ARCHITECURAL DESIGN

(EXERCISE 1)

RIYA PATIL
ROLL NO.: 20
SEM-III
VIVA SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE

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ELEMENTS

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 • ARCHES: An arch is a curved structure. Arches are usually made of
stone, brick, concrete, or, more recently, steel; to support or
strengthen a building.

• RAILING: Railings provides separation, support and safety. Railings

can be made from a very wide range of materials: Wrought or cast
iron. They are used on stairs, balconies, galleries, decks, ramps,
walkways.

• ORDERS: There are five major orders: Doric, Ionic, Corinthian,

Tuscan, and Composite.

• LINTEL: A lintel is a horizontal member placed across the openings

like doors and windows in buildings to support the load from the
structure above.

• STAIRCASE: Staircase consists of flights which takes one from one

floor level another.

• RAFTERS: Rafters are the framework for roof.

• STAINED GLASS: The coloured glass used for making decorative

windows and other objects through which light passes.

• JALIS: Jalis are perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an

ornamental pattern. Jalis provides air and diffused light and also
provides privacy.

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 • BEAMS: Beams are usually horizontal structural elements. They carry loads
perpendicular to their longitudinal direction.

• COLUMNS: Columns are vertical structural elements where the load is

transferred parallel to the longitudinal axis as compression, and sometimes as
tension.

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COLORS

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 Color is an integral element in architecture. It is not only important
aesthetically, but it also has a great psycho-sensory importance. Color is an
important constructive elements that constitute an architectural work as it
affects our mind positively as well as negatively. Colors are based on
function, aesthetics, age group, spaces.

The main purpose of color is to express order of architectural elements,

determine purpose of spaces in the interior, create visual effects and thus
affect a person’s mood
• WHITE: White convey peace, cleanliness, freshness, and simplicity. White
makes the walls look neat enhancing the decor. The best part of having white
walls is that if you wish to add any kind of colour to your room through
artifacts, lights or other decor objects, you do not run over the risk of going
overboard. White on the exterior wall helps to reflect sun rays keeping
interior cool in sunny regions.

• RED: Red shows impluse, energy, attention, danger, excitement. Red is the
most dominant color.

• ORANGE: Orange is a vibrant color which is not as overpowering as red but

can be used for attention. The color is inviting, vibrant, fun, energetic and
friendly. Orange can encourage our attitude to be more energetic and lively,
while at the same time can instill a sense of restraint.

• YELLOW: It radiates warmth, cheerfulness, optimism, curiosity, joviality and a

bright atmosphere and inspiration and signifies enlightenment, also works
great as an contrast color.

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 • GREEN: Green: Evokes calm, tranquility, serenity and well-being. It is regularly
used in spaces associated with health and well-being, such as hospitals and
relaxation centers.

• BLUE: Transmits the feeling of positivity, confidence, and security. It is often

used in commercial and business spaces, such as banking agencies, offices
and companies.

• GREY: Grey adds elegance to designs. Grey is without a doubt one of the
easiest colors to design with, being a complementary neutral color to so many
other colors. It is the most common color used in commercial as well as
residential structures as it adds formality and balance.

• BLACK: Black is the darkest color, the result of the absence or complete
absorption of visible light. Black is associated with power, fear, mystery,
strength, authority, elegance, formality.

• BEIGE: Beige is dependable, conservative, and flexible, potrays simplicity,

warmth and softness. The color beige is neutral, calm, and relaxing.

• VOILET: The color purple is often associated with royalty, nobility, luxury,
power, and ambition.

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ISMS

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 • MANNERISM: Mannerism is late renaissance art. Mannerism falls between
renaissance and baroque. Characteristic features of mannerism paintings are
augmented nature, elongation, asymmetry, tension, instability. Characteristic
features of mannerism are symmetry, order, and harmony typically found in
Renaissance architecture.
• CUBISM: Cubism the name itself explains the use of geometric planes and
shapes. Movement begun in 1907 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges
Braque as their work consist of interlocking shapes and geometric planes are
examples of cubism. Cubism aims to show all of the possible viewpoints of a
person or an object all at once. Cubism continues to inspire the work of many
contemporary artists, which use the stylistic and theoretical features of this
style.
• MINIMALISM: Another one of the art movements from the 1960s.
Minimalism aims for simplicity and objectivity. It reduce works to the
fundamental, the essential, the necessary, and to strip away the ornamental
layers that might be placed on top. Minimalist designs tend toward more
whitespace, better typography, grid layouts, and less color. Over time,
minimalist and modernist designs became more closely tied to cost,
construction and aesthetic.
• DE STIJL: De Stijl refers to simplicity and abstraction, both in architecture and
painting. De stijl makes use of only straight horizontal and vertical lines and
rectangular forms. Characteristics are a flat roof, asymmetry, geometric forms,
white or gray walls with details highlighted by primary colors.
• BAUHAUS: Craft, utility and mass production the form follows function ideal,
which is still popular today, was propagated by Bauhaus founder Walter
Gropius. Bauhaus focus on simple geometric forms such as the triangle,
square, and circle. Asymmetry favored over symmetry. Use of steel, glass,
concrete, and other modern materials.

