TUGAS UTS DAN UAS

(BUAT BERITA TULIS/FOTO)

Mata Kuliah : Journalism
Lecturer : Yulia Ramadhiyanti, M. Pd

NAME : HERLIN FIRMAN PUTRI

NIM : 321910067

CLASS : B AFTERNOON
PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS
INSTITUT KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
PERSATUAN GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA
PONTIANAK
2021

i
 FOREWORD

Praise be to the presence of God Almighty who has given His grace so that we can complete
this paper entitled "Basic Concept of Data Analiysis" on time.
The purpose of writing this paper is to fulfill the Lecturer's assignment in the Approaches
Language and Educational Research course. In addition, this paper also aims to add insight
into the Basic Concept of Data Analysis for readers as well as for writers.
We also thank all those who have shared some of their knowledge so that we can complete
this paper.
We realize that the paper we write is far from perfect. Therefore, we will wait for
constructive criticism and suggestions for the perfection of this paper.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENT
pages
ACKNOWNLEDGMENT................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................................ii
PART I INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................1
A. Background Of The Study ......................................................................................1
B. Research Question...................................................................................................3
C. Research Purpose.....................................................................................................3
D. Significances of Research........................................................................................3
1. To Students........................................................................................................4
2. To Teachers.......................................................................................................4
3. To Other Researchers........................................................................................4
4. To Researcher....................................................................................................4
E. Scope Of Research...................................................................................................4
1. Research Terminology.......................................................................................4
F. Research Methodology............................................................................................5
1. Research Design................................................................................................5
2. Subject Of Research..........................................................................................6
3. Technique of Data Collection............................................................................6
4. Tools of Data Collection....................................................................................6
5. Data Analysis.....................................................................................................8
6. Research Procedures..........................................................................................8
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................10

iii
iv
 BAB I
PRELIMINARY
A. Background
Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to
discover useful information for business decision-making. The purpose of Data
Analysis is to extract useful information from data and taking the decision based upon
the data analysis.
A simple example of Data analysis is whenever we take any decision in our day-to-
day life is by thinking about what happened last time or what will happen by choosing
that particular decision. This is nothing but analyzing our past or future and making
decisions based on it. For that, we gather memories of our past or dreams of our
future. So that is nothing but data analysis. Now same thing analyst does for business
purposes, is called Data Analysis.

B. Purpose Of the Problem

1. Why data analysis?
2. Data analysis Tools
3. Types of data analysis : Techniques and Methods
4. Data analysis process
5. Steps in process of quantitative and qualitative data analysis
6. Types of Analysis

1
 BAB II
DISCUSSION

A. WHY DATA ANALYSIS

To grow your business even to grow in your life, sometimes all you need to do is
Analysis! If your business is not growing, then you have to look back and
acknowledge your mistakes and make a plan again without repeating those
mistakes. And even if your business is growing, then you have to look forward to
making the business to grow more. All you need to do is analyze your business
data and business processes.
B. DATA ANALYSIS TOOLS
Data analysis tools make it easier for users to process and manipulate data,
analyze the relationships and correlations between data sets, and it also helps to
identify patterns and trends for interpretation.
C. TYPES OF DATA ANALYSIS : TECHNIQUES AND METHODS
There are several types of Data Analysis techniques that exist based on business
and technology. However, the major Data Analysis methods are:
 Text Analysis
 Statistical Analysis
 Diagnostic Analysis
 Predictive Analysis
 Prescriptive Analysis
1. Text Analysis is also referred to as Data Mining. It is one of the methods of
data analysis to discover a pattern in large data sets using databases or data
mining tools. It used to transform raw data into business information. Business
Intelligence tools are present in the market which is used to take strategic
business decisions. Overall it offers a way to extract and examine data and
deriving patterns and finally interpretation of the data.
2. Statistical Analysis
Statistical Analysis shows "What happen?" by using past data in the form of
dashboards. Statistical Analysis includes collection, Analysis, interpretation,
presentation, and modeling of data. It analyses a set of data or a sample of

