Food Ecology

Budi Widianarko
Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata

Bincang Didik
Komunitas Guru Biologi SCK dan SCB
26 Oktober 2021
Food Ecology
● Interconnection between human food system and
ecosystem

Ecosystem
TOPICS TO SHARE

1. Environmental Footprints of Food

2. Environmental Pollution & Food Safety
3. Food Loss and Waste
1. Environmental Footprints of Food
https://www.flickr.com/photos/european_parliament/8558534231
https://ecosistem
aurbano.org/wp-
content/uploads/v
irtualwater_alime
ntos1.gif
Carbon footprint intensities (1)

http://www.fao.org/nr/sustainability/food-loss-and-waste
Carbon footprint intensities (2)

http://www.fao.org/nr/sustainability/food-loss-and-waste
2. Environmental Pollution & Food Safety
PENCEMARAN PLASTIK
P PLASTICS
L
A Man-made, non-metallic polymers of high
S
T
molecular weight, made up from
I repeating macromolecules.
C

P A wide range of polymeric materials:

O
L 200 plastics families, incl. polyethylene (PE),
L
U
polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS),
T polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene
I
O
terephthalate (PET), nylon, polyvinyl alcohol
N (PVA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
(ABS) synthetic rubbers.
 JENIS PLASTIK
& KODE

10/26/2021 WWF 19
DUA WAJAH PLASTIK ● Susah diuraikan di
● Mengemas & alam
mengawetkan bahan ● Penyebab POLUSI
pangan
● Material yang murah LINGKUNGAN 
untuk berbagai bila sampah plastik
keperluan
● Atraktif sebagai suatu tidak dikelola
bahan yang bersifat dengan baik
multifungsi

10/26/2021 Add a footer 20

Plastic Pollution
Global plastic production reached 311 million
metric tons in 2014 (UNEP, 2016).

Projected to reach
33 billion tonnes (~ 100x of 2013)
in 2050
(Rochman et al., 2013; Seltenrich, 2015)
9
8
7
6
5 MISMANAGED
4 PLASTIC
3
WASTE (MMT)
2
1
Max PLASTIC
0
MARINE
DEBRIS (MMT)

Five World’s Largest Contributors of Mismanaged Plastic Waste

(Jambeck et al., 2015)
 LAND

Plastic Disposal
wastes problem

WATER
BODIES
 Masih pendekatan
End-of-Pipe

Pagina 24
 PERKIRAAN WAKTU PENGURAIAN PLASTIK
DI ALAM

10/26/2021 NAOAA 25
PLASTIC a novel contaminant
WASTE
Category by size

macroplastic > 2,5 cm

1 mm < mesoplastic < 2,5 cm
1 µm < microplastic < 1 mm
1 nm < nanoplastic < 1 µm

(Browne et al., 2011, GESAMP, 2015)

 RISK of ingestion
in marine ecosystem

Macroplastic whale, seal, dolphin, turtle & bird

Mesoplastic bird, fish & invertebrate
Microplastic fish, invertebrate & other filter feeders
Nanoplastic invertebrate & other filter feeders
GESAMP (2015)
Plastic types

(UNEP, 2016)
 FISH

BIVALVES

CRABS Ingested
by human

SHRIMPS
SEA
CUCUMB
RISK TO
ER HUMAN
Various types of coastal seafood contaminated by microplastics HEALTH???
(Hantoro et al. 2019)
 Based on the limited
evidence available,
chemicals and microbial
pathogens associated with
microplastics in drinking-
water pose a low concern
for human health.

WHO (2019)
There are still some analytical
challenges

30
KOMPAS, 24-9-2021
(MICRO)PLASTICS
RESEARCH

FOOD SAFETY AND INTEGRITY RESEARCH GROUP

3 risiko keamanan pangan
(1) macroplastic sebagai carrier senyawa toksik

(2) senyawa penyusun plastik lepas dan terserap

oleh jaringan.

