDQ-H2BDxBA
BAq. Wherefore BCG-HBDq=DCq+2B
DxBA. (After the ſame manner would the
Demonſtration proceed; if D did lie be
|, tween B and A.) In words thus. In acute
angled Triangles, the .. of the Side
*the
ſubtending, the *: Angle is leſs
Vlſ Il
II.4. Mr. Oughtred's Key
Sum of the Squares, &c. (BD-BA-BAq
+DAq=BDg ſeventh of the ſecond).
Prob. 4. The Invention
of the 14 & 2, viz. of a Cſ
Square equal to the Rečt-

angle ABxAD. Say AB Bl
º
ſM/A
+AD=2BM. Wherefore ID.
AB+AD is cut into equal

parts at M, and unequal at A. Therefore
by the fifth of the ſecond ABxAD=BMQ
-AMg. Now put ACQ=ABxAD, and
* make a Rećtangled Triangle MAC, whoſe
HypotenuſeCM=BM the Semi-Sum of the :
Sides,and the Baſe AM,equal to the Semi-Dif
ference of the Sides, the Cathetus ſhall be
AC, the Root of the Square ſought by 48& I.
The Invention of the Area of a plain Triangle.
Prob. 5. A certain Friend of mine, a
learned Man, brought to me a Theorem con
cerning the Area of a plain Triangle, de
firing me to examin and demonſtrate it.
The Theorem was, as I remember, (for ’tis
many years ago ſince) almoſt in this form,
tho . in the ſame Letters. Ateequal
. In a plainſ . re CC]ual to
Tria #: , D :
whoſe ſides); A
Fºr §ºf the .
1
#: B
the
Área of
of
are A. E.B. quº"; "I'l Sthe Triangle

After
; : After I had a while conſidered of it there
came to my mind 17 §. Chap. 18. Theor. 20.
which ſeemed moſt fit for the Solution of
this difficulty. For if the two Legs of a.
Triangle be A and E, and the Baſe B.
From thence it will appear, that A-HE-H
#Binto #A+#E—#Binto ; B+: A-E into
#B-#A+#E, are equal to the Square of
the Area of the Triangle. Multiplying there
fore theſe four Magnitudes continually, there
will ariſe #AqEq+; Apbq+;EqBq—#A
qq—º. Eqq-..Bqq. Which is the very Theo
rem propounded.
And from hence I not only ſatisfied the
requeſt, but alſo afforded four other Theo
rems, more eaſie to be wrought
For becauſe # A-H; E-HB-47–H4B,
and #A+-#E—#B=#Z—#B.
And becauſe #B-H.A–E=#B+*X,
and #B—# A-1-#E=#B—#X.
Therefore #Z++ Bx}Z—#B=#Zq-3Bq
and #B++Xx}B—#X=|Bq--#Xq
*Tis plain then, That Zq-; Bq upon
;Bo-:Xq= to the Square of the Area of
the Triangle. . In Words thus. If a Quarter
of the Difference of the Squares of the Sum
of the Legs and the Baſe, be drawn into a
quarter of the Difference of the Squares of
the Baſe, and the Difference of the Legs,
- - 1 + the
1.16 Mr. Oughtred's Key
the Produćt will be equal to the Square of the
Area of the Triangle. . .
- Moreover, becauſe #24-3Bq upon Bq.
-:Xq=%24+;&BqXq-..Bqq—zzqXq.
Hence in the ſecond place, Zq+Xq-Bq
upon #.Bq mi., ZqXq=Square of the Area
of the Triangle. __
Alſº becauſe Zq+Xq=1z, by r 1. Chap.

18. Hence, Thirdly, 27–Bq upon F.Bq
mi. Xq=to the Square of the Area of the
Triangle. Laſtly, from theſe compared,
there will be in the fourth place,
2ZBq-R#-sº*= to the Square of the
Area of the Triangle. Theſe laſt Theo
rems are eaſie to be expreſſed in Words.
Prob. 4. The Solution of the Problems
concerning Arithmetical Progreſſion into
Propoſitions. Let the Symbols be theſe; or,
the firſt and leaſt Term; 6, the laſt and
greateſt; T, the Number of Terms; X, the ,
Common Difference; Z, the Sum of all
the Terms. Therefore T-1 is the Num
ber of Differences. Hence TX—X=2–0.
the Sum of the Differences. Three of theſe `
five, &, Q, T, X, Z. To find the reſt by
the 20 following Propoſitions (for ſo many
are the varieties) in this order.
Given.
117
Given. Sought. By Prop.
en <r \cºooTÕTFTRFŒTOO o
• 4 • ► ► ► en
of zie Mathematicks.
& & & &3 &2 &3 &2 &3 &2 &3
~ ºn va t^ oº → eº ua tº， os
• • • •- - - }
× N × N ×FNĘF3 •N
I 3
&.en�
&& & & & & &3 &2 &3 &2 &3 Ņ
Nº H. 3 3 3 × × × × º|
º >{N}^{N™ĪNĪNSŤ | | | | }; | #
& & & Hºººººººº
# | }} | | | }
• +||-+-g
|*'| || }| || 7 | și… | Î |×
8_8_（3±sºsº 3" 3° ººſ
1
... | 3 lº3 ||×tr|
º）|-·
§ | = | E | ±
ſ
I 18 Mr. Oughtred's Key
2 Z, - -
v. =::=t by 1. ** * * * *
a q — 0:0
VI. # ====Xby 4
- - -
Wiſ. TX—X+3=3, by 2.
VIII. TX-X-Prº, upon T-27, by 1 and 7.
*Z—*=d by I.
IX =r
2Z—2&
X. =X by 8.
Tg—T
XI. Vu: &q-xx-HXq+2ZX:—#X=2.
by 4.
J.
vºirº–ºx
- l
XII. -
=T by 8. -
XIII. 6-1-X—TX=x by 7.
XIV,
ſ
of the Mathematicks. I 19
XIV. 26.-HX—TXupon T-27, by 1 & 13.

2 Z.
- xv. ºf - Q-2 by 9.
1T6-27,
- XVI. TQ-T =Xby 14.
xvii.;x+vºl=2^ =.
-
Xq.
according as & ſhall be s: than #X.
XVIII. Cº-H. XFYu: &q+2X-F#Xq—2ZX

X Xq
=T by 14. -
according as « ſhall be ; º: #than # X.

XIX ; F--, + = by to
2Z TX X
-
XX. T +*-i - by 16
ſ I 4. Prop.
I2. O. Mr. Oughtred's Key
Prob. VII. Euclid 11. § 2. hath taught us
to cut a given Line ſo, that the Rećtangle
under the whole, and the leſſer Segment
Íhall be equal to the Square of the greater
Segment; which Seáion is almoſt divine.
Now let that Problem be propoſed general
ly. Let the given line AB be ſo cut, that the
Rećtangle under the whole AB and leſſer
Segment may bear any ratio whatſoever to
the Square of the greater Segment. Let it
be as R to S.
Firſt ſay R. S :: AB. A.C. which may be
a fourth Proportional: then for the greater
Segment put A: the leſſer Segment will be
AB—A : which being drawn into AB will
give the Rećtangle ABQ-ABxA. There
will be then AB. AC :: ABq-ABxA. Aq.
and therefore by 3. Chap. 6. ABqxAC
ABxACx A=ABxAq, and by a Diviſion
them by of AB, there will be ABxAC-AC
xA=Aq or Aq-HACXA=ABxAC, and by
9. Chap. 16. there is found vu: ; ACQ-F
ABxAC: —#AC=A.
This Theorem is expreſſed in Words thus.
If to the Square of half the fourth Propor
tional be added a Rećtangle under the given
Line and that fourth Proportional; and out
of the ſquare Root of the Sum be taken
half the fourth Proportional, the * Čr
of the Mathematicks. I 2.1
der will be the greater Segment. Geome

trically thus, let AB and TD
AC be joined in a direct -- EN
Line, and to the Dia- . .. \
meter BC draw a Semi- ." ‘. A
circle, andA upon

the point erect BC in B
a per- FTATÉ
F A E, a
pendicular AD, cutting the Semicircle in D.
Then AC being biſe&ted in E, let be mea
ſured EF=ED. I ſay, the Line AB is ſo
ſo divided in the point F, that there is,
R. S.:: ABxBF.AFq. For ACXAF--AC
. xBF=ACx AB-ADG=CFXAF (by 6 e2)
=ACXAF-HAFq. Wherefore ACX BF=
AFq. But AB. AC :: ABxBF. ACXBF.
therefore, &c.
Prob. VIII. Either ſide of a reëtangular
Triangle (in which a Perpendicular from
the right angle cuts, the Hypotentiſe) being
given, together with BK the difference of
the Segments of the Hypotenuſe: to find
both the Hypotenuſe and the Triangle it
ſelf. Firſt let the leſſer Side CA be given,
ſuppoſe it be done, and let the rectangular
Trianglebe BAC. in which from the Wer
tex let fall upon the Hypotenuſe the Perpen
dicular AP, cutting the Hypotenuſe into the
the Segments BP and CP.But CP=BC–BK.
2.
And
I.2.2 Mr. Oughtred's Key
And becauſe BC, CA :: CA. BC–BK
2,
there will be BCQ-BCXBK=CAq. or

2.
BCQ—BKxBC=2CAq. Wherefore by 9.
§. 16, Vg:BKq+2CAq: +}BK=Bó.
This Theorem is expreſſed in Words thus,
If the Square of
half the diffe
rence of the Seg
ments of the Hy
potenuſe be ad
ded to 2 Squares
of the given ſide;
and the Square
root of the aggre
gate be increaſed with half the difference,
the Product will be equal to the Hypote:
nuſe.
Geometrically thus, there being taken
AF=AC, let there be drawn CF, and per
pendicular to it FL=BK, and let dilbe pro
- 2,
duced to N, that LN=#BK ; there will be

CN=BC. Wherefore let there be inſcri.
bed in a Circle CK=CN-BK and produce
&e. For CFq=2 CAq, and CLQ=2CAq
+:BKq, therefore, &c.
But
. But if the greater ſide BAbe given, ſuch
an Equation ſhall be found, Vg: BKq+
2BAq: —#BK= BC. Taking BC-HBK
2.
for PB. And the Geometrical Effeótion

not unlike the former.
prob, TX. BF the difference of the fides of
areaangled Triangle, and AP, a Perpendi.
cular from the right Angle to the Hypote:
nuſébeing given, to find the Hypotenuſe and
the Triangle itſelf.
Suppoſe it done ; and let the reëtangled
, Trianglebe BAC. Becauſe by 7 & 2 - BAx
AF + BFq=BAq+AFq; and therefore
BF4- (ABQ--AFG, that is) BCQ- (BA:
acA, that is) BCX2AP, becauſe BC, CA
:: BA. AP. . There will be BC4–2APx
BC—BFq. Wherefore by 9 Chap 16, Vu :
AP4+BFq: +AP=BC.
I24 Mr. Oughtred's Mey
This Theorem is expreſſed in Words thus. º
If to the Square of the Perpendicular be ad

ded the the Square of the difference of the
ſides, and the ſquare-root of the aggregate
be increaſed with the Perpendicular. The
Produćt ſhall be equal to the Hypotenuſe.
Geometrically thus, make PL-BF. And
let LA be extended to N, ſo that AN=AP.
There ſhall be LN-BC. Therefore on
the Diameter BC deſcribe a Semicircle, in
which erect a Perpendicular equal to AP
given. Then draw BA and CA. .
Prob. X, BG the Sum of the ſides of a
rećtangled Triangle and AP a perpendicular
from the right Angle to the Hypotenuſe
being given: to find the Hypotenuſe and
the Triangle itſelf.
Suppoſe it done, and let the reëtangled
Triangle be BAC. Becauſe by 4 & 2. BGq
= (BAq+GAq, that is) BCQ+ (2 BAx
CA, that is) 2. APXBC becauſe BC. CA::
BA. AP. There ſhall be BCQ+2APxBC
t= BGq. Wherefore by 9 Chap. 16, va:
APQ--Bq :—AP=BC. -
Its
A.
C. IP 1B T.
In Words thus, If to the ſquare of the

