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Well Testing
Well Testing
WCP1 Course
Introduction to Well
Testing
and Interpretation
Dominique Bourdet
Well Testing and Interpretation
• Introduction
• Conclusions
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Description of a Well Test
pi
Pressure, p
∆t Dd
∆p BU
∆p Dd
p(∆t=0) ∆t BU
Rate, q
drawdown build-up
Time, t
Drawdown : ∆p = pi − p(t )
Build-up : ∆p = p(t ) − p( ∆t = 0)
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Well Test Objectives
• EXPLORATION WELL
• APPRAISAL WELL
• DEVELOPMENT WELL
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Well Test Objectives
• EXPLORATION
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Well Test Objectives
• APPRAISAL
– Reservoir properties
• permeability
• heterogeneity
• reservoir boundaries
– Well productivity
– Fluid properties (sampling)
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Well Test Objectives
• DEVELOPMENT
– Reservoir properties
• drainage mechanism (permanent gauges)
• communication between wells
– Well productivity
– Average pressure
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Information obtained from Well Testing
• RESERVOIR DESCRIPTION
– Reservoir responses
• Reservoir in dynamic condition (flow lines are
established)
• Large volume investigated (averaging)
– Results
• Permeability (horizontal k and vertical kv)
• Reservoir heterogeneities
– natural fractures,
– layering,
– change of characteristics.
• Pressure (initial pi and average p )
8 • Boundaries (distance and shape)
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Information obtained from Well Testing
• WELL DESCRIPTION
– Results
• Production potential
– productivity index PI,
– skin factor S
• Well geometry
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Interpretation Methodology
I S O
input system output
Inverse problem : O / I = S
Direct problem : I *S = O
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Input Data required for Well Test Analysis
• TEST DATA
– Flow rate (sequence of event)
– Bottom hole pressure
• WELL DATA
– Wellbore radius rw and geometry
– Depths (formation, gauges)
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Input Data required for Well Test Analysis
c t = co ( 1 − S w ) + c w S w + c f
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Types of Well Tests
• PROCEDURE
– Drawdown test
– Build-up test
– Injection test / fall-off test
– Interference test and pulse test
– Gas well test
• Flow after flow test,
• Isochronal test,
• Modified isochronal test
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Types of Well Tests
• COMPLETION
– Production test
– Drill stem test (DST)
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Test Sequence (oil well)
Pressure, p
Initial Build-up
shut-in
Clean Variable Stabilized
Rate, q
up rate rate
Time, t
– Clean-up period (drilling and completion fluids, no measurement)
– Initial shut-in (pressure gauge at depth, initial pressure pi)
– Variable rate (start of rate measurement)
– Stabilized rate (main flow)
– Shut-in: build-up period
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Drill Stem Test
• ONSHORE
TESTING Flowhead
BOP Stack
Casing
Tubing
Test tool
Packer
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Drill Stem Test
• OFFSHORE TESTING
Fixed point at
Packer
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Drill Stem Test
DST STRINGS
• Open hole
– Open hole
packer
– Barefoot
– Zonal Isolation
• Cased hole
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Surface Equipment
• FLOW HEAD: flowing, killing, wireline
• CHOKE MANIFOLD: positive & adjustable
• HEATER: hydrates, high viscosity
• SEPARATOR: metering of three phases
• TANK: oil rate
• BURNER
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Surface Equipment
SURFACE SETUP
Flowhead
Burner
Choke
maniflod
Heater
Rig HP Gas
Gas
pump
manifold
Separator
Water Oil
Water Air
Transfer pump
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Test Separator Gas
Effluent
Water Oil
• RATE MEASUREMENT
– Oil and water: positive displacement
– Gas: orifice meter
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Down Hole Equipment
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Safety
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Wellbore Storage
rw
r
pi
pw
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Wellbore Storage
Pressure, p ∆ tD
d
∆ pDd ∆ pBU
∆ tBU
q Surface
Rate, q
q SandFace
Time, t
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Wellbore Storage
C : wellbore storage coefficient
∆V
C=− = coVw (Bbl/psi)
∆p
with
co : fluid compressibility
Vw : wellbore volume
Vu
non-eruptive well: C =
ρg
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Wellbore Storage
• Straight line on linear scale (at the beginning of
the response)