(1) microplastic & nanoplastic masuk langsung

ke jaringan
 macroplastic sebagai carrier senyawa toksik
* PCB dapat terkonsentrasi 106 x oleh microplastic
* Plastic-mediated transfer PCB ke jaringan lemak
sudah terbukti

senyawa penyusun plastik lepas dan

terserap oleh jaringan
* Toksisitas plastic additives (senyawa phtalate,
alkylphenol, organotin dll) telah banyak distudi
dengan risiko endocrine disruption
* Informasi leaching additives dari microplastic
dalam tubuh organisme belum tersedia
Hollman et al. (2013)
Toxicity
Confined to the gut
lumen?

INGESTIO
OR
N
Translocation
across the gut
barrier?

Exposure
Microplasti microplastics to
cs 0.1 – 150 internal organs &
µm tissues*
*Indicated via M-cell rich Peyer’s patches in the
intestine, then appeared in the portal vein.
(Bouwmeester et al. 2015)
 SAMPLING LOCATION:
JAVA SEA

A : Mullet (Mugil cephalus)

B : Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)
F C – D : Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
E : Milk fish (Chanos chanos)
E
F : Cockle (Anadara granosa)
A
B

C D
SEAFOOD

Milkfish

Nile Tilapia
Blood Cockle

Green Mussel
Analytical Methods
SEPARASI & SORTASI microplastic
Hollman et al. (2013)

PRINSIP:
Memanfaatkan
berat jenis plastik
0,8-1,4 g/cm3

EKSTRAKSI MICROPLASTICS DARI MEDIA LINGKUNGAN

PRINSIP:
Digesti asam
atau ensim.

EKSTRAKSI MICROPLASTICS DARI ORGANISME

MICROPLASTICS ANALYSIS
Alkaline digestion: 10% KOH
Seafood • Temperatures : 40oC, 50oC,
samples 60oC
• Digestion time : 24 h – 168 h
Identification
Peroxide of 30% H O
digestion:
Alkaline/Peroxide 2 2
polymer
digestion • sample to sol ratio : 1:10, 1:20,
(micro-FTIR)
1:30 (w/v)
• Digestion time : 24 h – 72 h

Filtration Microscopic
observation

Density separation by
NaCl (1.2 g/cm3) Filtration
BENCHMARK
Rochman, C.M., Tahir, A., Williams, S.L., Baxa, D.V., Lam, R., Miller,
J.T., Teh, F., Werorilangi, S., Teh, S.J. Anthropogenic debris in seafood:
Plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for
human consumption.
Scientific Reports. 5, 14340(2015)
Microscopic Identification
of PSM in Cockle
Fiber Fragment Film
 The visual images of microplastics

Milkfish

Blood
cockle

White
shrimp
Microplastics in seafood samples

Seafood Microplastics Microplastics

(#/individual) (#/g ww)
Blood cockle 5.62±3.59 3.95±2.34
Milkfish 45.50±40.92 7.07±6.18
White shrimp 13.00±8.32 2.07±1.37
Note:
• N=3
• All data have been corrected with microplastics found in blank samples
 Milkfish
4%
2%
5%
The shape of
microplastics in seafood 89%
samples
Fragment Fiber
Filament Pellet

Blood White shrimp

cockle
4%
33%
67%
96%

Fragment Fiber Fragment Fiber

Blood 7% 2%
cockle
20%
20%
The size of
51%
microplastics in
seafood samples
< 50 µm

Milkfis 5% 2% 9% 2% 2%
White
h shrimp
26%
29%
28%
59%
38%

< 50 µm < 50 µm
 Identified Plastic Polymers in Seafood

PE Styrene
10% copolymer…
Ethylene
copolymers Styrene Cellulose
Ethylene
13% Polyami copolymers groups
copolymers
de 3% 29%
18%
47%

Polyamide
Methyl 25% PE
cellulose groups
29% 25%
Plastic polymers found in blood cockle Plastic polymers found in milkfish samples
samples