perpendicular be added the ſquare of the
ſum of the ſides, and out of the ſquare
root, of the aggregate the perpendicular be
dedućted, the remaining Line ſhall be equal
to the Hypotenuſe.
Geometrically thus, make PL=Bq. and
draw AL from which cut off AN = AP.
There will be LN=BC. On the Diame
ter BC deſcribe a Semi-circle, &c.
Prob. XI. CA one fide of a reëtangled
Triangle, and BP the altern Segment of
the Hypotenuſe being given,to find the other
Segment and the Triangle it ſelf.
Suppoſe it done : and let the reëtangled
Triangle be BAC. Becauſe BP-4–CP. CA
:: CA. CP..There ſhall be BPxCP+CP4
=CAq. Wherefore by 9 Chap. 16, v'd :
BP4+CAq:—#BP=CP.
In Words thus, If to the ſquare of half the
Segment of the Hypotenuſe, be added the
ſquare
12.6 Mr. Oughtred's Key
E" ſquare of the ſide
iven, and out of
the ſquare-root of
the aggregate the
ſame half Seg
- ment be º:
- remaining Line
c * * * : "...
Segment of the Hypotenuſe.
Geometrically thus, ſet at right Angles
BP and PF=CA, and biſecting BP at M,
draw MF, and meaſure MC-MF. There
fore the other Segment CP is found and
likewiſe BC the whole Hypotenuſe. On
the Diameter BC deſcribe a ſemi-circle, in
which inſcribe CA and B.A.
Prob. XII. BK the Difference of the Seg
ments of the Hypotenuſe of a rečtangled
Triangle and BG the ſumm of the ſides be
ing given, to find both the difference of the
ſides and the Hypotenuſe and alſo the Tri
angle it ſelf.
Suppoſe it done, and let the reëtangled
Triangle be BAC. Becauſe BG. BK :: BC.
BF. by 17 Chap. 18, Theor. 16. And BGq.
BKq :: (BCd that is) BAq+CAq. BFq. Al
ſo 2 BGq-BKq. BKq :: (2 BAq+2CAq,
BFq that is) BGq. BFq. for by 8 Chap. 18,
2BAq+2CAq=BGq-H BFq. Wherefore
va: 2BGq-BKq.BG :: BK. BF::BG. BC.
In
***
In Words, thus. If from the Square of

the Sum of the Sides doubled be taken, the
Square of the Difference of the Segments of
the Hypotenuſe. As the Square Root of the
remainderisto the ſum of the Sides,ſo ſhall the
Differenceofthe Segmentsofthe Hypotenuſe
be, to the Difference of the Sidés, and ſo
the Sum of the Sides, to the Hypotenuſe.
Geometrically thus, Set at right Angles
BG and GH=BG. Then on the Diane
ter, BH deſcribe a Semi-Circle; in which
inſcribe HI=BK, and draw Bi. Therefore
BI-Vg:2BGq-BKq. Make alſo BI-BK,
draw GI, and to it a Parallel L.F. There.
fore BF the Difference of the Sides is found.
Prob. 12
Prob. 13. BK the Difference of the Seg :
ments of the Hypotenuſe of a Rećtangled
Triangle, and BF, the Difference of the
fides, being given, to find the Sum of the
Sides, and the Hypotenuſe, and alſo the
Triangle it ſelf.
Suppoſe it done, and let BACbe the Reāt
angled Triangle. Becauſe BF. BK : : BC
RG. By 17. Chap. 18. Theor. 16, and BFQ.
BKq :: (BCG, that is,) BAq+CAq. BGq.
Alſo 2 BFq—BKq. BKq :: (2 BAq-H2CAq
—BGq, that is,) BFq. BGq. For by 8. Chap.
18. 2 BAq+2CAq=BGq-HBFq.
Wherefore vaz BFq—BKq., BF : : BK.

BG : : BF. BC. In Words thus. If from
the Square of the Difference of the Side doub
led be taken, the Square of the Difference
of the Segments of the Hypotenuſe, as the
Square Root of the Remainder is to the
Difference
of the Mathematicks: #29
Difference of the Sides, ſo ſhall the Diffe
rence of the Segments of the Hypotenuſe
be, to the Sum of the Sides, and ſo the
Difference of the Sides to the Hypotenuſe.
Geometrically thus. Set at Right Angles
BF and FH=BF. Then on the Biameter
BH deſcribe a Semi-Circle, in which inſcribe
BI-BK, and draw HI. . -
Therefore HI–V4:2BFq—BKq. Maks

BL=HI. Draw FL, and to it a Parallel IG.
Therefore BG the Sum of the Sides is found.
Prob. 14. BF, the Difference of the Sides
of any plain Triangle, BK the Difference
of the Segments of the Baſe, and CL, the
Difference between the greater Side, and
the Baſe being given; to find the Baſe, the
Sum of the Sides, at'd the Triangle itſelf.
And firſt, let the Exceſs be in the Baſe':
ſuppoſe it done,and let BCD be the Triangle.
Becauſe FB. BK : : BD. * *=EG,
by 17, Chap. 18. Theor. 16. There ſhall be
*::::=pû-ce Add BF, and
*º-sc. Take thisout ofBD&
iBFxBD-BKxBD-BFq=2BFxCL -
2BF 2BF ..Wheres

!
k fore
13e Mr. Oughtred's Key
fore2BF.BD–BK.BD=2BFACL-EBF1.
And by 3: Chap. 6.2BF-BK. 2CL-HBF : :
BF, BD : : BK, BG.
B F'
THQ.
In Words thus. As the Difference between

the doubled Difference of the Sides, and the
Difference of the Segments of the Baſe, is
to the Aggregate of the double Differences
between i. greater Side and the Baſe, and
the Difference of the Sides; ſo the Diffe
rence of the Sides is to the Baſe ; , And ſo
the Difference of the Segments of the Baſe,
to the Sum of the Sides. -
The Geometrical Praxis is ſo eaſie, that

it may be omitted. -
But if the Exceſs be in the greater Side,

the Theorem will be BK–2BF. 2CL-BF: :
BF. BD : : BK. B.G.. I omit the Inveſti
gation of this Theorem, and the Solution
of the Problem, wherein, out of BG, the
Sum of the Sides of any plain Triangle, and
BK the Difference of the Segments of the
… Baſe,
of the Mathematicks. is t
Baſe, and CL the Difference between the
greater Side, and the Baſe being given; It
is required to find the Baſe, and the Dif.
férence of the Sides, that the Reader may
have wherewithall to exerciſe his skill.
Prob. 15. BG the Sum of the Sides of any
plain Triangle, BK the Difference of the
Segments of the Baſe, and CA a Perpendi
cular being given, to find out both the Baſe,
and the Difference of the Sides, and the
Triangle it ſelf. “ , ”
Suppoſe it done, andlet BCD be the Tri
angle; becauſe by 17, Chap 18. Theor. 16.
BG. BD ; ; BK. BF. And by 5, Chap 18.
DKq=BDq+BKq—iBKxBD. . And by
47 & 1. (4ADq, that is,) DKq+-4CAq=
(4CDq, that is,). FGq. There will be
BDG+BKq-.BKxBD+4CAq=FGq.
Take FG out of BG : and BG-Vg: BDa
+BKq–2BKxBD+4OAq : =BF.
herefore there will be
BG. B.D. : : BK. BG-v'd : BDQ-HBKq
–2BKxBD+4OAq.
And by 3, Chap. 6. BKxBD=BGq
—v'd : . BGqxBDg-HBGqxBKq—BGqx: B
KxbD+BGq×4CAq. Therefore by 8,
Chap. 16. Q.: BGq-BKxBD; that is,
BGqq—BGqx2BKx BD+BKqxBDQ=BGq
<BDQ-HBGqxBKq-BGqx BKxBD+BGq
#4CAq; -
K. : Anā
And therefore BGqxBDq—BKqxBDg= <
PGqq-BGqxBKq—BGqx4CAq. Or alſo
BGq-BKqupon BDg=BGq-BKq—4CAq
"Pºº
Therefore V'g: BGq—BKqv'q : BGq
BKq-4CAq : ; BG. BD :: BK. BF. T
In Words thus. As the Square Root of

the Difference between the Squares of the
Sum of the Sides, and the Difference of the
º: of the Baſe, is to the Square Root
of the ſame Difference, leſs by the Square of
the Perpendicular doubled; ſo is the Sum
of the Sides to the Baſe; and ſo the Diffe
rence of the Segments of the Baſe, to the
Difference of the Sides.
Geometrically thus. On BG the Diame
ter, deſcribe a Semi-Circle; in with #:
CTIOC
:
ſcribe GH=BK, and BH. Therefore
BH=Vg; BGq—BKq. Again, on the Dia
meter BH draw a Semi-Circle, in which in
ſcribe HI=1CA : and B I. Therefore
Bl-VgBGq-BKq—4CAq. Make BL=
=BG: and from L draw LN, Parallel to
HI, concurring with BI, produced in the
Point N. Here is found therefore BN=BD.
Prob. 16. BF the Difference of the Sides
of any plain Triangle; BK the Difference
of the Segments of the Baſe; and CA a
Perpendicular being given : To find both
the Baſe, and the Sum of the Sides, and al
ſo the Triangle it ſelf. -
Suppoſe it done. Let BCD be the Tri

angle.
BG. BD : : BK. BF. And DKq=BDq+
BKq-2BKxBD, by 5, Chap. 18. and by
41 e 1, (4ADq, that is,) DKq+4CAq=
4CDq, that is, ) FGq.
There ſhall be BDQ-HBKq—2BKxBD+4
CAq=FGq. Add FG to BF: and BF-Hy§
BDG-HBKq—2BKx BD+4 º : =BG.
Wherefore BF. BD : : BK. BF-HVq :
BDQ-HBKq—2BKxBD+4OAq. Alſo
BKxBD=BFq-)-vg.: BFqxBDq+BFqxB
jº There
fore Q: BKxBD–BFq; that
t is, BKqxBD
-BFºx, BKxBD+BFqq=BFqxBD++Bl
- -— k, qx
qx BKq- BFox 2BKx BD-I-BFqx4CAq.
And therefore BKqxBDq=BFqxBDg=BFq
×BKQ-BFGq+BFqx4CAq, or alſo BKq
-BFG upon BDQ=BKq—BFq+4CAq up.
on BFG, Therefore V4: BKq—BFq ºvg:
BKq-BFq+4CAq :: BF. BD:: BK. BG.
P. F. C. G
... In Words thus, As the ſquare-root of the

difference between the ſquares of the diffe
rence of the Segments of the baſe, and of the
difference of the ſides, is to the ſquare-root
of the ſame difference increaſed with the
ſquare of the double perpendicular, ſo is the
difference of the fides, to the baſe; and ſo
the difference of the ſegments of the baſe to
the ſumm of the ſides.
Geometrically thus, on BK the Diam. de
ſcribe a ſemicircle in which inſcribekH=BF
and BH. Therefore BH=Vg: BKq—BFq.
tmake BHL=BF and HKI-2CA. draw. BI.
Therefore BI-A/q: BKq— BFq+4CAq.
draw alſo LN parallel to HI concurring -
with BI extended in the point N. here is
therefore found BN=BD. Prob.
of the Mathematicks, 135
Prob. XVII. In a rečtangled Triangle, B
the difference between the Baſe and the Hy
potenuſe," and Cthe difference between the
Cathetus and the Hypotenuſe being given;
to find both the Hypotenuſe, and the Tri
angle it ſelf. -
For the Hypotenuſe put A, the Baſe

