Algebra and graphs Worked examples Exercise [1.17 Often one denominator is not a multiple of the other. In these cases the lowest common multiple of both denominators has to be found. : 944 ) % 2 a) 35 °) £ oF 08 a ag Se ¢ HE oFe oRuv Algebraic representation and manipulation 4 a) p-2 b) e-5 o) x2 1. © Simplifying complex algebraic fractions With more complex algebraic fractions, the method of getting a common denominator is still required. 2 a wel r+ 242) 3@+1) @+D@+2)' @+De+2) 2(v+2)4+3(0e+1) @+D@+2) 2x4+443x43 (e+1)@+2) 5x47 +D@+2) Worked examples) 3 pts p-5 ___Sip-5)_ 3 43) ~ (@+3)@-5) @+3)@-5) _ S@p-5)~3(p +3) ~~ (p+3)(p-5) Sp-25-3p-9 (P+3)P-5) ___2p-34 © (p+3)(p-5) b)Algebra and graphs Exercise 11.18 “x43 eo x +2x-15 __ 3) ~ G=3ie+5) x xt Simplify the following algebraic fractions: 1. a) °) °) v °) ¢) ~ °) ©) °) 1 2 42 1 wtT ep p-3" p-2 a yt4 yt x(x—4) (A) +2) (m+2)(m-2) (m—2)(m—3) mQm-+3 (m+4)Qm+3) 2-5 @+3)a-5) _vety Q-DO-3) x(x+2) +44 wax xa1 way wx-12 243K va9 b) a 9 i-m43 by 20-3 (y+3)-3) a) Pts) (p-S)P+5) f) m+1)(m—-1 ) n+ 2\@n—1) ea3e (+43) @) =D) ) FP 42e-3 p 224 5x44 b) x20uv Algebraic representation end manipulation Student assessment I 1. Expand the following and simplify where possible: a) SQa — 6b + 3c) b) Sx(Sx — 9) ©) ~SyGry + y?) d) ae Gry + 3y? = 2) ©) 5p~3(2p - 4) f) 4in(2m — 3) + 23m? — m) 2) Y(6r —9) + Rx + 24) h) Hom -8) + F(0nr -2) 2, Factorise the following: a) 12a — 46 b) x8 dy ©) 8p — 4p%q d) 2dxy ~ 16x'y + Bry? 3. Ix =2.y = —3.andz = 4, evaluate the following: a) 2x + 3y—4z b) 10x + 2y* - 3z oy 2-y d) & + yy 2) e) 2-x%* f) (¢+x\z—x) 4. Rearrange the following formulae to make the beld letter the subject: 3 y a) x=3p+q — b) 3m—Sn=8r 0) 2m=4 - wos Sty d) x(w+y)=2y e) Rpt 1) Samia Student assessment 2 1. Expand the following and simplify where possible: a) 3(2x — 3y + Sz) b) 4p2m — 7) ©) —4m(2mn — n?) dd) 4p*(Spq — 24? — 2p) ©) 4r—2Gx +1) 1) 4x(3x ~ 2) + 2(50° ~ 3x) 2) 21Sx— 10) ~ (9x - 12) b) Ble -6) + 40x +8) 2 Factorise the following: a) lop ~ 8q b) p’~ 6a ©) Sp'q — 10pq? d) 9pq — 6p" + 124° 3. Ifa =4,6 = 3andc = ~2, evaluate the following: a) 3a—2b +3¢ b) Sa 36% ©) @+R+e d) (a+ d)(a-b) ©) @-8 NB-c 4. Rearrange the following formulae to make the beld letter the subject: a) p=4mtn b) 4x — 3y = 5z = = uae d) mx +) = 30 e) 2¢_mn Ptd om- ) t f r menAlgebra and graphs Student assessment 3 1. Factorise the following fully: a) mx — Sm —Snx +25nb) 4x? Sly? c) 88° 122 d) xt-y* 2. Expand the following and simplify where possible: a) (x +3)(e +5) b) (© 7-7) ©) (x +5) a) @= 7) +2) c) (2x -1)Qv +8) f) (7-SyP 3. Factorise the following: a) x2 — 18x +32 b) x? -2x-24 ce) Or +18, d) P-2x4+1 e) 20+ 5-3 1) t= 120 +4 4, Make the fetter in bold the subject of the formula: a) =a + 2as b) t+ Rap ae d) e) 3x—2y=5x—7 pf S* Simplify the following algebraic fractions: ab, be a) Ox b) 12rn? °) aE d) ) 6. Simplity the following algebraic fractions: a) +46 ») Oe or ySr_3r 2x_3y o axe Oa cr —(e=2)_3r42 ert G2) _ Sebo 7. Simplify the following: 3,2 (+3)-3) 9) ad mt3 be O-3F °) v4+4x-21uv Algebraic representation end manipulation Student assessment 4 1. Factorise the following fully: a) pqg-3qtpr—3P—b) 1-1 c) 875? — 1257 d) 17-29 2. Expand the following and simplify where possible: a) (©—4)(r +2) b) @—8) ©) (ty? a) (© e+ 11) e) (x = 2) ~ 3) f) (5~ 3x) Factorise the following: a) x? 4x77 b) 2-66 +9 c) x2 14d, d) 3x? + 3x — 18 €) 22 +5x— 12 f) 4x? — 200 + 25 Make the letter in bold the subject of the formula: a) mf? b) m=se ) A=a/p+a d) ay 1 5. = ®) S777 f) r(s—)=2t+r 5. Simplify the following algebraic fractions: 2 mn. PQ as by x Be 2 a ee Teq Th, ae 9 eas 6. Simplify the following algebraic fractions: ey Sam 2, 3p nt » 316 4x Tx 3m, 4n_ lin 9 ay Ty © Bp ¢) 24 _¢_ 0) 3(y42)-2E3 7. Simplify the following:Algebra and graphs Student assessment 