Note: 1. Only 3 samples from each species were identified randomly using micro-FTIR
2. The identification of microplastics in shrimp samples were not done due to many
undigested shell fragment hindered the identification.
Polymer Identification

The polymer identification is done

with ATR-FTIR (Ge-ATR).
PC

PET

LDPE
Infrared spectrum of polyethylene (PE) in blood cockles
Infrared spectrum of polyamide (nylon) in blood cockles
Infrared spectrum of methyl cellulose in milkfish
Infrared spectrum of ethylene cellulose acetate (EVA) in
milkfish
LONG TERM ROADMAP
KOLABORASI
PENELITIAN

• Open University (Belanda)

• Radboud University (Belanda)
• Hasselt University (Belgia)
PENGEMBANGAN LAB & METODE

• QUASEMEME PROJECT (Konsorsium 59 Lab)

• Hasselt University (Belgia)
• Shimadzu Asia Pacific
• PT. Ditek Jaya QUASIMEME Laboratory PerformanceStudies
PUBLIKASI ILMIAH
1. Wageningen University & Research (Netherlands)
2. Open University (Netherlands)
3. Radboud University (Netherlands)
4. Hasselt University (Netherlands)
5. CSIRO (Australia)
6. Arizona State University (US)
7. Instituto Español de Oceanografía (Spain)
8. Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (Korea)
9. Universitas Padjadjaran (Indonesia)
10. Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (Indonesia)
11. Universitas Gadjah Mada (Indonesia)
12. LIPI (Indonesia)
13. Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries (Indonesia)
14. World Resources Institute (Indonesia)
Submitted
3. Food Loss & Waste
UNEP (2020) - FORESIGHT Brief Early Warning, Emerging Issues and Futures
Food
 Sepertiga dari makanan yang dihasilkan di
dunia susut (loss) atau menjadi limbah (waste)
dalam perjalanan sepanjang rantai pasoknya
Daur Hidup PANGAN
(FOOD LIFE-CYCLE)

1. Produksi pertanian
2. Penanganan pasca-panen dan penyimpanan
3. Pengolahan
4. Distribusi
5. Konsumsi
6. Akhir daur (end of life)
 600

500
FOOD LOSS FOOD
400 WASTE
Million Tonnes

300

200

100

0
PRODUKSI Penanganan PENGOLAHAN DISTRIBUSI KONSUMSI
PERTANIAN
Pasca-Panen
&
Penyimpanan

Food Wastage by Phase of Food Supply Chain

UNEP (2013)
2016 2018

Food Sustainability
Index
Peringkat 19

Food Loss & Waste

Peringkat 17

Dari 23 Negara
Berpenghasilan Menengah
 The Economist
Intelligence Unit &
Barilla Foundation
(2021)

G20
FOOD SUSTAINABILITY
INDEX - SCORE
2021
FOOD SUSTAINABILITY INDEX 2021
INDONESIA

The Economist Intelligence Unit &

Barilla Foundation (2021)
KOMPAS
21 Nov 2020
Studi BADAN KETAHANAN PANGAN (2019)
di Jabodetabek

Total makanan yang dibuang

di tingkat rumah tangga =
28 kg/orang/tahun

Rahmi Widriani (KOMPAS, 21/11/2020)

BANDUNG
(Agustus, 2020)

SOLO
(Sepetember, 2020)
IPCCSPECIAL REPORT Climate Change and Land (2020)
https://www.iberdrola.com/environment/food-waste
UNEP (2019)
Carbon footprint of global food wastage

LULUCF = Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry

http://www.fao.org/nr/sustainability/food-loss-and-waste
 IPCCSPECIAL REPORT Climate Change and Land (2020)

ABOUT 21 37% OF TOTAL GREENHOUSE

GAS (GHG) EMISSIONS ARE ATTRIBUTABLE
TO THE FOOD SYSTEM.