will be A–B, and the Cathetus A–C, and
by 47 & 1, the Cathetus is va: 2 BA—Bq.
Wherefore va: 2 BA – Bq = A–C. and
2BA–Bq= Aq-2CA+-CQ. or 2B+2C
upon A mi Aq=BG-FCQ. Therefore by
9 Chap. 16, B+C+vg: 2BC=A the Hy
potenule.
NI
RITC B B
In Words thus. The Aggregate of the
two differences, that is, the difference
both of the Baſe and of the Cathetus from
the Hypotenuſe, together with the ſquare
root of a double reëtangle under the diffe
rences is equal to the Hypotenuſe.
K 4 Geome
Geometrically thus, draw an infinite line
in which meaſure B, B, and C. This being
taken for the Diameter, draw a ſemi-circle,
and in the common point of B and C, erect
perpendicularly the Line M. . Therefore
Mg=2 BC. alſo from C in the infinite line
meaſure M , and with the ſemi-diameter
M+C+B deſcribe an arch, until it con
cur with the perpendicular line M produced.
Then from the point of concourſe to the
centre of that arch draw a line for the Hypo
tenuſe, and ſo the ſought rectangled Trian
gle ſhall be deſcribed.
Prob. 18. Unto a given line AB to apply
a Parallelogram equal to a given plain Fi
gure C, which parallelogram ſhall fall ſhort
of the ſaid rightline, by a parallelogram Fi
gure like unto Da parallelogram aſſign'd,But
the right lined Figure C muſt not be greater
than that which is applied unto half that line.
Prop.28, 6. º
In a parallelogram D note with perpendi

cular lines its altitudes R, and its latitude S:
it is no matter whether of them be greater.
For the ſide of the parallelogram ſought
put A: the ablatitious portion ſhall AB-A.
Make S. R:: Al-Aamº, The
altitude of the Parallelogram ſought; which
being drawn upon A the ſide ſhall give
AB
AB.R. *: RXAq_c. or ABxA-Aq=
Sº
R
and by 9 Chap. **ivº
A A
*
Cx *=a.
R
* R. 23 My
I, _K, —º:
I. +II* -
\pi/T- Gº.
In Words thus, If C the plain figure given

be drawn into the latitude of the parallelo.
gram D, and the produćt be divided by the
Altitude and the quotient taken out of the
ſquare ofhalf the given line AB, the ſquare
root of the remainder encreaſed with the
ſame half, ſhall be the fide of the parallelo
gram ſought.
Geometrically thus, make ER =vg|C.
Then R. S ; ER. ES. Set ER and
ES at right angles, and taking SF = ER, .
- - Oſl
on the Diameter EF deſcribe a ſemi-circle,
in which erecting a perpendicular SG, there
willbe SGq=C-Sfrom the pointGmeaſoh ,
R
=#AB=HB there will beHS=V:ABq—CXS:
R
to which if you add HA=Ağ. you ſhall
have AS, the ſide ofthe parallelogram ſought.
And BSEBA-A the ablatitious portion,and
BL parallel to the line ER, ſhall be the alti
tude, therefore the parallelogram ſought is
ASKN being made equi-angled with D.
Prob. 19. Unto a right line AB given to
apply a parallelogram equal to a given plain
figure C,which parallelogram ſhall over-reach
the ſaid right line by a parallelogram-figure
like unto Da given parallelogram.Prop.29.é 6.
In the parallelogram D note the altitude
and latitude, as in the former.
For the ſide of the parallelogram ſought
put A : the adjectitious portion ſhall be A
AB, make S. R :: A-AB. R.A-ABXR
the altitude of the ſought parellelogram:
which being drawn on A the ſide ſhall give
RxAq—ABxB XA=CorAq—ABxA=CxS.
S R
And by 9 Chap. 16, Vg: ABq+C.S: +AB
4. R 2,
=A.
:
In
IR N -
RNIK.
E
--
N Tºr
V
4.
In Words thus, if C the plain Figure given

be drawn into the latitude of the parallelo
gram D ; and the produćt be divided by
the altitude; and the quotient added to the
ſquare of the half the given line AB: the
ſquare-root of the aggregate increaſed with
the ſame half, ſhall be the ſide of the paralle
logram ſoug ht.
Geometrically thus,make ER=v'qC.Then
R. S :: ER. EB=VCxS. Set ER and EB
- - R -
at right angles: and taking BF = ER,

on the diameter EF deſcribe a ſemi-circle,
in which erect a perpendicular BG, and
there ſhall be BGq = Cx S. Meaſure
R
BH={AB=AH. and draw GH=vg; ABq
4.
+ C.S.: = HS. Therefore AS= A the
R ſide
I4O Mr. Oughtred's Key
ſide of the parallelogram ſought, and BS-A
-AB the adječtitious portion, and the alti
tude ſhall be SL parallel to the line ER.
Therefore the parallelogram ſought is ASKN
being made equi-angled with D. -
Prob. 20, BC, BD, two ſides of any plain
Triangle being given together with the an
gle B intercepted, to find out the third ſide;
or the three ſides being, to find the angle B
oppoſite to one of them.
Suppoſe it done, and let BCD be the Tri
angle. On the center B and ſemi-diameter
BC, deſcribe an arch CK, and drop a per
pendicular CA. Therefore KD is the diffe
rence of the ſides: and AK the like to the
verſed fine of the angle B. For Rad, sy
B:: BK. AK=BKx.sv B. but AK-BK-E
Rad.
BA, as appeareth by the Schemes compa
re
And bec. BDQ-HBKq=both

{:} ; by 5 Chap. 18.
CD4+2BDxBA.
R.
by 2, 3 Chap. 19.
There will be 2 BDxBK+KDQ =CDq+.
2BDxBA. Wherefore 2 BDx BK-F2BDx
BA, that is, 2.BDx AK-HDKq=CDq. but
2BDxAK = 1 BD x BC X sv B. Therefore
Rad.
2BDxBCx sv B+DKq=CDq, which is the
Rad." '
& firſt
firſt Theorem, and CDG-KDQ upon Rad:
2BDxBC
=sy B, which is the ſecond Theorem.
The firſt in Words thus, if a double Re

&tangle under the fides given be drawn into
the verſed fine of the angle intercepted, and
the produćt be divided by the Radius; the
Quotient increaſed with the ſquare of the
difference of the ſides ſhall be equal to the
ſquare of the third fide.
The ſecond thus, if the difference of the
fºuares of the oppoſite ſide and of the diffe
rence of the ſides be drawn upon the Radius,
and the produćt be divided by a double Re
&angle under the containing fides; the §.
tient ſhall be equal to the verſed fine of the
angle ſought.
Prob. 21. In a piece or Fruffum of a Pyra
mid both the baſes Aq and Eq and the alti.
tude L being given, to find the meaſure of
the Fruſtum, You muſt firſt know (out of
7 and to è 12) that a parallelepipedon is
equal
i42. . Mr. Oughtred's Key
equal to 3 Pyramids, and a Cylinder to thred
Cones of the ſame baſe and altitude. -
The altitude T of the Pyramid cut off

muſt firſt be ſought, thus, A–E E:L.T.
Wherefore LE=T. and the altitude of the
X. . . . .
whole Pyramidis L-HT, likewiſe the whole
Pyramid tripled is AqL+AqT. and the Py.
ramid ºut, off tripled is EqT. Therefore
s
the tripled Fruſtum ofthe Pyramidis AqL+
This Theorem ſheweth one way of mea.

ſuring the Fruſtum
of a Pyramid. In
words thus, if the
ſolid under the
§:reater baſe, and
whole altitude
be leſſened by a ſo
lid under the leſſer
.
baſe and altitude
of the Pyramid cut
. . off; the third part
of the Remainder ſhall be equal to the Fru
ſtum. - -
Again becauſe by 2. Chap. I i, Aq-Eq=
ZX: and T= LE. there ſhall be AqL+
; : Y sº , -
(ZEL, that is, by 3 & 2) AEL-HEqL=AqL

-
+Aq'T -
+-Aq'T—EqT. Therefore the tripled Fru
ſtum of the Pyramid is Aq+Eq+AE upon L.
This Theorem teacheth another way of
meaſuring the Fruſtum of a Pyramid, in
words thus, .
If the aggregate of both the baſes of the
Fruſtum of a Pyramid, and of the mean pro
portional between them be drawn upon the
altitude of the Fruſtum, the third part of
the produćt ſhall be equal to the Fruſtum.
Alſo becauſe by 2 Chap 11, 2Aq+2Eq=
Zq+Xq; ZqL + XqL+2 AEL ſhall be
equal to fix Fruſta's, but by 1 1 Chap. 18, Xq
-j-2AE=Z.. therefore Zq+Z, upon L is e
qual to ſix times the Fruſtum of a Pyramid.
And this Theorem teacheth a third way of
meaſuring the fruffum of a Pyramid, in words
thus, If to the aggregate of the baſes be ad
ded the ſquare of the aggregate of the ſquare
roots of both baſes, and their ſum be drawn
upon the altitude of the Fruſtum: the fixth
part of the Produćt ſhall be equal to the Fru
ſtum. -
But if the queſtion be about meaſuring the

Fruſtum of a Cone. Becauſe according to
Archimedes his diſcovery, the ſemi-circum
ference of a Circle is equal to *.* of the Ra
dius (or ſemi-diameter) fere: or more accu
rately ; ; ; Rad. the area of a Circle ſhall be
## Rad: q. And I | 3: 355 :: Rad : q. A
rea of the Circle. Wher:-
Wherefore the firſt Theorem for meaſ.
ring the Fruſtum of a Cone is, ###AqL+
## AqT-343 Eq'T are equal to the Frû
film tripled.
The ſecond is #: Aq+ #4 Eq+3+ .
: upon L, are equal to the Fruſtum tri
P - - -
The third is ### Zq+ ###7, upon L, are

equal to the Fruſtum of a Cone fixfold.
Prob. 22. A Problem of Apollonius Pergaeus
*ºvaavº Tiaº. Two points A, B, being
given in a plain, to deſcribe a Circle, to
whoſe Circumference the right-lines AB,
BD, drawn from the ſame Points, ſhall have
the ratio of R to S.
Suppoſe it done, and let the Center of the
Circle ſought be C in the ſame right-line
with the points; A, B ; and the ſemi-diame
ter CD. Make R. S.:: S. T. Now becauſe
the two Triangles. ACD, DCB. (whereſo
ever the point D be, taken) are as AC to
BC: and the ſides DA, DB, alike oppoſite
to the common Angle C, are in the Ratio of
R to S: and the fide CD common to both:
one may eaſily conceive the Triangles ACD,
DCB to be like, and by 1 Chap, 15, AC.
AC :: Rq. Sq :: R.T. If therefore for BC
be put A : there ſhall be AB+A.A.:: RT.
and ABxT-HTxA=Rx A: or ABXT=A :
R-T
Laſtly, V: ACXBC:=DC. Iri
In Words thus, If the ſpace between the

points be drawn into the third proportional
Term of the ratio given; and the Produćt
be divided by the exceſs of the firſt Term a
bove the third: the Quotient ſhall be equal
to the diſtance of the nearer point from the
Center: and the ſquare root of the Rečtan
gle under both diſtances from the Center
{hall be equal to the ſemi-diameter. The
Geometrical Effection is eaſie.
Prob. 23. In a Tun or Wine-veſſel, the
internal Longitude 2CL; and the two ſemi
diameters, namely, CB at the Bung, and
LD at the Head, being given, to find the
capacity-of the Tun it ſelf. A Tun is a
Fruſtum of a Sphaeroides, which ſolid Figure
is made by the revolution of half an Ellipſis
(or Oval) about its tranſverſe diameter or
axis. Now that the meaſure of the Fruſtum
may be found out, the Meaſures both of the
whole Spheroides and of the Portions cºt off,
muſt be known. For the difference of theſe
L Meaſures
146 Mr. Oughtred's Key 2
Meaſures is the Meaſure of the Fruſtum. º
The Solidity of the whole Spheroides is

###BCq upon ; IK, which is double a cone
made on the baſe BCB, at the altitude IK.
Archimed, de Conoid. & Spheroid. Prop. 29.
And the Solidity of IED the portion cut
off is had thus, LK. LK-HKC:: ### LDQ
upon # LI. Solidity ſought, Ibid. Prop. 31.
But there is yet wanting (that which is
the main hinge of this buſineſs) the tranſ
verſe diameter or Axe IK : which you ſhall
thus find.
Suppoſe that done which is required 3 de
ſcribe an Ellipſis, &c. as in the ſcheme. And
make CK. CB :: ... CB.
cn CBg—
CK =CR, half the
right latus by 13 Lib. 1 Comic. Apollon. Again

make CK. gº :: CK+CL.
cº-is draw it upon

IL, that is, CK–CL (which is alf one as if
you draw CBqupon CKq-CLq by 1 I Ch.
º
18.) and there
+ººls
CBqxCKO – CBqxC =LEq, by 13 Lib. 1.
Comic. Apollom. Therefore va #.