Pressure change, ∆p
BS
W
m ∆p =
qB
∆t
24C
Elapsed time, ∆t
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Radial Flow Regime (infinite
homogeneous behavior)
p ri
rw r
pi
S=0
pwf
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Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
p ri
rw r
pi
pi
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Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
kh
• SKIN: S= ∆pSkin
141.2qBµ
141.2qBµ r 141.2qBµ r
pw, S − pw, S =0 = ln S − ln S
kS h rw kh rw
S=
kh
( pw,S − pw,S =0 ) = k − 1 ln rS
141.2qBµ kS rw
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Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
qBµ k
∆p = 162.6 log ∆t + log − 3.23 + 0.87 S
kh φ µct rw
2
• Semi-log
straight
line
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Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
• RESULTS:
1. the semi-log straight line slope m : the permeability k
qBµ
kh = 162.6
m
∆p1 hr k
S = 1.151 − log + 3.23
m φµ ct rw
2
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Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
6000
no skin
pressure, psi
- Low 4000
moderate skin
permeability 2000
0
0 10 20 30 40
time, hours
6000
- High high skin
pressure, psi
4000
permeability very high skin
2000
0
0 10 20 30 40
34 time, hours
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Radial Flow Regime
(infinite homogeneous behavior)
3000
∆ p skin
permeability 1000 no skin
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
time, hours
3000
pressure change, psi
permeability 1000
high skin
0
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100
time, hours
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Fractured Well: Linear Flow Regime
• INFINITE CONDUCTIVITY FRACTURE
xf
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Fractured Well: Linear Flow Regime
qB µ
∆p = 4.06 ∆t
hx f φct k
Pressure change, ∆p
• Straight line
with the mL
F
pressure versus
the square root
of time
∆t
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Example
• SEMI-LOG ANALYSIS
3000
Flow rate : 1000 BOPD
Fluid Volume-Factor : 1.2000 vol/vol
2500
Fluid Viscosity :0.500E+00 CP
porosity : 25.0000 %
pressure change, psi
0
1.00E-03 1.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.00E+00 1.00E+01 1.00E+02
time, hours
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Example
• SEMI-LOG ANALYSIS 1996/01/01-1000 : OIL
5500.
SLOPE
3500.
3000.
10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1
Delta-T (hr)
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Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady
State Regime
rw
re r
pi
pw
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Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady State Regime
re
pi rw r
pw
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Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady
State Regime
pi rw
re r
pw
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Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady
State Regime
• Straight line on linear scale
pi
Pressure, p
p-
pseudo s
teady sta
te
slope m*
Time, t
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Closed Reservoir: Pseudo Steady State Regime
– At late time,
qB qBµ A
∆p = 0.234 ∆t + 162.6 log r 2 −
φct hA kh w
log ( C A ) + 0.351 + 0.87 S
qB
φ hA = 0.234
ct m *
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Well Responses
• FLOW REGIMES
– Pressure : ƒ(∆ t) = l o gΔ t, Δ t, 1/ Δ t
etc.
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Well Responses
• WELL RESPONSES
– Fractured well:
1. Linear
2. Radial
– Well in a channel:
1. Radial
2. Linear
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Build-up analysis
• Semi-log scale: Horner plot
4000
slope m
Pressure, psia
3750
3500
3250
3000
1 101 102 103 104
(tp + ∆ t) / ∆ t
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Type Curve analysis
• Log-log Scale
102
p
CDe2S
D
10
10-1
10 -1 1 10 10 2 10 3 10 4
Dimensionless time, tD/CD
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Derivative Analysis
• Well with wellbore storage & skin in a
homogeneous reservoir
1.0E+03
pressure
∆ p and ∆ p', psi
1.0E+02
derivative
1.0E+01
1.0E+00
1.0E-03 1.0E-02 1.0E-01 1.0E+00 1.0E+01 1.0E+02
∆ t, hours
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Derivative Analysis
• Well with wellbore storage & skin in a
homogeneous reservoir
102 1060
1050
1040
1030
Dimensionless pressure, pD
60
10 1020
50
10 1015
40
10 DAMAGED 10810
1030 6
10
10 104
10 60
10
1020
103 102
50 1015
10 NORMAL 10
Approximate 40 10
10
3 1
10 8
0.3
end of 30
10
10
10 6
ACIDIZED
wellbore 20
10 10 4
CD e 2S
storage 1015
3
10
2
10 10
1 8
10
10
10 3
6
10 1
4
0.3
10
3
10 CD e 2S
10-1
10-1 1 10 102 103 104 105
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Testing
End of Module