Number 2 b) +545 d) e+ Sate 4 4 on 9% 4 b) f+ a) 3+ 9 4- 5. a) 24434 by 41h ) 5-3 ) 5-2 6) 5-4 9 31-35 6 a bene b) afeattig 1 19392 ® & eg IE 8g o4 eee Multiplication and division of fractions Worked examples a) 5X4 ss los ‘The reciprocal of a number is obtained when 1 is divided by 2 that number. The reciprocal of 5 is 4, the reeiprocal of 5 is 5, ete. Dividing fractions is the same as multiplying by the reciprocal. Worked examples 2) ») : ot sie l= x Bl oleIntegers, fractions, decimals and percentages Exercise 4.8 1. Write the reciprocal of each of the following: as 2 05 a iy °) 34 6 ‘Evaluate the following: a) 3xF b) EX Gn 9) Xi ad) For§ e) fort 1) Jor} 3. Evaluate the following: 3 5 a3 be $ 4) 13+} 5+ +1} 4. Evaluate the following: a) 3x b) 3x3 9) a ) G+Oxa ©) 30ff £) 435 5. Evaluate the following: a GX) + GOR) ——b) x3) CF +H) ) Gor +Gots) A) px 25 @ Changing a fraction to a decimal To change a fraction to a decimal, divide the numerator by the denominator. Worked examples a) Change to a decimal. 0.625 8 [5.070 %0 b) Change 2 to a decimal. This can be represented as 2 + 2, 0.6 5 13.0 Therefore 23 26 Exercise 4.9 1. Change the following fractions to decimals: at b) § ox os os 0% a hy 5 aqNumber Worked examples Exercise 4.10 2. Change the following mixed numbers to decimals: a) 2 b) 3 9) 4 4) 6% °) 9 6 2) Sie hy 4B a5 @ Changing a decimal to a fraction Changing a decimal to a fraction is done by knowing the ‘value? of each of the digits in any decimal. a) Change 0.45 from a decimal to a fraction, units. tenths hundredths o . 4 5 0.45 is therefore equivalent to 4 tenths and S hundredths, which in turn is the same as 45 hundredths. Therefore 0.45 = 3 = cy b) Change 2.325 trom a decimal to a fraction. units. tenths hundredths thousandths 2 3 2 5 Therefore 2.325 = ig = 25 on = 249 1. Change the following decimals to fractions: a) 05 b) 07 ©) 06 ) 0.75 e) 0.825 £) 0.05 2) 0.050 hy 0.402 i) 0.0002 2. Change the following decimals to mixed numbers: a) 24 b) 65 ©) 82 d) 3.75 e) 10.55 f) 9.204 a) 15.455 hh) 30.001 i) 1.0205 @ Recurring decimals In Chapter 1 the definition of a rational number was given as any number that can be written as a fraction. These include integers, terminating decimals and recurring decimals. The examples given were: 153 4 03=% 153 = 18 ‘The first four examples are the more straightforward to. understand regarding how the number can be expressed as a fraction. The fifth example shows a recurring decimal also written asa fraction, Any recurring decimal can be written as a fraction as any recurring decimal is also a rational number. and i 2 T=} 02 =3Integers, fractions, decimals and percentages @ Changing a recurring decimal to a fraction A recurring decimal is one in which the numbers after the decimal point repeat themselves infinitely. Which numbers are repeated is indicated by a dot above them, 0.2 implies 0.222 222 222 222 222. 0.45 implies 0.454 545 454 545 0.6024 implies 0.602 460 246 024. Note, the last example is usually written as 0.6024 where a dot only appears above the first and last numbers to be repeated. Entering 4 into a calculator will produce 0.444 444.444... Therefore 04 = §. The example below will prove this. Worked examples a) Convert 0.410 a fraction. Letx=04 ie.x = 0.444 444 4d 444... 