- .. CB X CL
= CK the Semiaxe ; that is, OP -
CK. Which
Which Theo.
rem is expreſſed
in Words thus, If
the Square of the
ſemi-diameter of
the middle of the
Tun be drawn
into the Square
of halfthe length,
and the Produćt
be divided by the
Difference be
tween the ſquares
of the ſemi-dia
meters of the middle and baſe: the ſquare
root of the Quotient ſhall be the Semiaxe of
the Spheroides.
Geometrically thus, draw EO parallel to
the Axe; and on the ſemi-diameter CP=
CB make an arch cutting EO at P; extend
CP until it concur with the baſe LE produ
ced at F. Then CF ſhall be equal to the
Semiaxe ſought. Otherwiſe, becauſe CP=
CB: and CO = LF: there will be (v/u :
CBq-LEq) OP. CB:: CL. CF=CK.
Conſe&tary. From hence it appears that the
Meridians in the Analemma are true Ellipſes.
For Example, ſuppoſe CIFQ a Quadrant of
the Analemma, in which is deſcribed an Ellip
ſis IEB, I ſay the ſame is a Meridian; for
L 2. ince.
ſince CQ is a Quadrant of the AFGuinoëtial,
and FL a Quadrant of its parallel; and that
'tis the property of the Meridians to cut the
AEquinoćtial, and all its parallel Circles into
like Segments by Io Lib. 2. Theod de ſphera.
If therefore it appear that CQ, CB :: LF.
LE: the Ellipſis IEB cutting them ſhall be a
Meridian. But CF=CQ and CP=CB and
OC = LE. And CF. CP :: LF. OC.
Therefore,
Prob. 24. BC the Hypotenuſe of a Rećt
angled Triangle, and CM a mean Propor
tional between the Baſe and the Cathetus be
ing given, to find out the Triangle.
Suppoſe it done, and let BAC be the reët
angled Triangle; becauſe the Baſis is BA
the Cathetus ſhall be vaBCq—BAq: and
the Rečtangle under them vabCoxBAq—
BAqq: The Square-root whereof is vaq:
BC4×BAq—BAqq: the mean Proportional
between the Baſe and the Cathetus.
Again, becauſe the Cathetus is CA,
the Baſe ſhall be Vd: BCQ --CAq: and
the Rećtangle under them, va: BCQxCAq
-CAqq: the Square root whereof is vaq;
BCQxCAq—CAqq the mean Proportional
between the Baſe and the Cathetus.Wherefore
BC. KBAq--BAqq=CMqq, and
BCqxCAq-CAqq=CMqq.
Therefore by 9 Chap. 16.
#BCq
*
}.
BBC++va::BC4a–CMgqi–3CAq
In Words thus, -
if to half the IP A.
ſquare of the Hy
potenuſe be ad
ded the Square- -
-
root of the Ex- C F B P}
ceſs of a quarter
of . Sº,
quadrate of the
Hypotenuſe a- \º
bove the Quadra
to-quadrate of the mean proportional be
tween the Baſe and the Cathetus; the Aggre
gate ſhall be the Square of the Baſe; but if
the ſame be dedućted from it, the Remainder
ſhall be the ſquare of the Cathetus.
Geometrically thus, on the Diameter BC
and Center E, the middle point thereof,
deſcribe a ſemi-circle, then make BC, CM
:: CM. CD=AF a perpendicular within
the ſemi-circle. Therefore BCXAF-CMg.
make up the Triangle BAC. for BCQ(AEq)
-AFq=EFq. Wherefore #BC+ (EF) Vq
: ; BCQ—AFq:= § Draw all upon BC
and there will be; BC++Vg: #BCqq-(BCq
CxCF=CAq.
L 3 Prob.
Prob. 25. BA, the Baſe of a rečtangled
Triangle, and AM, a mean Proportional
between the Hypotenuſe and the Cathetus,
being given, to find the Triangle. , -
Suppoſe it done, and let BAC be the

rečtangled Triangle ; Becauſe the Cathetus
is CA, the Hypotenuſe will be va: BAq+ .
CAq: and the mean Proportional between
them w/qq: CAqq--BAqxCAq. Alſo be.
cauſe the Hypotenuſe is BC, the Cathetus
ſhall be vºg: BCQ – BAq, and the mean
Proportional between them v’d : BCQq
BAqxBCq. Wherefore
CAqq+BAqxCAq=AMqq. and
BCqq—BAqxCAq=AMqq.
Therefore by 9 Chap 16.
vg:#BAqq+AMgq: + #BAq= ;
of the Mathematicks. I 5.1
In Words thus, if from the ſquare root of
the Summ of a quarter of the Quadrato qua
drate of the Baſe, and of the Quadrato qua
drate of a mean Proportional between the
Hypotenuſe and the Cathetus be taken the
half ſquare of the Baſe; the remainder ſhall
be the ſquare of the Cathetus; but if the
ſame be added to it, the Aggregate ſhall be
the ſquare of the Hypotenuſe.
Geometrically thus, make BA. AM ::
AM. A.D. perpendicularly. Therefore BAx
AD=MAq. From the point E the middle
of the Baſe to the perpendicular AD, draw
ED = EF. And on the diameter BF de
ſcribe a ſemi-circle, cutting AD in C. Then
having drawn BC, make up the Triangle
BAC, for BAq+ADq=EFq. Wherefore
vºBAq+AD4+BA=# draw all
upon BA: and there ſhall be VažBAqq+
(BAq x ADQ that is ) AMgq: + 3 BAq=
BAxAF=CAq.
BAxBF=BCq.
Conſečiary. And from theſe two Propoſi
tios appeareth the Geometrical Effection of
Equations, in which are three Species equal
ly aſcending in the order of the Scale, the
ºft of them being the Quadrato-quadra
tlCk.
L4 Prob.
I52. Mr. Oughtred's Key
Prob. 26. I ſhall alſo addalittle concerning
the biſečtion, triſe&tion, and quinquiſe&ion
of Angles or Circumferences, to ſet forth
the Excellency and admirable uſe of this
Art;, their geometrical Praxis is not yet
found, nor the Meſolabium: Nevertheleſs,
in Seči. 15. Chap. 18, I have touched upon
ſome Cubick Equations; A diligent skilful
Algebriſt may find innumerable others, by
help whereof the Meſolabium, which hither
to hath lain in Darkneſs, may paradven
ture at length be diſcovered. . .” - .
Diſtinguiſh, in a Circumference, ſeven
equal parts, from O the end of the Diame
ter, with Letters A, B, C, D, E, F, G; draw
Subtenſes alſo as in the Scheme. Take MX
= MB; draw AX and XB; and a diame
ter NRA 5 and OE a perpendicular to CT,
and EK a perpendicular to OG. Becauſe
by 17 Chap. 18, Theor. 1. AB-AX: The
Triangles BMX, ORA, OAX are like;
and therefore *=oxlikewiſe the Tii.
Rad.
angles OAB, ARM are like; and by 47 e I
MÁ=yg: 4 Rad: q-OAq.
Theſe things thus premiſed, there ſhall be
RA. MA, that is, Rad. Vg: 4Radq-OAq
:: OA. OB
ote e Therefore4kadºg-OAqq;
Rad q
=OBq: which is the duplication of an an
gle.
And 4RadqxOAq-QAqq=RadqxOBq;
which is the biſection of an angle.
Then becauſe OS=OA. and SA=OX.
and NS= MX = MB. There ſhall be by
NSxSA
17 Chap. 18. Theor. 16, os-SC: that is
- OAq OAq . .
2 Rad— Rad "Pon TR. divided by OA
QT
2. RadqXOA-
Rad q OAC= SC. and if OA
be
I 54 Mr. Oughtred's Key
be added, then there ſhall be
3 Rad qxOA- 9*—oc : which is the
Radq
triplication of an angle.
And 3 Rad qxOA—OAc=RadqxOC:
which is the trifection of an angle.
Alſo becauſe 2 ET-HCB=OE. and MO.
MB:: OC. OT: that is, 2 Rad. 2 Rad
OAq :: 3 RadqxOA—OAc
Rad TRadiq -
6Radqqx OA-5 Radqx OAC+OAqc:

2. Radqq
out of the double whereof if OA be taken,
there ſhall remain,
S Radqq × OA—; Rad q x OAc –– OAqc
Radqq
=OE: which is the quintuplation of an
angle.
And OAqc—5 RadqxOAc-H 5 Radqqx
OA=Rad qqxOE: which is the quinqui
ſection of an angle.
And after this manner we may proceed to
find the ſeptiſe&tion, namely 7 RccxOA—
14 Rqqx OAc-H7 Rqx OAqc-HOAqqc=
RccxOG. For MO, MB:: OE. OK. and
2 OK—OC=OG. The operation I leave
to the Studious.
Now becauſe the Radius is put firſt, which
in Multiplication and Diviſion alters no
thing,
thing, therefore in all theſe Equations the
Radius with all its powers may be omitted.
But by what artifice thoſe elaborate E
†. (in which there are not only three
pecies equally aſcending in the order of the
Scale) may be reſolved, tho it belong not
to my preſent deſign to teach : yet what I
have written many years ago, for the uſe of
Righthonourable and Learned Lord Aungier
and Baron of Longford, I ſhall willingly,
with all poſſible brevity, communicate for
:tº: of the Students in the Mathema
tlCkS.
Soli Deo Gloria.
N O T E S.
Probl. 14] After the Solution of this Prob.

lem, he mentioneth another Caſe of it, and al
ſo propoſeth another Problem : For the other
Caſe he gives the Theorem, but forbears the In
veſtigation of it, and *i; the Solution of the
other
156 of the Reſolution of
other Problem. Both of theſe I will here ſet t
down at large.
For that Caſe of this Problem, when the Ex r
ceſs is in the greater Side thus. º
1. Br. ek , , BDºº-ºº:
BF
2.
BDxBK—BFq_
BF ==FG.
BDºº-BF4–FC.
2BF
Add BF, and
there will be
, BD-B&HRF4–BC.
2BF
And
5. —BD+BD-BººthFa-Cl
2BF
, becauſe
BC—BD=CL.
6. BDx BK–2BFXBD+BFq=-BFXCL.
7. BDxBK-2BFXBD=2BFXCL-BFG.
Therefore,
8. BK–2BF, 2 CL-BF : : BF. BD : :
BK. BG.
For the other Problem, in which BG, BK. C.L.
are given, to find, &c. Thus,
... BG BD BK ºft-BF.
BG
2.
BGq-BDXBK_
BG . =FG.
§ 3.
e
BGq—BDxBK_i
2B£º. =FC.
BDxBK
4- 2BGTQ=BC.
5. 2BG:BD-B&BD-BG4–CI.
2BG
6.2BGxBD—BKxBD-BGq=2BGxCL.
7.2BGxBD—BKKBD=2BGxCL-I-BGq.
: 3. Therefore, 2.BG-BK. 2CL-HBG : :
BG. BD : :_BK. BF. . . . -
Prob. 22.] It appears, that ADC and DBC