Reduction of food loss

Supply-side practices can
contribute to climate change
mitigation by reducing crop and
livestock emissions, sequestering
carbon in soils and biomass, and by
decreasing emissions intensity
within sustainable production
systems (high confidence).
Consumption of healthy and waste could lower
and sustainable diets GHG emissions and
presents major improve food security
opportunities for reducing (medium confidence).
GHG emissions from food
systems and improving
health outcomes (high
confidence).
Tantangan Solidaritas
UNEP (2020) - FORESIGHT Brief Early Warning, Emerging Issues and Futures
Food
 Sisa Nasi vs Nasi Aking

https://rakyatku.com/ https://ahsanfile.wordpress.com
SOLIDARITAS
HEMAT
BERBAGI
KREATIVITAS
KERJA SAMA
UNEP & FAO (2014)
YLKI (2019) YLKI (2019)
YLKI (2019) YLKI (2019)
 PENCEGAHAN & PENGURANGAN
(PREVENTION & REDUCTION)

Food Waste
PENYELAMATAN
(RESCUE &VALORISATION)
 FOOD SHARING

REDISTRIBUTION WASTE REDUCTION

SHARING-ECONOMY
SOLIDARITAS + TEKNOLOGI
SOLIDARITY + TECHNOLOGY
PERLU
KOLABORASI, PARTISIPASI, KREATIVITAS
DIGITAL PLATFORM
FOOD SHARING
BUKAN TANPA KENDALA DAN RISIKO

Cultural Constraints
Food Safety
Food Crime/Terrorism
PERLU
ECO-CULTURAL LITERACY
SAFETY ASSURANCE
PENYELAMATAN
& sekaligus PENINGKATAN NILAI
(VALORISATION)
TRANSFORMASI
Limbah Kulit Buah dan Sayur

Kumar et al. (2020)

APLIKASI PEMANFAATAN PRODUK
• Suplemen Pangan
• Makanan Kesehatan
• Nutraceutical
• Bahan Tambahan Pangan
• Pewarna, Pigmen
• Pakan Ternak
• Pupuk Pertanian
• Bahan Industri Kimia
• dll
 Sumber/Industri Bahan/Limbah Produk
Etanol, serat, minyak biji anggur, asam oleanolat, polifenol (catechin,
NILAI TAMBAH DAN Pengolahan Buah ANGGUR epicatechin, asam galat, resveratrol), flavonol, anthcyanin, procyanidin, asam
PRODUK organik (tartrat, malat, sitrat), protein sel tunggal
PENGOLAHAN Pektin, asam laktat, asam sitrat, senyawa aromatik, biogas, butanol dan
APEL
LIMBAH INDUSTRI pektinase
Minyak esensial (limonene), fenolik, pektin, antioksidan, etanol, asam organik,
PANGAN JERUK
flavonoid
Diadaptasi dari MANGGA
Pati, serat, sterol, tokoferol, tanin, flavonoid, antocyanin, alkilresorsinol
Sharma et al. (2020)
PISANG
Lignin, pektin, selulosa, hemiselulosa, senyawa fenolik,, prosianidin, flavonol

KENTANG
Pengolahan sayur Lisin, protein (patatin), alkaloid steroidal, ensim selulolitik, film biopolimer
TOMAT Karotenoid (lycopene), pektin
WORTEL alfa-karoten, beta-karoten, serat
BAWANG MERAH Pektin, fruktan, senyawa fenolik, serat
Pengolahan Biji-bijian dan Karbohidrat, oligosakarida, senyawa fenolik, vitamin larut lemak, asam folat,
GANDUM
Kacang-kacangan fitosterol, asam amino, peptida
BERAS Protein, lipid, serat, mineral, antioksidan (vitamin E, orisanol)

KACANG-KACANGAN
Karbon aktif, protein, lipid, asam lemak, vitamin, mineral, senyawa fenolik
Antioksidan, vitamin, ensim, selulosa, pati, lipid, protein, pigmen, asam sitrat,
KOPI
Industri Minuman gibereiat, etanol, biogas, pewarna, serat
TEH Kefein, polifenol, saponin, triakontanol
Terima Kasih