2
 data. There are two categories of this type o f Analysis - Descriptive Analysis
and Inferential Analysis.
a) Descriptive Analysis
analyses complete data or a sample of summarized numerical data. It
shows mean and deviation for continuous data whereas percentage and
frequency for categorical data.
b) Inferential Analysis
analyses sample from complete data. In this type of Analysis, you can
find different conclusions from the same data by selecting different
samples.
3. Diagnostic Analysis
Diagnostic Analysis shows "Why did it happen?" by finding the cause from
the insight found in Statistical Analysis. This Analysis is useful to identify
behavior patterns of data. If a new problem arrives in your business process,
then you can look into this Analysis to find similar patterns of that problem.
And it may have chances to use similar prescriptions for the new problems.
4. Predictive Analysis
Predictive Analysis shows "what is likely to happen" by using previous data.
The simplest data analysis example is like if last year I bought two dresses
based on my savings and if this year my salary is increasing double then I can
buy four dresses. But of course it's not easy like this because you have to think
about other circumstances like chances of prices of clothes is increased this
year or maybe instead of dresses you want to buy a new bike, or you need to
buy a house!
So here, this Analysis makes predictions about future outcomes based on
current or past data. Forecasting is just an estimate. Its accuracy is based on
how much detailed information you have and how much you dig in it.
5. Prescriptive Analysis
Prescriptive Analysis combines the insight from all previous Analysis to
determine which action to take in a current problem or decision. Most data-
driven companies are utilizing Prescriptive Analysis because predictive and
descriptive Analysis are not enough to improve data performance. Based on
current situations and problems, they analyze the data and make decisions.

3
D. DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS
The Data Analysis Process is nothing but gathering information by using a proper
application or tool which allows you to explore the data and find a pattern in it.
Based on that information and data, you can make decisions, or you can get
ultimate conclusions.
 Data Analysis consists of the following phases:
 Data Requirement Gathering
 Data Collection
 Data Cleaning
 Data Analysis
 Data Interpretation
 Data Visualization
1. Data Requirement Gathering
First of all, you have to think about why do you want to do this data
analysis? All you need to find out the purpose or aim of doing the Analysis
of data. You have to decide which type of data analysis you wanted to do!
In this phase, you have to decide what to analyze and how to measure it,
you have to understand why you are investigating and what measures you
have to use to do this Analysis.
2. Data Collection
After requirement gathering, you will get a clear idea about what things
you have to measure and what should be your findings. Now it's time to
collect your data based on requirements. Once you collect your data,
remember that the collected data must be processed or organized for
Analysis. As you collected data from various sources, you must have to
keep a log with a collection date and source of the data.
3. Data Cleaning
Now whatever data is collected may not be useful or irrelevant to your aim
of Analysis, hence it should be cleaned. The data which is collected may
contain duplicate records, white spaces or errors. The data should be
cleaned and error free. This phase must be done before Analysis because
based on data cleaning, your output of Analysis will be closer to your
expected outcome.

4
 4. Data Analysis
Once the data is collected, cleaned, and processed, it is ready for Analysis.
As you manipulate data, you may find you have the exact information you
need, or you might need to collect more data. During this phase, you can
use data analysis tools and software which will help you to understand,
interpret, and derive conclusions based on the requirements.
5. Data Interpretation
After analyzing your data, it's finally time to interpret your results. You
can choose the way to express or communicate your data analysis either
you can use simply in words or maybe a table or chart. Then use the results
of your data analysis process to decide your best course of action.
6. Data Visualization
Data visualization is very common in your day to day life; they often
appear in the form of charts and graphs. In other words, data shown
graphically so that it will be easier for the human brain to understand and
process it. Data visualization often used to discover unknown facts and
trends. By observing relationships and comparing datasets, you can find a
way to find out meaningful information.
E. STEPS IN PROCESS OF QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS
a. Quantitative data analysis
1. Data management – This involves familiarizing yourself with
appropriate software; systematically logging in and screening your
data: entering the data into a program; and finally, ‘cleaning’ your
data.
2. Understanding variable types – Different data types demand discrete
treatment, so it has important to be able to distinguish variables by
both cause and effect (dependent or independent), and their
measurement scales (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio).
3. Run descriptive statistics – These are used to summarize the basic
features of a data set through measures of central tendency (mean,
mode, and median), dispersion (range, quartiles, variance, and standard
deviation), and distribution (skewness and kurtosis).

5
 4. Run appropriate inferential statistics – This allows researchers to
assess their ability to draw conclusions that extend beyond the
immediate data. For example, if a sample represents the population; if
there are differences between two or more groups; if there are changes
over time; or if there is a relationship between two or more variables.
5. Make sure you selecting the right statistical test – This relies on
knowing the nature of your variables; their scale of measurement; their
distribution shape; and the types of question you want to ask.
6. Look for statistical significance – This is generally captured through a
‘p-value’, which assesses the probability that your findings are more
than coincidence. The lower the p-value, the more confident
researchers can be that findings are genuine.
b. Qualitative data analysis
How to analyze qualitative data
Baseline Help Center Using Baseline Analyzing Data and Reporting
Capabilities. Qualitative data analysis requires a 5-step process:
1. Prepare and organize your data
Print out your transcripts, gather your notes, documents, or other
materials. Mark the source, any demographics you may have collected,
or any other information that will help you analyze your data.
2. Review and explore the data
This will require you to read your data, probably several times, to get a
sense of what it contains. You may want to keep notes about your
thoughts, ideas, or any questions you have.
3. Create initial codes
Use highlighters, notes in the margins, sticky pads, concept maps, or
anything else that helps you to connect with your data. See the attached
document that demonstrates how one might highlight key words and
phrases as well as make notes in the margins to categorize the data.
4. Review those codes and revise or combine into themes
Identify recurring themes, language, opinions, and beliefs.