are like Triangles, thus,FEC is the ſame Triangle
with ADC. Now them, in the Triangles AFE,
EDB, the Angle FAE=DEB. And about
the Angle FEA, and BDE there are propor
tional Sides, FE. AE : : DB, BE. ( For
'tis ſuppoſed, that AD. (FE) DB : : AE BE.)
And the Angles AFE, and EDB are Homoge
meal. Therefore the Angle FEA=Angle DBE,
and therefore DBC, and FEC, or ADC are
like Triangles. F
OF
158 Of the Reſolution of
O F T H E
R E S O L U TI O N
O F -
Affected Equations
N U M B E R S.
I. H E manner of conſtrućting an
affected Equation. Take, as
you pleaſe, for B, 3: for CQ 16:
for Dc, 125: for Fqq, 1296, ºc. (it is no
matter whether the numbers taken be truly
figurate or no) and of theſe Co-efficients
let there be made a Quadrato-Cubick Equa
tion. Let it, being framed according to the
latter analytical Table,be L4C-5BLqq+1o
CqLc—ſodcLq+5FqqL=Gqc, which in
Numbers, putting L (the root) 47, ſhall be
Iqc-15 qd-H 160 c-125o q+648oD=
170304782. Or, the diſtinétion of theº:
elng
Affeited Equations. I 59
being omitted, for 15qq ſay BL44; for
160c ſay CaLc; for 125cq ſay DcLQ ; and
for 648ol ſay FqqL: For if L be 47, then is
Lq=22.09: and Lc=io3823: and LQq=
487968 I : and LQc-129345007.
The Pračice of this Conſtruction.
BLqq 229345007|LQc
15x487.968, Hº:#;
CqLc I 56.149792
160x10282: +18%
DcL 17276.1472
1:42, —176 12.5o
FqqL I 7ooool 22
6486x47 || -- 3o4560
| 1793o4782Gqc
2. Let there be propoſed any Equation
whatſoever, ſupppoſe that now found,
1gc - 15qq + 160c - 1259q+648ol=
17o:94782.; or the Numbers being changed
into Symbols,
Lqc—BLqq+CqLc-DcLq+FqqL=Go;c.
And if there were more Species of Affe
ętions, conſequently they might be expreſſed
by Hec, Kqqc, Mqcc, Nccc., and ſo on
further.
3. Of
3. Of the Root L to be found out of theſe,
there are two parts; namely, A the firſt ſide
and E the ſecond, or any ſide following.
Wherefore L=A-HE. and all the powersof
L are equal to the like powers of A+E :
as LQ = Aq-H 2AE-HEq: and Lc=Ac-H
3AqB+3AEq+Ec, &c. -
He therefore, which defires to learn this

numerous Reſolution of affeded Equations,
ought to be very well verſed in the Geneſis
and Analyſis of pure Powers.
4. In the propoſed Equation, the Potºſław
reſolvenda, is viz. 170304782, or Gqc, is
Quadrato-cubick: of which kind alſo are
all the other ſeveral ſpecies of affections.
For Heterogeneals can neither be added one
. another, nor ſubſtraćted one from ano
ther.
5. Wherefore in the ſeveral Affections
two things are to be conſidered; the degree
of the Affection and the Co-efficient. As in
15qq the degree of Affection is quadrato-qua
dratick, and the Coefficient 15 is lateral: in
16oc the degree of Affection is cubick, and
the Coefficient 16O is quadratick: in 125oq,
the degree of Affection is quadratick, and
the Coefficient 1250 cubick. Laſtly, in
648.0l the degree of Affection islateral, and
the Coefficient 648o quadrato-quadratick:
as will evidently appear by comparing both
Deſignations
Affečied Equations: I61
the Deſignations of that Equation. And
from hence ariſe two Conſectaries, for the
Extraćtion of ſingle Roots.
6. The firſt Conſe&tary is, if the Root of
the Co-efficient according to its own kind,
drawn upon the degree of Affection, be
multiplied upon the Co-efficient: the produćt
ſhall be of the ſame kind with the poteſtas
Reſolvend: as in the fore going Equation,
if the ſide 15 multiplied quadratoQuadra
tickly be drawn upon 15 ; and if vºdióo cu
bed be drawn upon the Square 160; and if
the Vc 1250 ſquared be drawn upon the
Cube 1250; laſtly, if VQq648o be drawn
upon the quadrato quadrate C480; out of e
very one of theſe Multiplications ſhall ariſe
a quadrato-cubick Number.
And this analytical Multiplication is the
way of reducing any Coefficient to the Spe.
cies of the (Power to be reſolved or) Poteſta,
Reſolvenda, moſt uſual in the Extraction of
the firſt ſingle Root.
7. Whence alſo it clearly appears, that if
the Number ariſing out of the Coefficients
reduced after this manner and compared, be
leſs than the Poteſta, Reſolvenda, its ſide alſo
is leſs than the ſide of the Poteſtas Reſolvenda,
but if greater, 'tis greater, and if equal, e
qual. Therefore in this Equation, I qc
15qq-|-16oc—125oq-i-648ol=170304782.
ſ or 170304782 + 15qq - 60c-i-125 og —
M 684
162. Of the Reſolution of the
648ol=1qc., if both the lateral co-effi
cient 15 and alſo va 160, and alſo vºc 125o,
and laſtly, Vgq648o, be Quadrato-Cubed,
there ſhall come forth four Homogene Spe
cies of Affections; namely 7593. , 3238. ,
1450.:, oš81.., which indeed is eaſily done
by Logarithims, and accurately enough for
the purpoſe. The manner of the Opera
tion is to be fetched out of the end of this
Treatiſe, where ſome Rules are delivered
concerning Logarithms. (See Seč. 27, to
gether with the end ofthis Treatiſe.
Logarithems. Coefficients,
1)2)3)4) the Dimenſions in the Coefficents
{
1) 5x1, 17609 1599
5, 88045 7593 . .
2) 2, 20412. 16oc
5x1, Ioloé. 1265
5, 5 Io;o -3238.
3) 3, C969i 125oq
5xi, oizio, 128
5, I6 I 50 -1450
4) 3, 8i 57 6480l
$xo, 952.89.8L97 -o;8r.
4, 76445 In
Affetted Equations. 163
In the Equation propoſed, the Species,
according to their reſpective Signs, being
gathered into one Sum, there ſhal be
1703o4700-I-759300–3238oo-H145ooo
—o;81oo-iqc=170827 Ioo.
Which may be done in like manner in other
Equations.
8. The ſecond Conſe&tary is; If the Pote
ſtas Reſolvenda be divided by the Coeffici
ent, the Quotient ſhall be referred to the
ſame degree of Affection; that is, the Quo
tient ſhall be a ſide, if the Affection be un
der a fide; or a Square, if under a Square;
and ſo of the other degrees.
As in the former Equation. If 170304782
be divided by 15, the Quotient ſhall be
Quadrato-quadratick; if by 160, the Quo
tient ſhall be Cubick; if by 1250 the Quo
tient ſhall be Quadratick; if laſt of all, by
648o, the Quotient ſhall be Lateral. Where
fore not always the Quotient, but moſt
commonly its ſide, according to the degree
of Affection, ſhall be the ſingle ſide to be
extracted.
9. In the Inveſtigation alſo of the ſecond

| ſide this muſt be obſerved, that as the num
ber of Figures in the Quotient is, ſo is its
degree moſt commonlyW. be valued. *
: 2 1
164 Of the Reſolution of -
if the Quotient conſiſt of one *: only,

'tis a ſide; if of two, a Square ; if three, a
Cube, &c. And if the Quotient exceed 5,
or 50, or 50o, &c. It may perhaps be ex
tended to the following Degree, eſpecially
in greater Affections. And theſe are the
Laws of Analytical Diviſion.
io. Neither will it be neceſſary in this
Multiplication and Diviſion, to run through
the whole Poteſtas Reſolvend with the whole
Coefficient, but only as far as the next con
gruent Point.
1 1. For in the Reſolution of affected E
quations, all the punctations of the De
grees muſt be made in the Poteſtas Reſol
vend; as they are in the Pure, thoſe of the
higheſt degrees above, and thoſe of the o
ther degrees beneath.
The Coefficients alſo, each for their Spe
cies reſpectively are to be pointed. The ſ|
Punétations of the former Example ſhall be
|
thus,
Igc—15qq+162c-14300+264 ol !
=170304783 :
?
|
|
1. The Number of Points (eſpecially if {
the Coefficient be negative) ſhall regularly |
In
Affečied Equations. I 65
in each kind be equal. Wherefore if the
Poteſtas Reſolvend have more or fewer
Points above it, than the Coefficient hath,
let ſo many Noughts be ſet before the de
fe&tive Number, that the Points in each may
be equal. And in extracting the ſeveral
Sides, that Point of the Coefficient which
is proper to that ſide, is to be ſet under the
like Point of the Poteſtas Reſolvend: Which
ſhall be well done, if the Unites place in
the Coefficient be orderly ſet back, unto
the lower Points of the Poteſtas, anſwering
to the degree.
13. If any Coefficient be a Fraćtion, or a
ſurd Side, let it be reduced to Integers with
Decimal Parts.
14. And if it be needful to continue the
extraction of the Root in Decimal Parts;
you ſhall ſet down after the ſeparating Line,
ſo many Noughts as ſhall be thought re
quiſite, marking them in like manner with
Points above and beneath.
15. A Table ſhewing both the Diviſors
aud Gnomons, for the finding out the ſin
gle Sides in affected Equations, collected
and to be continued out of the latter Ana
lytical Table.
And note, that all the Species of every
Coefficient are affirmative, if the Coeffici
eat itſelf be affirmative, and negative, if
that be negative. M 3 For
For theſ For the fingle Sides following,
firſt Sidel to make up the Gnomon.
TAq | （（ÅET EqĶ_ae）, º
of the Reſolution of the
BABE .&=Cą
AC || 3 AqE .3AEq. Ec/
BAq | B2 AE =BEq •=Dc
Cq ACqE .— ！
ĀĢĒTĪTĀĀēEF5ĀāĒēĪī4ĀËc . Eqq
BACſ | B; AqE . B3ÁEā . ， BEC .=Fqq
Cq Aq |Cq2AE .Cq|Eq •
DCADcE
.Ë
ĀĢĒT|5ĀqqETT 19ĄCEq , 19AqĘc. 5.Aſqq · EqC
BÅqq |84ĀĢE_. BóAqEq , B4AĒC . BEgg ·
CqÅė |Cą3AqE. Cq3 AE . CqEC ·-=Gqc
DČAq |DC2AE .DcEq .
166
FqqÅ | Egge : ）&c.
Affected Equations. 167
16. The Diviſors are every where taken
out of thoſe Things which are given in
Meaſure, being diſpoſed in their juſt Order,
and added together, a regard being had to
their Signs.
17. If the higheſt Power of any Equation
be negative, that Equation is ambiguous.
18. The firſt ſingle Side may be extract
ed by theſe Rules, taken out of the two
Conſe&taries, Seš. 6. and 8.
Firſt, If the Coefficient, ſet in its right
place, ſtand ſo far backward that it ſcarce
reacheth to the firſt point of the Poteſtas
Reſolvend; nor, being analytically reduced,
make any notable mutation therein, it may
in the extračtion of the firſt ſingle Side be
quite neglected.
Secondly, If the Coefficient ſet in its
; lace, ſtand forth very forward, and
rmative, it is to be devolved from
point to point, until there be place for Di
viſion. By which Diviſion, the Quotient
found, ſhall be referred to the degree of
Affection. Which is alſo to be underſtood
in the extraćtion of the leſſer Root of an
ambiguous Equation. r
Thirdly, But if the Coefficient be Nega

tive, and conſiſt of more Points than the
Poteſtas Reſolvend, let the deficient places
be ſupplied with Noughts prefixed, and for
- M4 the
the firſt ſingle Side, let the Root of the Co.
efficient, according to the kind thereof, be
taken. .
Fourthly, If on both Sides the Points
be equal , and the numbers in the firſt -
Point, both of the Coefficient and the Po

teſtas Reſolvend, do not much differ. The
Coefficient being reduced (by Analytical
Multiplication Junto the rank of the Po -|
teſtas, by its Root of that kind for which

it is pointed, extracted under the congru
ent Point; if it be negative, is to be added
to the Poteſtas Reſolvend; if it be affirma
tive, is to be ſubdućted from it. For if
Ac-HCq.A=DC, then Ac-Dc-HCQA. But
if the greater Side of an ambiguous Equation
be ſought, the Poteſtas Reſolvend is to be
ſubducted out of the Coefficient reduced,
for if there be CGA-Ac=Dc -
there will be Ac-CpA — Dc.

