Exercise 1

Visualizing 1-mode data

We will be using the Krack-High-Tech dataset that can be found in the UCINET
DataFiles folder.

Begin by displaying the Krack-High-Tech dataset (use the “D” icon on the UCINET
toolbar and then select Krack-High-Tech). You should see three matrices. The Krack-
High-Tech dataset comes from a study of the employees of “Silicon Systems” (a
pseudonym) conducted by David Krackhardt (1990).

The networks in this file include the following: ADVICE, the advice network of the
organization; FRIENDSHIP, the friendship network of the organization; and
REPORTS_TO, the network of reporting relationships in the organization.

Next, display the attribute dataset (use the “D” icon again and then select High-Tec-
Attributes). You should see a matrix of AGE, TENURE, LEVEL and DEPT for each
ID (1-21).

Insert your screenshot here:

Now, let’s open NetDraw and have some fun visualizing the data. There are two ways
to open NetDraw.

1) One way is to click on the NetDraw button on the UCINET toolbar.

Then click on the second button from the left in the NetDraw toolbar to select the
dataset Krack-High-Tec and click open (it’s the folder with a “U” on it, for UCINET.
It opens UCINET matrices).

2) The other way (more convenient) is to click on the QD button on the

UCINET toolbar.

Then select Krack-High-Tech dataset and click Open.

Now you should see a network image.

If you click on the “Rels” tab in the upper right-hand corner, you will see the three
different networks available in the Krack-High-Tech dataset.

Click on the boxes to see how you can view the ADVICE network, the FRIENDSHIP
network, the REPORTS_TO network, or any combination of the three.

Let’s start with the FRIENDSHIP network. Click on the FRIENDSHIP box in the
“Rels” tab. You should see a network that looks something like this:
Insert your screenshot here:

If you click on the lightning bolt button , the nodes will reposition themselves to

make a cleaner image. You can click this button as many times as you like until the
image looks the way you want it to.

Now let’s add some information about the nodes to our image. Click on the button
with the folder and the “A” for attributes (it’s the fourth button from the left). This
opens attribute files.

Where it says “Name of file to open:” click on the small box to the right reveal
the drop-down menu.

Then select High-Tec-Attributes and click Open. Leave all other options on the
defaults and click OK. Nothing on your image has changed, but if you click on the
“Nodes” tab in the upper right-hand corner, you will see the attributes available for
each node. Click on the drop-down menu and select each attribute in turn to view the
data.

Now we’re going to size and color our nodes based on their attributes. Let’s start with
tenure. We will size the nodes by their tenure with the organization. Click on the
Properties button above the toolbar. Then select Nodes, then Symbols, then Size, and
then Attribute-based.

In the pop-up window, use the drop-down menu to select TENURE as the attribute.
Leave all other options at the default and click OK.

You should now have a network image where each node is sized according to tenure
with the organization:

Insert your screenshot here:

Next, we’ll color the nodes by department. You could use the Properties tab again,
but we’ll try another way this time. Click on the button in the toolbar that has a bunch
of colored boxes.

In the pop-up window, use the drop-down menu to select DEPT as the attribute.

Now your network is colored by DEPT.

Insert your screenshot here:

If you don’t like the colors NetDraw used, you can change them. Click on the colored
box next to each of your attributes to open a colors pop-up window. Then click on the
new color you prefer and click OK:

Going back to the Rels tab, choose the Reports To relation, then click the layout
button (the lightning bolt). Who appears to be the CEO of this organization?
Insert your screenshot here:

Finally, let’s look at one more way to visualize this data. The “Attribs as coordinates”
function in NetDraw allows you to enter specific node attributes as coordinates along
the X and Y axis. This method of visualization offers yet another way to view your
network data. We will now look at the Krack-High-Tec Reports To network with the
Level and Tenure attributes as coordinates.

Go to Layout | Attribs as coordinates. Use the drop-down menu to choose Tenure for
the X-axis and Level for the Y-axis. Click OK.
The network diagram should now look something like this:

Insert your screenshot here:

It should now be apparent that node 7 is at the highest level in this organization;
moreover, nodes 2, 14, 18, and 21 occupy the middle level; the remaining nodes are
all at the lowest level in the organization. It should also be clear that, by being the
furthest to the right, node 7 also has the longest tenure in the organization. Nodes 6
and 11, however, also have quite long tenures. Interestingly, although nodes 6 and 11
have long tenures they are at the lowest levels of the formal hierarchy.
Feel free to continue to explore this function be looking at different network
relationships and different attributes as coordinates.

Visualizing 2-Mode Data

We will use the davis dataset for this part. These data were collected by Davis et al. in
the 1930s. They represent observed attendance at 14 social events by 18 Southern
women. The result is a person-by-event matrix: cell (i, j) is 1 if person i attended
social event j, and 0 otherwise. This davis dataset can be found in the DataFiles folder
that comes with UCINET.

Let’s begin by viewing the data in UCINET. Use the display icon (the “D”) on the
UCINET toolbar to view this 2-mode matrix.

This action should bring up a matrix that looks like this:

Insert your screenshot here:

Each row represents a case (i.e., a woman) and each column represents one of the 14
events.

Let’s now open Netdraw so that we can view this data as a network diagram:
Click on the “QD” button and select the “davis” dataset. Click Open.

The network diagram in Netdraw should look like this:

Insert your screenshot here:

Each of the blue nodes represents one of the 14 events and each red node represents
one of the 18 women. Notice that ties are only going out from women to events. There
are no woman-to-woman or even-to-event ties. This is the typical network display for
2-mode data.
It is also possible to convert 2-mode data, such as the davis data above, into one
mode data. This can be done with the Affiliations routine in UCINET. Let’s now
examine what happens when we convert the davis dataset into 1-mode data by using
the Affiliations function.
To do this, go to Data | Affiliations (2-mode to 1-mode) in UCINET. Ender the davis
file as the input dataset. Leave the mode as “Row” and the method as “Sum of cross-
products (overlaps).” UCINET will save this file by its default name, “davisRows.”
Click OK.

You should see that Affiliations function created a 1-mode, woman-by-woman matrix
from the 2-mode davis dataset. The matrix should look like this:

Insert your screenshot here:

UCINET take the cross-product of the rows in the davis data. The values in each cell
correspond to how many events each woman co-attended. For example, Evelyn
attended six events with Laura and seven events with Theresa. The number in the
diagonal corresponds to how many total events each woman attended. Thus, Evelyn
attended a total of eight events.

We could also take the cross-product of the columns of the davis dataset.
In that case, we would get an event-by-event matrix. The values in the matrix would
correspond to the number of common attendees each event shared. The number in the
diagonal would represent the total number of attendees. The resulting matrix would
look like this:
Insert your screenshot here:

Let’s now visualize our valued, woman-by-woman matrix in Netdraw. Go to Netdraw

and open the davisRows dataset.

The network diagram should look something like this:

Insert your screenshot here:

Note that you can display the values of each tie in Netdraw by clicking on the “Link
weighting” icon on the toolbar.

Let’s now look at how the network changes as we increase the threshold required for
ties to be displayed. This can be done by going to the “Rels” tab and then clicking on
the + sign:

The + increases the threshold by which ties are displayed. For example, clicking on
the + sign once results in Netdraw only showing ties that are greater than a value of
one.

Insert your screenshot here:

Click on the + sign until only ties that are greater than three are shown. Now, click on
the “lightning bolt” icon in order to re-draw the network.

You should find that the network has split into two separate components when we
only consider ties with a value greater than three.