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 • NEOCLASSICISM: Almost the opposite of pop art in terms of inspiration, this
style is one that arose in the second half of the eighteenth century in Europe,
drawing inspiration from the classical art and culture of Ancient Greece and
Ancient Rome, which is not uncommon for art movements.

• ROCOCO: Rococo is a movement in art, particularly in architecture and

decorative art, that originated in France in the early 1700s. Rococo style is
characterized by elaborate ornamentation, asymmetrical values, pastel color
palette, and curved or serpentine lines. Rococo art works often depict themes
of love, classical myths, youth, and playfulness.

• SURREALISM: Surrealism is a modern movement in art and literature that

tries to express the subconscious mind. Surrealist art often uses dream
imagery to show the inner workings of the mind.

• MODERNISM: It was associated with an analytical approach to the function of

buildings, a strictly rational use of (often new) materials, structural innovation
and the elimination of ornament. The style became characterised by an
emphasis on volume, asymmetrical compositions, and minimal
ornamentation.

• ART DECO: Art Deco, sometimes referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts,
architecture and design that first appeared in France. Art Deco buildings have
a sleek, linear appearance with stylized, often geometric ornamentation. The
primary façade of Art Deco buildings often feature a series of set backs that
create a stepped outline. Low-relief decorative panels can be found at
entrances, around windows, along roof edges or as string courses.

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RESIDENTIAL SPACES

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 1. COURTYARD: Plays a very important role in controlling the temperatue within
the house. Is micro climate modifier. Enables passive cooling. This helps in
maintaining constant air circulation within the building and thus helps in
coping up with the humid conditions and enhancing thermal comfort.

2. DECK: Deck are made from treated lumber wood or timber, and forms part of
garden landscaping extending the living spaces. Typically constructed
outdoors, often elevated from the ground, and usually connected to a
building.

3. PATIO: Patio is an outdoor living space used for dining or relaxation or

recreation that adjoins a residence.

4. WORK SPACE: Usually workspace is far away fro the living areas of the house
as possible to avoid distraction. Letting natural light in is that it usually comes
with views to the exterior. Looking out to vegetation helps ease our mind and
aids in contemplation and meditation. This simple strategy can be extremely
powerful, and can affect your overall productivity within your work area.
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 5. ATTIC: Attic is a space between the pitched roof and ceiling which can be used
for storage or rooms( bedroom, workspace, relaxation). Attic rooms are usually the
most appealing interiors.

6. BASEMENT: Now a days due to lack of space basements are built; they are
entirely or partially below ground level.
7. READING AREA: Reading area need not be a separate room it can be the part
of other living spaces. Things to consider for living spaces are space with proper
ventilation, lighting and comfortable seating.

8. VERANDAH: Verandah is mostly seen on the front side of the structure. it is

aopen gallery or porch with roof above. Verandahs are usually outdoors but they
can also be indoors in houses having central courtyard.

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 9. TERRACE GARDEN: terrace garden is similar to roof garden where we can
cultivate vegetables, fruits, flowers, plants, etc. on the terrace of a house.

10. BALCONY: Balconies are elevated platforms which are accessible through
rooms.

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ART FORMS AND ARCHITECTURE

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 1. ARCHITECTURE: Designing buildings, open areas, communities, and other
artificial constructions and environments.

2. PAINTINGS: To paint on canvas or any other material to make artistic

composition. Medium-with a brush, but other implements, such as knives,
sponges, and airbrushes, can be used.

3. MURALS: Murals are huge paintings, painted on wall or ceiling or any other
permanent surfaces. We come across many murals in our daily travelling.
Murals are mostly painted in public areas. Murals contrast the negative
mental health effects of concrete and asphalt.

4. SCUPLTURE: Scuplture is made by carving stone or wood or by casting metal

or plaster to create a 3D representation or abstract form. Basic stratergies of
scupltures- molded, cast, carved or assembled.

5. CERAMICS MAKING: The art of making objects by shaping pieces of clay and
then baking them until they are hard.

6. WOOD CRAFTS: Any object that is made with wood that is aesthetically
pleasing to the eye as well as functional is called wood crafts. Furniture and
decor items are examples of woodworking.

7. JEWELRY DESIGN: Jewelry design is also a different form of art and it involves
the design of intricate pieces of jewelry from metals, wood or plastic.

8. CALLIGRAPHY: Calligraphy is writing letters in a manner that it looks visually

appealing is defined as calligraphy. Calligraphy is a form of visual art that has
great commercial value.

9. DRAWING: Drawing is a presenting any form or object by hand through the

medium of pencil, pen, charcoal, etc.

10. CRAFTWORK: Craft, the name often taken together with art, involves working
with hands. This has always been the most popular form now with artists
creating interesting artwork with cloth patches, crochet, etc.
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