5 1. The volume V of a cylinder is given by the formula V = nrh, where h is the height of the cylinder and ris the radiw a) Find the volume of a cylindrical post 6.5 m long and with a diameter of 20 em. b) Make r the subject of the formula, ©) A cylinder of height 60 cm has a volume of 5500 en find its radius correct to 3 s.f 2. The formula for the surface area of a closed cylinder is A= 2nr(r + h), where ris the radius of the cylinder and h is its height. a) Find the surface area of a cylinder of radius 12 cm and height 20 cm, giving your answer to 3 sf. b) Rearrange the formula to make / the subject. c) What is the height of a cylinder of surface area 500 cm? and radius 5 em? Give your answer to 3 s. 3. The formula for finding the length d of the body diagonal of a cuboid whose dimensions are x, y and z is: yeey tz a) Find d when x = 'b) How long is the body diagonal of a block of concrete in the shape of a rectangular prism of dimensions 2m, 3m and 75 em? ©) Rearrange the formula to make x the subject. d) Find x when d = 0.86, y = 0.25 and z = 0.41. 4, A pendulum of length {metres takes T seconds to complete one full oscillation. The formula for Tis: T anf g where g mis? is the acceleration due to gravity. a) Find Tit/=5 andg = 10. b) Rearrange the formula to make / the subject of the formula. ¢) How long is a pendulum which takes 3 seconds for one oscillation, if g = 10?(12) Algebraic indices In Chapter 7 you saw how numbers can be expressed using \dices. For example, 5 X 5 X 5 = 12S, therefore 125 = 5°. The 3 is called the index. Indices is the plural of index. Three laws of indices were introduced: () ax @ =an ) oon @ yan an @ Positive indices ey Worked examples a) Simplily dX at. b) Simplity P7 4 Poe éx d= op =d oe - =p =P Exercise 12.1 1. Simplify the following: a) xe b) mts mt ©) (DS + F a bab! 12x'y" ) aa f) ax?ye au'v® ax‘y'z? 2) a ») re 2. Simplify the following: a) da x 3a b) 20% x 4a? ) ery d) minty ©) pF x QPP 1) Gnin) x mn? yp Coeeny by (aby (aoy @ The zero index ‘As shown in Chapter 7, the zero index indicates that a number or algebraic term is raised to the power of zero. A term raised to the power of zero is always equal to 1. This is shown below. ©Algebra and graphs therefore “= a" -@ However, = 21 « therefore @® = 1 © Negative indices A negative index indicates that a number or an algebraic term is being raised to a negative power e.g. a~. ‘As shown in Chapter 7, one law of indices states that, This is proved as follows. therefore a-™ Exercise 12.2 1. Simplify the following: a) exc b) g2xgisg? 2) WG a) (me Fony 2. Simplify the following: cal a) » OF 9) rr? @ Fractional indices Tt was shown in Chapter 7 that 16*= 16 and that 27 = 927. This can be applied to algebraic indices too. In general: Wa a" =Va" or (8la)” ‘The last rule can be proved as shown below: @’ Using the laws of indices: 1 4a can be written as (a)" which in turn can be written as a". Similarly: a” can be written as (a"\" which in turn can be written as Ja)".12 Algebraic indices Worked examples a) Express (a)*in the form a”, Exercise 12.3 by ° L @a)=a* Therefore (¥a)* = (ab) = Express 6? in the form @/b)". BF can be expressed as (6°)? b= ‘Therefore 6 = (64? = lb)? tx ph Simpity Using the laws of indices, the numerator p! x p? can bbe simplified to p= pi. i ‘Therefore “ can now be written as p* x Using the lavss of indices again, this ean be simplified asp?) = pt Sicph og ‘Therefore P Other possible simplifications are ({p)? or 1 ap) Rewrite the following in the form a": a) Way) ay og) A) ay’ Rewrite the following in the form @/b)": a) oF b) BF ) oF a) oF Simplify the following algebraic expressions, giving your answer in the form a”: a) atxat b) axat d) va ‘Simplify the following algebraic expressions, giving your answer in the form (Vb)": a tix vox Qo?