5. Present themes in a cohesive manner

6
 Consider your audience, the purpose of the study, and what content
should be included to best tell the story of your data.
F. TYPES OF ANALYSIS
a. Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in a
study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures.
Together with simple graphics analysis, they form the basis of virtually every
quantitative analysis of data.
It describes the important characteristics/ properties of the data using the
measures the central tendency like mean/ median/mode and the measures of
dispersion like range, standard deviation, variance etc.
Data can be summarized and represented in an accurate way using charts,
tables and graphs.
For example: We have marks of 1000 students and we may be interested in the
overall performance of those students and the distribution as well as the spread
of marks. Descriptive statistics provides us the tools to define our data in a
most understandable and appropriate way.
b. Inferential Statistics
It is about using data from sample and then making inferences about the larger
population from which the sample is drawn. The goal of the inferential
statistics is to draw conclusions from a sample and generalize them to the
population. It determines the probability of the characteristics of the sample
using probability theory. The most common methodologies used are
hypothesis tests, Analysis of variance etc.
For example: Suppose we are interested in the exam marks of all the students
in India. But it is not feasible to measure the exam marks of all the students in
India. So now we will measure the marks of a smaller sample of students, for
example 1000 students. This sample will now represent the large population of
Indian students. We would consider this sample for our statistical study for
studying the population from which it’s deduced.
c. Content Analysis
Content analysis is a research method used to identify patterns in recorded
communication. To conduct content analysis, you systematically collect data
from a set of texts, which can be written, oral, or visual:
7
  Books, newspapers and magazines
 Speeches and interviews
 Web content and social media posts
 Photographs and films
Content analysis can be both quantitative (focused on counting and measuring)
and qualitative (focused on interpreting and understanding). In both types, you
categorize or “code” words, themes, and concepts within the texts and then
analyze the results.
d. Thematic Analysis
A thematic analysis strives to identify patterns of themes in the interview data.
One of the advantages of thematic analysis is that it’s a flexible method which
you can use both for explorative studies, where you don’t have a clear idea of
what patterns you are searching for, as well as for more deductive studies,
where you know exactly what you are interested in. An example of an
explorative study could be conducting interviews at a technical workplace in
order to obtain an understanding of the technicians’ everyday work lives, what
motivates them, etc. A more deductive study could be conducting interviews
at a technical workplace in order to find out how technicians use a specific
technology in order to handle safety-critical situations.
Thematic analysis describes an iterative process as to how to go from messy
data to a map of the most important themes in the data. The process contains
six steps:
1. Familiarize yourself with your data.
2. Assign preliminary codes to your data in order to describe the content.
3. Search for patterns or themes in your codes across the different
interviews.
4. Review themes.
5. Define and name themes.
6. Produce your report.
e. Genre Analysis
Genre analysis is a way of examining a type or style of writing in order to
better understand the conventions, expectations, purpose, and target audience
for that genre. This handout briefly outlines some steps for two approaches to

8
genre analysis: (1) the global vs. local approach, which analyzes what a style
of writing is doing on a large and small scale, and (2) the reverse outlining
approach, which analyzes what a style of writing is both saying and doing at
the paragraph level in relation to an overarching purpose.

9
 BAB III
CLOSING
A. CONCLUSION
Data analysis is defined as a process of cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to
discover useful information for business decision-making. The purpose of Data
Analysis is to extract useful information from data and taking the decision based upon
the data analysis. During this phase, you can use data analysis tools and software
which will help you to understand, interpret, and derive conclusions based on the
requirements.
The Data Analysis Process is nothing but gathering information by using a proper
application or tool which allows you to explore the data and find a pattern in it.

10
 REFERENCE
https://baselinesupport.campuslabs.com/hc/en-us/articles/204305675-How-to-analyze-
qualitative-data
https://study.sagepub.com/oleary3e/student-resources/analysing-data/steps-in-quantitative-
analysis
https://conjointly.com/kb/descriptive-statistics/
https://towardsdatascience.com/statistics-descriptive-and-inferential-63661eb13bb5
https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/content-analysis/
https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/how-to-do-a-thematic-analysis-of-user-
interviews
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/graduate_writing/thesis_and_dissertation/genre_analysis_reverse_
outline.html#:~:text=Genre%20analysis%20is%20a%20way,target%20audience%20for
%20that%20genre

11