Then the Root of the Sum or Difference
ſhall be the firſt Root to be extraćted. And
note, that the greater Side of an ambiguous
Equation is found out ſometimes by Divi
tion; ſometimes by extraction of the Root
out of the Coefficient, but moſt common
ly by Reduction of the Coefficient.
19. And theſe Precepts being diligently
confidered, that at length ſhall be the firſt
true ſingle Side, which firſt of all * O
eth ſuch a Diagonal; which, together with
the Coefficients multiplied, as the condition
of the Equation requires, according to the
precedent Table; and all being gathered
º into Sum, ( diligent regard being had to
the Signs and Seats, or Places,) ſhall bring
forth a number not greater than the Poteſtas
Reſolvend, from which it is to be ſubdućted.
And it is to be noted, that a negative
Number, how great ſoever, is leſs than e
very both affirmative, and leſſer negative.
As —4 is leſs than 1, and than –1.
Alſo 'tis to be noted, that Subduction chang
eth the Sign of the Number to be ſubdućt
ed: As out of 4 take 6, there remains 4–6;
that is, –2. And out of —4 take —6,
their remains -4+6, that is . . Laſtly,
out of 4 take —6, their remains 4-4-6, that
is lo. Wherefore in the extraction of the
firſt ſingle Side, ſome trya's muſt be made
until vou find out the true ſide ; which
you ſhill certainly know by the next grea
teſ.
20. In the conſtitution of the Diviſor,
for finding out the ſecond Side; the ſeat of
the Coefficient being drawn into any de
gree, muſt be ordered according to the
Punétation of its proper Degree; that is,
the ſeat of the Coefficient under a ſide, ſhall
be diſtant one place towards the left #.
- TOIll
17o Of the Reſolution of
from the Point or Seat of the Coefficient
it ſelf; the Seat of the Coefficient under a
Square two places, under a Cube, three, ,’
&c. And to avoid confuſion, it will do
well in the remainder of the Poteſtas Re t
ſolvend, to diſtinguiſh only thoſe Punéta

‘.1Oſl.
which ſerve for the preſent Extra
21. Then the ſecond ſingle Side ſhall

be extracted thus. Let the Diviſors of e
very kind found by the precedent Table,
and diſpoſed in their juſt order, be gather
ed into one Sum; and let the remainder of
the Poteſtas Reſolvend be divided by that
total Diviſor.
For the Quotient conſidered (if need be)
according to the Laws of Analytical Divi
fion, ſhall give the ſecond ſingle Side to be
extrađted.
But in this Inveſtigation many times, e
ſpecially if the Aggregate of the negative
dividing Quantities, be almoſt equal to the
Aggregate of the affirmative, ſo that the
Diviſor be much leſs than the remainder
of the Poteſtas Reſolvend, there will be
great lubricity; which never the leſs the in
genious Analyſt will avoid.
22, Lºt
12. Letthis therefore be a perpetual Rule:
That at length is the true ſecond ſingle ſide,
which firſt of all affordeth a Gnomon, con
fiſting of Complements of every kind, and
Coefficients multiplied (as the Condition of
the Equation ſball require) according to the
precedent Table ; and all being gathered
into one Sum, diligent regard being every
where had both to the Signs and Seats;
which Gnomon is not greater than the Po
teſta Reſolvend, from whence it is to be ſub
dućted. Wherefore trial muſt be made,
until the true Root be found; which alſo by
the next greater ſhall be moſt certainly
known.
23. All the other ſingle ſides after the ſe
cond, are moſt eaſily gotten by ordinary Di
viſion. . .
24. If the Affections be compounded of
Affirmatives and Negatives, the foregoing
Precepts are to be uſed mixtly with skill and
judgment; and in eſtimating the fides a
greater Affection ſhall ever weigh down a
leſſer. But frequent exerciſe j in the Ge
meſis and Analyſis of all ſorts of Powers will
fender theſe matters eaſie and familiar.
25.But becauſe I have ſometimes formerly
ſpoke of a neceſſity of Trials, which would
be troubleſom in manifold Affections, and
where the degrees are ſomewhat
- - -
hº | 3.
I72. Of the Reſolution of
ſhall here, to cloſe all, ſet down two ways
of eaſing that Trial. One by depreſſion out
&"
of Chap. 16. Seči 7. of my Clavis; another -
by the Canon of Iooo Logarithms. But in

*
both theſe ways, if the Equation be ambigu t
ous, all the Signs thereof are to be changed.

Here alſo 'tis to be noted, that a negative
Number, how great ſoever, is leſs than every
both affirmative and leſſer negative.
26. To find the ſingle ſides by depreſſion.
If the firſt ſingle ſide be ſought; in every
given Species of the Equation, cut off with a
ſeparating Line all the points after the firſt.
Then divide all the Species by the Latus, that
is, depreſs them one degree.
Examp.I. 14q-72c-138600–87. 5815.

This by depreſſion is made 1c --238|6–
|20=L) 872 |5. If A be 4, then 4)'872
|5 (218|1, juſt.
And +64-H238|6–115|2 = 1874
leſs than juſt. - -
If A be 5, then 5)872; (1745 juſt.

And +125+238|6–180io = 1836;
greater than juſt.
Therefore the true ſide A= 5-1. that
is, 4.
Examp.
-: .
Affeited Equations. 17.3
Examp. II. Of an ambiguous Equation
1c—3257––45744. This by depreſſion
is made, 1 q—32 |5=L)–45||7.
If A be 4, then it ſhall be 4)–45||7 (-114
Jiuſt.
And + 16-32 [5=–1615,leſs than juſt.
If Abe 5, then 5)–45||7 (-9 |f, juſt.
And +25-32 [5 =–7|5, greater than
uſt.
Therefore the true ſide A=5-1 that is 4.
If the ſecond ſingle ſide be ſought. In eve
ry ſeveral Species cut off all the points after
the ſecond; then divide all by the Square,
that is, depreſs them two degrees. As in
Examp. i. 14q-72c-1-238602|=87:58.15.
This by depreſſion becometh Iq+L)238600
–72]=Q)8725815. -
If A be 47, then 2209)8725815(3949, juſt:

And 2209-H 5077–3384=,896. leſſer
than juſt.
If A be 48, then 2304)8725815(3787.juſt.
And 2304-ſ-4971–3456=3819. greater
than juſt.
Therefore the true ſide is, 48–1, that is,
47.
27. To find the ſecond ſingle Side by Lo
garithms.
The Index of every Logarithm is taken
out of the Table in the beginning of the Cla.
vº,
f74 Of the Reſolution of the
vis, according to the diſtance of its firſt Fi
gure, before or after the Unites place, the
Index whereof is o. Therefore the ſame
Figures diſpoſed in the ſame Order have the
ſame Logarithm. But the Indexes may be
diverſe, as of the 436, the Logarithm is 2,
6394865; but of the number 43600, the
Logarithm is 4, 6394865; and of the num
ber 4|36, the Logarithm is o, 6394865;
laſtly, of the number olco 436, the Loga
rithm is 3,6394865.
The Sum of two Logarithms is the Loga
rithm of the Produćt of their Valors: and
their difference is the Logarithm of the Quo
tient, as becauſe 4|36x9=39|24, the Lo
garithm of it is, 1,5937290 =o,6394865
+o, 9542.425; and becauſe 9)39|24(4|36:
the Logarithm hereof or 6394865 = 1,
5937290–o, 9542.425: the Logarithm of
the ſide drawn upon the Index or number of
dimenſions of any Poteſtas is the Logarithm
of the ſame Poteſtas. As becauſe of the
number 436, the Logarithm is 2,6394865,
it ſhall be that 2,6394865x2=Log: Q:436.
And 2, 6394865x3=Log: C: 436. And
2, 639486.5×4=Log: QQ. 436, &c.
The Logarithm of any Poteſta, divided by
the number of its dimenſions affordeth the
Logarithm of its Root. f
I .
If, in a continued Series of Geometrical
Proportionals, the Logarithm of the firſt
Term be taken out of the Logarithm of the
ſecond, the remainder ſhall be the Loga
rithm of the Ratio. Which, if it bedrºn
upon the number of all the Terms wanting
one, (which is, the number of Ratioja.
then be increaſºdwith the Logarithms%fie
firſt Term ſhall be the Logoftheaſt Tej
28. And let this ſuffice concerning the
knowledge of Logarithms, which being un
derſtood, the following Examples being di
ligently inſpeaed will make the reſt ºf the
York ºaſie. In which alſo all the puna.
tions after the firſt are to be cut offby a ſepa
rating Line.
.#º IgG-73c-2386col=375,81.
juſt let the two firſt ſingle fides be, 5815
6
7; 1,67209
8 |- 72] H-23860s
... →
§:::::: ::::::: *.072
::::::
QQ.6,68839| 3:2 to
'' 6,87362 7,04977
+4880 –747; +-I 1213
And 4880 + 11213- 7475 F-F8618 leſs
than juſt. -
48,
48. 1,68124|1 1,857.33 5,37767
Cu. 5,04372 5,04372. I,681 24
QQ6,724961 6,9570; 7,3539
--5308 –796; -- 1455
And 5308-- I 1455-7963 = 488oo:
greater than juſt.
Therefore the true root ſhall be 48–1 that
jS, 47. -
Examp. II. ic—3357 I-4574+ juſt.

Let the two firſt ſingle ſides be,
|–3257
48. 1,68114|| 3.5128.
Cu, 5.0437. 1,6312.4
I loé -
5, 19406
—1563
1 to 6 — 1563 =–457. leſs than
juſt (at leaſt not greater.)
49. 1,690 196 3,51282
Cu, 5,07059. 1,69022
i 176 5,203 oz.
— 1596
-- I 176—1596 =–42 o' greater
than juſt.
Therefore the true Root ſhall be 49–I,
that is, 48.
The
Affetted Equations: 17 7
The ſecond ſide may be ſought by Loga
rithms, depreſſion alſo preceding, as in .
amp. V. Iqq - 1246 loo?=0897.26%;6.
Which by quadratical depreſſion becomes,
10–1246–Q) 8972 |6. Suppoſe the twº
firſt ſingle ſides.
{{ I,5 :::: |8972|6|
: 3,0629
#: I 56 3.33%
3,95537
-
9,89141: Valor 7|77, juſt.

+II56–1246=–90, leſs than juſt.
36. 1,5563 olz,95337
3, II 26o 3,1 126o
+1296|o,84077: Valor 6 |93, juſt,
+1296–1246=+5o greater than juſt
Therefore the true Rootfalleth between 34
and 36.
Thus have I, in XXVIII. Seaſons Or

Precepts (which is a perfect number J diſ.
patched the Dočtrine of the Reſolution of
4ffeded Equations, by the Aſiſtance of God
the giver of all good things." H, therefore be
all the Praiſe, Honour, ind Glory for ever.
Amen.
N Some
178 Of the Reſolution of the
Some Examples of Equations reſolved

in Numbers.
I Shall here forbear to touch the Analyſis of

Quadratick Equations, and of all other,
which conſiſt of three Species equally
aſcending in the order of the Scale: becauſe
in Chap. 16. Seá.9. Clavis, a more eaſie way
is taught than this general Method; and
proceed to Example of Equations otherwiſe
affèéted.
Laſtly. In the end I ſhall ſet down ſome
Notes, in which the Reaſon of the Opera
tion, in the Inveſtigation of the fingle ſides,
ſhall be opened out of the former Precepts.
I will begin with the Reſolution of that
Equation, the Conſtrućtion whereof you
have in the beginning of this Treatiſe.
14c.—15qq+16oc—125oq+6480–
170304782. -
that is, L4c-BLQq-|-CQLc-DcLq+FqqL

=Gqc.
Exam
Example I.
1gc–1540-1-16oc-125oq+o648ol=
17030304782. that is, L4C–BLqq+CqLc
DcLq+Fqqſ=Gqc. .
1703 of782 (47
| ". . ;
3. ; —B
1 250 —DC
16o Ca
648o Faq
I O24. Aqc
Ioz 4o Cq.AC
2 3929 |Faqā
+-I 128997 o
3840 —BAqq
22009 -DCAq_
- 4 o4.o.o.o
_724.99% o Ablatur.
R& *
1785 5 Aqq
64o IoAc
16o 1 of Aq
2O 5A
7,680 CQ3 Aq
1922 CG 3 A
16o Ca
6482 (Fqq –4–3
180 Of the Reſolution of -
+142.5oo40
38|40 —B4Ac
I 44o —B6Aq
240 —B4A
I 5 —B
IOOOO —DC2A
1250–Dc
T-108766;
+1 oi!6237; Diviſor
896 o 5AqqB.
3 I 360 IoAcEq
54880 io Aqec
48ozo 5AEqq
16807 Eqc
53 |76o Ca3AqE
9|408o Ca3AEq
5488o CaFc
45 360 FqqE
-Fºggio;
268/8c |TE Ace
–B6AqEq
560
8|2320 —B4AEc
360 I 5 — BEqq
7|oooo — Dc2 AE
612;o-DcEq
–355 56.465
+978|o5582 Ablatit,
Example
Affeółed Equations. 181
Example II.
1c-1-4200ool=24;6; inſ 3. -
That is, Lc-HCQL=Dc.