1Oe = 4.4 i.e. 10x = 4.444 dad 444 444 Subtracting x from 10x gives: Ox = 4.444 444 444 444., = x = 044d 44d da dad... w= 4 Rearranging givesx = 4 Butx = 0.4 Therefore 0.4 b) Convert 0.68 to a fraction. ise. x = 0.686 868 686 868 686... i.e. 100 = 68,686 868 686 868 686. Subtracting x from 100x gives 100% 68.686 868 686 868 686... - x 0.686 868 686 868 686. 99x 68 sal Rearranging gives x = §} Butx = 048 Therefore 0.68 = &Number Exercise ©) Convert 0.03 to a fraction. i ie.x = 0.031 313 131 313 131... fe. 100r = 3.131 313 131 313 131... Subtracting x from 100x gives: 3.131 313 131 313 131... 0.031 313 131 313 131... 31 ing both sides of the equa decimal to give: 990x = 31 n by 10eliminates the som wet Rearranging gives x = 3, Butx = 0.031 si- 2! Therefore 0.031 = oy ‘The method is therefore to let the recurring decimal equal x and then to multiply this by a multiple of 10 so that when one is subtracted from the other either an integer (whole number) or terminating decimal (a decimal that has an end point) is left, @) Convert 2.0406 to a fraction. Let x= 2.040 | ie. x = 2.040 640 640 640. 1000x = 2040.640 xe. 1000x = 2040.640 640 640 640.. Subtracting x from 1000x gives: 1000x = 040,640 640 640 640. .. - 2.040 640 640 640. ‘000x 2038.6 Multiplying both sides of the equ: decimal to give: n by 10 eliminates the 9000x = 20 386 Rearranging gives x = 3356 = 2,05 which simplifies further Rearranging gh 0 = 25500 I ms Butx = 2.0408 Therefore 2.0406 = 225 1. Convert each of the following recurring decimals to fractions in their simplest form: a) 03 b) 07 <) 042 d) 0.65Integers, fractions, decimals and percentages 2. Convert each of the following recurring decimals to fractions in their simplest form: a) 0.05 b) 0.063 ©) 1.02 d) 4.0038 3. Without using a calculator work out the sum 0.15 + 0.04 by converting cach decimal to a fraction first. Give your er asa fraction in its simplest form. ans 4. Without using a calculator evaluate 0.27 — 0.106 by converting each decimal to a fraction first. Give your answer as a fraction in its simplest form. Student assessment | 1, Evaluate the following: a) 4060 6) Sof5S gy Zot a) Sor120 2. Write the following as percentages: ) i b) o4 0% 2) 4 ) 2% 8) a byt i) 031 j) 0.07 k) 34 2 3. Evaluate the following: a) S+8X3-6 b) 15+45+3-12 4. Work out 851 x 27. . Work out 6843 + 19 giving your answer to 1 dp. 6. Evaluate the following: 3 448 a HOE b) $45 7. Change the following fractions to decimals: 2 3 2 a) 3 ») at oF d 8. Change the following decimals to fractions. Give each fraction in its simplest form. a) 42 b) 0.06 ) 185 a) 2.005 9, Convert the following decimals to fractions, giving your answer in its simplest form: a) 03 b) 0.080 3 121 Work out 0.625 + 0.0% by first converting cach decimal to a fraction, Give your answer in its simplest form.Number Student assessment 2 1. Evaluate the following: a) }of63 b) fof72 cc) ZofSS — d) of 169 2. Write the following as percentages: as >) i Or Oe ) ) 3mm 2) ow ) Ss i) 077 j) 0.03 k) 2.9 y4 3 a) 6X4-3%8 b) 15+342%7 4. Work out 368 x 49, 5. Work out 7835 + 23 giving your answer to 1 dp, 6, Evaluate the following: a) B-§ b) xs 7. Change the following fractions to decimals: ad b) o§ ) 3 8. Change the following decimals to fractions. Give each fraction in its simplest form a) 65 b) 0.04 ©) 3.65 4) 3.008 9. Convert the following decimals to fractions, giving your answer in its simplest form: a) 007 b) 0.0009 ©) 3.030 10. Work out 1.025 — 0.805 by first converting each decimal to a fraction. Give your answer in its simplest form.