24%| 65||713 (417
42| oool o |Cº.
64 Ac
168 oool o (Cd A
232 obo o Ablatit.
R 15| 65||713
4|8 3 Aq
I 2, 3A
4 200 oo | Ca
9 12o' od Diviſor.
4, 8 3Aqe.
I 2, 3 AEq
I Ec
4, 200 oo (CGE
| ... 9. 12 Il oo lablatit.
of the Reſºlution of the
R <!; 3 oz ( ;
5 o 43 |3Aq
2 3 3A _4 I.
42 o'o o oſCo. 16 81.8
9 2 55 3 oDiviſor.
– 3 or 3AqL
º:
6 oz. 7 |3AEq
|343|Ec
. 94 o'o o oſCoE
53 of i 3Ablarit.
Example III.
1c--10974–147617936,
That is, Lc-|-BLG-Dc.
24%. 19.3% B(411
1 o'o 7 |
64 Ac
1 6 º, 2 BAq_
2 : six Tallaº.
R2 *49:33%| -
48 3 Aq
| 7. 3A
89 s 6 B2A
i o of B
13|o?6 |7 |Diviſor.
48 3 Aqe
I 2. 3AEq
I Ec
8|o 56 B2. AE
Ioo 7 |BEq
I 3|o77 |7 |Ablatit.
R 94.0 |136 I.
504 |3 |3 Aq
-
i.
3
I |23 |3A
825 |74 |2BA I
º
I of B 16 81;
1332 |277 Diviſor.
3 530 || |3AqE
6o 27 |3AEq
343 Ec
5||78o |18 |B2AE
49 |343 BEq
9|410 |236 (Ablatit.
- N 4 Examp.
Example IV.
19q-4429900;l-22:52.86 -
Lqq-DcL=Fqq.
312.3 1986 (345
–44.299055 —Dc
|-
--81
-132 897.0|| 5
Aqq
—DCA -
—51|897c 5 Ablatit.
R 52, 195,586
1 o'8 4AC
54 6 Aq
I 2. 4A
+: 352 |
–44.299|oo 5 — Dc
9:20.995 Diviſor. -
O 4ACE
So |6Aqeq
Soo 4AE -
62 sl Eqq
o6° 5 |
1495 p.25 —DCE
912.9 375 4blatit.
Affetted Equations.
R 52065.38%
T-- 2 93 -39; i’iviſor.
T-F, 1065 38;6|Ablatit.
Example W.
iqq-1246924=6897:6256, Lºq—CqLq
=Fqq.
38973.6256 (354 -
—-12|46oo —CG
—H8 I Aqq
—l 12|I4Oo --CoAq
T-31|14-olſ Ablair.
R 32 o;73.625%
IOI8 4Ac
54 6Aq
12, 4A
H-11352. T
) . 7|47.60ſo |-Cq2A
1246|oo -Co
––716oodloo
{
+3|-31499 |Diviſor.
54|O 4AcE
13|so 6Aqeq
I|500 4AEc
+69|oô25 --
37|38ool o –Cq.AE
3|| $ool29 –CQEq
–4O495o oo T I
+2.3567;oo [ABlair.
- E-El ~~~~
R. 24697.625%
8489||1300||Diviſor.
+34687.6256Ablatiº.
Exauple VI.
igq-349c–321066096
Lqq—Bic-F83. ‘ ‘
6 2 ſoéropé (354
–34o —B
––81 TAqq
–918O BAc
— c180 |Ablatit.
--------------
R17
Affailed Equations. 187
R. 17'oroººoºº
54 q
-12. 4A
+ 135°. |→
9|18O —B3 Aq
3060 —B3A
349_|-B
=948-40 |_
Fiššić, Diviſor.
54 o 4AcE
I 35o 6AqEq
1590 4AEc
_| 615 Eqq
+89962;T) = -
45.90o -B3AEq
#|ésed, Lºgº
'4.5o'o -BEC
—5.3 975 o'o -
+1; 337;ſo |Ablatif.

Tºo?!
+4692.9069 Diviſor.
+ 1913. 6096 Ablatit.
Example
ſ
Example VII.
1gg—77108000|=685 53.3576, Laq-DcL

=Fqq. .
Č3553p;76 (426
—7, I oboloo
432 Olo O.
432009
==||
1873°576
X IO
36
I6
576
7108ooo
—- -De
3652 ooo Diviſor.
I 4AcB.
$
3 #s
16
1696 -- -
**-i-
5 4216 oo l-ºr-DC
Tºoboo [Aſlatit,
Affeited Equations. 189
R 135393 osté
+2|203o 408oDiviſor.
+13 $393,0576|Ablatit.
Example VIII. -
320ol-Ic=46 $77 An ambiguous Equa

CaL-Lc-Dc. tion.
46577 (47 Greater Root.
32|OO Ca
–64 -AC
—l–128|oo CaA
+64(OO |Ablatit.
R–17|14 || T
-
48
I 2. -
– Aq
–3 A
~492
+3|loo Ca
72O |Diviſor.
6. –3AqE
Exam
190 of the Reſolution of the
Example IX.
32001–ic=463:
[I 51 Leſſer Root.
4657.
3voo Ca
-i. TAC
+32.90 CoA
3roo Ablatt.
RI $571.
3 2 Aq
2 3A
–33
_-)-3299 || Ca
2.87o Diviſor.
Tik –3AqE
75 (T 3AEq
–2|375
+16902_j CoE
13625 |Ablatit.
RI
R 1952 boo
252 by TDiviſor.
745 |107 Ablatit.
R 6106 |893 loco&c.
Example X.
534-Ic-i 3-54 An Ambiguous
BLq-Lc=DC Equation.
i; *54 | (49 Greater Root.
B
–64| -Ac
+84|8 |BAq
+2c18 |Ablatit.
192. of the Reſolution of
—1627 Diviſor.
33|6 |-3Aqe
588 –3 AEq
343 -Ec
–39823
29/68 B2AE !
2595 BEq
+32,277 |
-7:546 Ablatit.
-----
-------.
Ro looo
Example XI.
534-Ic-i 3:34
13.5 4 | (2006 Leſſer Root.
;: B C
—8 -
212 BAq
I 32 . Ablatit
Rºſsºooo pool
-12ooooo -3Aq
–6 loo -3 A
—12'o6 |oo
2. I 2 OO *A
5|: B *
+21205 3 |
9 199 30 |Diviſor.
-T-60 Ooo o -
*w-
132--I°o25
-- 60 I so I2 5
106 OOO
I 32 5
— toº 132 5
982 375
*-*
---
f9 or 7
Example XII.
69944–16=ioz;768
CQL-Lc=DC.
i. 223 768
---_ (236 Greater Root,
à- ——-------a- -->
-600; †
–3|TI -Ac
+1zoo.6
| 8 CºA
+400 6 |8 Ablatit.
R-298; o;2
Iz.
–3 Aq
6 -3A
Q
—I 26
+6oo |34_Cd ſ
–659 |66_Diviſor.
36 —3AqE
54 –3AEq
| 27 —Ec.
—4167
--18or lo2_|Cae
–2 365 (98 Ablatit.
R-617 los?-' -
—96366 |Diviſor.
617 los2 |Ablatit.
Example XIII. -
écoid-ic-io,37%. |
“; o23 768 | 17|135 Leſſer Root,
6oo 34
TT-IT-ACT
—H 60034 || CoA
+1599 |34 |Ablatif.
• 4feded Equations: #9;
R 424 ||18 |
3 -3Aq
3 =34–
—|33 |
+6Oo34 Ca
59 704 |Diviſor
2|I –3 AqE
147 H3AEq
343 -Ec
–3|913
420 |238 (CQE
416 325 |Ablatit.
* * *--'------
R+80, boo T
59I& 19 Drºſºr.
6|o 1 6 189 Ablatit.
*4 - -ºs ---ve
"----
R2|o86 (8; 1 lood

39; 5.62 ×7 Diviſor.
ſ Ablatit.
775 is 56 go; ----e.g.
YOO
---
59 153 647 9i Diviſor.

195_73; 16 625 Ablatur.
T-, - –-
R isºgº º 75 203ſ&c
O 2. Example
Example XIV.
IgG-72c -238600l=87:58: 1956

Lqq-BLG-HDcL=Fqq.
873;813|E256 (476.
_+238,600 D.
256 Aqq
95.44do D&A
–406.8 BAG
-H7496co Ablatiº.
--- ---
---. Tº
R. 12258?! 1236 -
25|6 |4|Ac
96 6. Aq
i -35
Affaied Equations. 197
-35|4312
+15°o48Di
1792
4704
5488
|2401
167 ozoo
+398.9881]
24ſ 92
423:36 —B3AI###,
24696-BEC
–286.7256
II 2.2625 Ablatiº.
R 197190|7956
17698,808 Diviſor.
Io 71907.056 Ablatit.
Example XV. Of Triſtāion.

- 3'-ic= |25864978, io9 CQL-Lc-Dc.
258 643 |18; 1 (ol 4469
3 99 Subtenſe.
-
—64– Ac Gr. 26.

* | CºA
136 Ablatit, O3 R
R. I 2.2
-
* —
4. 3 T-3Aq
12 -3A
–4 92.
+2 Cº.
– o8 Diviſor.
2 –3'AqP.
92 –3AEq
64--Ec.
184
—CºE
4.
+|1298|| § 16 |Aviath. -
-
--~~
r 23 824 78.
2 417 (88 |Diviſor.
2. i 665 [151 |Ablatit"
R 2 159 (631 too

259 |506 |23 Diviſor.
I 54 585 |5o I Ablatit.
|OOO
ojo45 1599
Example
Affected Equations. I99
-—
Example XVI. Of Quinquiſeifion. º
1qc-1-5c+5=|| 1 471 $28,270,993

Lqc-CaLc--FqqL=Gqc.
|41.15 18727 ozog, (ol-437
—HIS Fqq Suttºnſ.
--5 –Cd Gr. 14.
32|Aqc
—: O Faq.A
+-I looo;2
—4o Col Ac
96.032 (Ablatit.
- - - - -- - --->
- -- - - - - - -º-º-º-
--
R I 8683 18727
8|o |5 Aqq
8o Io Ac
4O Io Aq
Faq
H-5co8 |84io
6o -Ca2 Aq
3o —Ca2 A
–630 |5
aco of the Reſolution ºf the
+4478 341o [Diviſor.
82. O 5Aqe
IoAEq
: ioAqBc
| 5 AEqq
Eqc
FqqE
–Cd 3AqB.
—CG 3 AEq
Cat
Ablai.
- -t- - - -
-- - -
ozog2
3 22 Diviſor.
Ablatit.
- - - - - -- a--
- - - - -
OOOOO
Noteſ
Affeiled Equations. º 2C I
Notes on the preceding Examples.