(s) Further percentages ‘You should already be familiar with the percentage equivalents of simple fractions and decimals as outlined in the table below. Fraction Decimal Percentage 7 OS 50% 1 025 25% 075 75% 0.125) 125% 0375 375% 0.625 625% 0875) 87.5% ol 10% 02 20% 03 30% 04 40% 06 60% o7 70% 08 80% 08 90% @ Simple percentages Worked examples a) Of 100 sheep in a field, 88 are ewes. i) What percentage of the sheep are ewes? 88 out of 100 are ewes = 88% ii) What percentage are not ewes? 12 out of 100 =12% b) Convert the following percentages into fractions and decimals: i) 27% ii) 5% a ae = 0.05 09 = 977 Too ~ 29 =Number Exercise 5.1 Worked examples Exercise 5.2 ° z by 2 Convert 3 toa percentage: ‘This example is more complicated as 16 is not a faetor of 100. Convert toa decimal first. 3+ 16 = 0.1875 Convert the decimal to a percentage by multiplying by 100. 01875 x 100 = 18.75 Therefore 3 = 18.75%. ‘There are 200 birds ina flock. 120 of them are female. What percentage of the flock are: a) female? b) male? Write these fractions as percentages: a) » 3 oa Oe Convert the following percentages to decimals: a) 39% b) 47% c) 83% d) 7% ©) 2% f) 20% Convert the following decimals to percentages: a) 031 b) 0.67 c) 0,09 d) 0.05 e) 02 f) 0.75 Calculating a percentage of a quantity Find 25% of 300 m. 25% can be written as 0.25. 0.25 & 300 m = 75 m. Find 35% of 280m, 35% can be written as 0.35. 0.35 X 280 m = 98m. Write the percentage equivalent of the following fractions: a) } by 3 Oo: d) ec) 45 f) 33 Write the decimal equivalent of the following: a)Z b) 80% os d) 7% e) If Ht Evaluate the following: a) 25% of 80 b) 80% of 125 ec) 62.5% of 80 d) 30% of 120 e) 90% of 5 f) 25% of 30Further percentages Worked example Exercise 5.3 4. Evaluate the following: a) 17% of 50 b) 50% of 17 ©) 65% of 80 4d) 80% of 65 e) 7% 0f250 — f) 250% of 7 5. Inaclass of 30 students, 20% have black hair, 10% have blonde hair and 70% have brown hair. Calculate the number of students with a) black hair, b) blonde hair. ©) brown hair, 6. A survey conducted among 120 school children looked at which type of meat they preferred. 55% said they preferred lamb, 20% said they preferred chicken, 15% preferred duck and 10% turkey. Calculate the number of children in each category, 7. A survey was carried out in a school to see what nationality ity students were. OF the 220 students in the school, 65% were Australian, 20% were Pakistani, 5% were Greek and 10% belonged to other nationalities. Calculate the number of students of each nationality. 8. A shopkeeper keeps a record of the number of items he sells in one day. OF the 150 items he sold, 46% were newspapers. 24% were pens, 12% were books whilst the remaining 8% were other items. Calculate the number of each item he sold. @ Expressing one quantity as a percentage of another To express one quantity as a percentage of another. first write the first quantity as. fraction of the second and then multiply by 100, In an examination a girl obtains 69 marks out of 75. Express this result as a percentage. 69 -3 Sx 100% = 92% 1. Express the first quantily as a percentage of the second. a) 24outofS0 —b) 46 out of 125 ©) Toutof20 dd) 4S out of 90 ©) Joutof20 —f)_ Gout of 40 g) 13outof39 hh) 20 out of 35 2 A hockey team plays 42 matches. It wins 21, draws 14 and loses the rest. Express each of these results as a percentage of the total number of games played.