N the Examples of Sett. 26 and 28, I call
I that a juſt Number, which ariſeth from
the Application of the Poteſta Reſolvend, to
the degree of the ſuppoſed Side, by which
the Depreſſion is made. For this is the Mea.
ſure unto which the other Species being law
fully aggregated ought to be equal. As in
Exam, i. of Seči. 26, 1C–H–2 38 |6–7 |24=
L)872 |5. if for the firſt ſide be ſuppoſed 5:
ought to be C:5:--2386-7|2 Qs 5 =
872 |5 divided by 5: that is, 125-1-2386–
(7|2 × 25) 180 , namely, 1836, equal to
1745 juſt. But it is greater, and therefore
the true ſide is leſſer than 5. Therefore
ſuppoſe it again 4: and try whether C:4:
+238|6-7|2 Q:4: be equal to 8725 di
vided by 4.
But left that in theſe Examples, as alſo
in the following, theſe Trials be undertaken
meerly at adventures, I ſhall admoniſh the
Reader, -
Firſt, If the Homogene Poteffa of the

ſide extraćted exceed the Poteſtas Reſolvend,
or if the Quantities increaſing the Poteſtas
Reſolvend exceed thoſe that diminiſh it : the
true ſide A ſhall be, for the moſt part, leſs
than the ſide extracted; but if otherwiſe
greater, as in this Equation,
IC
2O2. Of the Reſolution of
1.c4-26ooool=1869-1713.
Secondly, If the Diviſors under the ſame
Sign with the Remainder of the Poteſtas Re
ſolvend, exceed thoſe that are under a diverſe
Sign; the true Side Eſhall be, for the moſt
part, leſs than the Quotient; but if other
wiſe greater, as in this Equation,
15681–1c=2 1952.
The ſame alſo happens in ambiguous Equa
tions, when the Remainder of the Poteſtas
Reſolvend, is affirmative ; as in this Equa
tion, - -
676811-1c=214273.
The Solution of theſe three Equations ſhall
be ſhewed in Pračtiſe after the Notes.
Thirdly, If, after theſe Monits, there yet
remain any doubt, the Trial ſhall moſt con
veniently begin at 5, and from thence the
Inquiſition be continued by odd Numbers;
whethether it be done by Depreſſion, or by
Logarithms.
Theſe things being premoniſhed, it re
mains, that we diſcuſs the Examples them
{elves.
For Example I. Vgci 703 is 4+ by Sečí.
18. Rule 1. for as appears from Setſ. 7. in
the firſt point there is no great Mutation
made by the Coefficients analytically redu
ced. For which reaſon, the true ſide A
hall be 4. - -The tº
Affeited Equations. 2O3
The true Side E is leſs than the Quotient 9,
becauſe the Diviſors under the Sign--(which
is the Sign of R) exceed thoſe that are un
der the Sign -.
For Example 2: 42) 247 (6- by Seči. 18.
Rule 2. for 42 analytically reduced, by Seči.
6 and 8, becomes 252: greater than 247.
And the true Side A is leſs than 6, becauſe
C: 6— exceedeth 247|6.
For Example 3. Io)247(24+Q: 5–3 by
Seči. 18. Rule 2. -
For Example 4. Vc44| 3 is 3+, by Seá.18.

Rule 3. Wherefore the true Side A is 3. -
The true Side Eisleſs than the Quotient

8-, by Monit 2.
For Example 5. Vg12 |4 is 3-4-, by Seč.
18. Rule 3. Wherefore the true ſide A is 3.
The true ſide is leſs than the Quotient 9–,
by Monit 2.
For Example 6. The Lateral Coefficient 3|4
multiplied Quadrato-quadratickly, and in
creaſed with 62, becomes 140, 9 & 3-4-, by
: Sett. 18. Rule 4. Wherefore the true fide A is 3.
The true ſide E, is leſs than the Quotient
9–2 by Monit 2.
For Examp. 7. V677 is 4, by Seč. 18.
Rule 3. Wherefore the true ſide A is 4.
For Examp,8. Va;2 is 565:Upon 32 is 1808
mi 465; remains 144, C: 5. by Sečº 18. Rul.4.
But 144 exceeds 465. Wherefore the true
fide A is leſs than 5, by Monit. I. The
204 Of the Reſºlution of
The true Side E is leſs than the Quotient
Io, by Monit 2.
For Example 9. I 1.13. The Solution is
eaſie by Diviſion, according to Seá. 18.
Rule 3.
For Example Io. C: 5 : is 125, mi 13.
there remains 112, C : 5— ; by Seč. 18.
Rule 4. But I 12 exceedeth 13.
Wherefore the true Side A is leſſer than
5, by Monit 1.
The true Side E is leſs than the Quotient
12, by Monit 2.
For Example 12. Vaé is 2-H, upon 6,
becomes 12 m i I, there remains 11. C:
250, by Sett. 18. Rule 4. but I I exceedeth
1. Wherefore the true ſide A is a little leſs
than 2-F, by Monit I. . .
The true Side E is leſs than the Quo
tient 5–, by Monit 2.
For Example 14. QQ: 7|2: is -2687.
And YC238 || 6 is 6 |2, whoſe Q Q is
--1480. Then —2687-F1480=-12o.7:
This added to 872, giveth 2979, QQ = 6
-- by Seči. 18. Rule 4. And becauſe the
Adjećtitious —2687 is greater than the Ab
latitious--1490. Therefore the true Side
A ſhall be leſs than 6, by Monit 1.
The true Side Eisleſs than the Quotient
9, by Monit 2.
". . . - For
24ffečied Fquations. 20;
For Example 15, 16. Becauſe in both the
leſſer Root of an ambiguous Equation is
ſought, and the Coefficients reduced do not
hinder, the Analyſis ſhail be made by Di
viſion, according to Seč. 18. Rule 1.
The Pračtiſe of the Example in thefirſ: Monit.
1c-H26|oooo-180931713.
18o |9 (4 the ſide A
26|o Cd -
vg26 is 5, upon 26, becomes 130. Let

it be taken out of 180, there remains 50,
C: 3+: which is leſs than 180. Where.
fore the true ſide A is greater than 3.
The Pračiſe of the former Example in
the ſecond Monit.
15681–1c=21953 -
2. I 95: (28 the two firſt Sides,

:* Co.
+36, Gia
Tºé Aula.
R—I 408
- I -
6 -? A
-- I (26
+ l; 08 Diviſºr - A is
-

The Sign of R is -; but – 126 is leſs
than + 1568. Wherefore the true ſide E
is greater than the Quotient 4.
The Pračiſe of the latter Example in the
ſecond Pračiſe.
67681–1c=21477;
2. I
-
:* Cº.
8
(47
- -
76 The Sign of R is +. (
–64 -Ac But the Diviſor made
+2-372 CaA up of the Degrees of
—Hzoá12. Ablair. a Negative is leſs than º
--> the Coefficient Divi.
k+7;54 A ſor Affirmative,that is,
4é, Tººl —492 is leſs than +
*
T#8
—- C')/
º —-3 6768. Wherefore the
C true Side E ſhall be .
greater than the Quo.
q
:
|
+1848 Diviſor jent

In Seč. 27. I have ã,
handled the
Dočtrine of Logarithms, but clearly enough,
eſpecially for the three former Species of
Numeration, viz. Addition , Subduáion,
and A4ultiplication. i
The Operation in adding or ſubſtraćting,

if the Indexes are Affirmative, doth .#
ing differ from the common way of Integers,
and but a little if they be Negative; as ap
peareth from theſe Examples, The
: The In: 13. 1,11394. 15. 1, 17609.
ſention of P 17. 1,23045. & 32.1,505 15.
Fraćtions Y Log. 1,883.43. Lo. 1,671.94.
- Addition.
To Si,88;49. Out of ST,883.49
Add {1,67194. Take -º, 67.194
Sum(1,3543. Reſts £o, arra;
Multiplication.
Of the Side oooé4. Of the Side 6|oo64.
3×3, 80614. 2×3,80614.
Cube 7,41824. Square 5,61228
The Difficulty of the Diviſion of a Lo
garithm .#. negative Index, by 2, 3,.
45,6-c. conſiſteth
1. in the Inveſtigation of
the Index of the Quotient: For which pur
poſe this Table ſerveth.
Diviſors. 2) I. 2|r
3: 42.
5: 6|3
7: 8.4
&c, (3 # *: 2. 6|2.
31
_*7: 8. g|:
4) : I. *: 3: 41
# 6, 7, 8.
I. 2: 3: 4. 5|f
5) 3. 7. 8. 9. I c. ,
40.3 o .2O. I O. c
In this Table the Diviſors are toward,
the left Hand within the crooked Line.
Then towards the right Hand follow , ;
Negative Indexes of the Logarithms . . .
divided. **
To theſe in each ranck ſtand Collateral,

the Negative Indexes of the Quotients.
But the Numbers which are written be
neath. o. 10.20, 30.40. ſhew the Numbers
to be added to the firſt Figure of the Lo
garithm to be divided, whoſe Negative In
dex is found above in the ſame Column nea.
the Diviſor. As, if the Logarithm 7,41842
be to be divided by 3, ſeek 7 by 3) and
there ſhall be given 3 Collateral, for the
Index of the Quotient; and the number
20, beneath, which added to 4, the firſt
Figure of of the Dividual makes it 24, if:
which the Diviſor is 8 times contained.
Diviſion.
3) 7,41841. 2) 3,61228.
Side 3,80614, Side 3,80614,
T H E R N IX.

1694-KEY OF THE MATHEMATICKS-Mr. William Oughtred

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1694-KEY OF THE MATHEMATICKS-Mr. William Oughtred

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sº

Mr. William Oughtred's

Recommended by Mr. E. H.A. i. les,

M ou GHT REDs * fºs

2. In this Table the upper Numbers are

4. I have indeed formed this Table in de- |

5. Decimal Parts are written in the ſame

%o. The Sign of Subſtraćtion is - leſs,

11. The Sign belongs to the Quantity be

1. In the fifteenth Chapter you may ſee what

to A+B) A-HB "- .

4. The Meaning of -A, is, that there is

6807392 947 log I7 I3 4.

4. Symbolical Subdućion joins the Magni

4. As to the Subdućtion of one Quantity from

4:16 589134 358 5873

5: There is a very uſeful Contraction of

Caſ: IV. If you would have the Produćt

o looë4; ſo that the five o Looz 7.

6. Symbolical Multiplication connects both

Note, That A upon A, or Ax A, or AA, a

makes AEIBA-FBE ZA+ZE+Zi BATBE

If heside AB+gpie multiplied a

2. And if Decimal parts be added, dºe. J

The Reaſon of this will appear upon viving

&c. xxxx . XXX. XX • X , I

XXX XXX=XXXXX, and ſo of any

A, for Frađions upon Integers; Becauſe Di

Hence it follows, that you muſt cut off as ma

Thus in any other Example.

Let us take the Firſt Example.

297) rººrgyºzy (630084.437

stolia) arres |ays (47's

2. As for the Rule about Indexes in Divi

As 4:3; ; ; and 4); %

Now 793: 744, 9:43:28.36

4. Hence follows the Golden Rale of Pre

5. Of three given Numbers to find a

6. Direá Proportion is when the greater

8. Proportion is Continual - is, when all

10. In any number of Proportionals. As w

11. If the Antecedents of ſeveral Propor

1. As for the finding out of a Proporti.

18. The Converſion of Sexageſimals into

Diviſion by 60. Sets the ſeparating Line

On the other hand. If Decimals be gi

19. Arithmetical Progreſſion is an equa

words thus; If the Rećtangle contained un

Here AxB-axb conſequently A, a . : b. B.

Concerning the greateſt Common M EA

them both by 3A. And 4Ace are reduced

1. Concerning this matter you are to conſult

4. In this Example 12 8 : : 15. Io. Firſt

and in Latin called ºuincunx) is equivalent

6. If the Numerator be leſs than the De

On the contrary Unites are reſolved into

Z, the Sum will be BA

Concerning the Multiplication and Divi.

Here I ſhall briefly and ſymbolically deliver

tiply A upon D but E. : there that Quantity

awhich ariſes from a Multiplication of A *;

and Épºca-ii; therefore É); BD

Some eaſe Examples, which prepare the

A=RE Z=RE--SE. X=RE-SE