The word science comes from Latin word Scientia, which means “knowledge” Science, refers to

the process of acquiring knowledge through observations and experimentation.

The word technology comes from two Greek words, transliterated techno and logos. TechNet
means art, skill, craft, or the way, manner, or means by which a thing is gained. ... So, literally,
technology means words or discourse about the way things are gained.

Scientific attitudes are the manner of viewing things which are usually manifested by curiosity in
knowing how and why things happen but are often practiced with an open mind which will
enable identification of truths that will govern the newly found idea. Developing and possessing
scientific attitudes are important since they lead to identification of facts which have been
carefully verified together and when these facts are merely accepted, the old theories will
displaced and discarded. Scientific attitudes are the manner of viewing things which are usually
manifested by curiosity in knowing how and why things happen but are often practiced with an
open mind which will enable identification of truths that will govern the newly found idea.
Developing and possessing scientific attitudes are important since they lead to identification of
facts which have been carefully verified together and when these facts are merely accepted, the
old theories will displaced and discarded.

Oceanology
The study of oceans
Genetics
The study of heredity and DNA
Physics
The study of motion and force
Zoology
The study of animals
Astronomy
The study of stars
Marine biology
The study of plants and animals that live in the ocean
Botany
The study of plants
Geology
The study of rocks and minerals
Physiology
The study of how living things function
Archeology
The study of past life
Ten Scientific Attitudes:

Communicative

Curious

Courage
Creative

Critical Thinker
Substances can be classified as elements or
Compounds.

An element is the simplest form of matter that

Has a unique set of properties.

Oxygen and hydrogen are two of the more

Than 100 known elements.
A compound is a substance that
contains two or more elements
chemically combined in a fixed
proportion.
An element is a substance that cannot be chemically
decomposed into simpler substances.

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that can take

part in chemical reactions.

A compound is a substance formed from two or more

elements chemically joined (bonded) together.

A compound has a definite chemical composition and hence

specific formula.

A compound has chemical properties different from the

properties of the elements it contains.

Molecules are substances formed when two or more atoms

are chemically joined (bonded).d
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are chemically
combined in the compound sucrose.

In every sample of sucrose, there are twice as

many hydrogen particles as oxygen particles.

The proportion of hydrogen particles in sucrose is

fixed.
Heating is one of the processes used to break
down compounds into simpler substances.
substance/ (ˈsʌbstəns) /

noun

the tangible matter of which a thing consists

a specific type of matter, esp a homogeneous material with a definite
composition

the essence, meaning, etc, of a written or spoken thought

solid or meaningful quality

material density: a vacuum has no substance

material possessions or wealth a man of substance

*Pure Substances have constant composition.

a substance made by mixing other
substances together.

the process of mixing or being mixed.

a combination of different things in which

the component elements are individually
distinct.

Mixture
The solute is the substance that is
being dissolved, while the solvent is
the dissolving medium. Solutions can
be formed with many different types
and forms of solutes and solvents.
An unsaturated solution is a solution that
contains less than the maximum amount of
solute that is capable of being dissolved. ... If
more solute is added and it does not dissolve,
then the original solution was saturated. If
the added solute dissolves, then the
original solution was unsaturated.

Solutions: Characteristics

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.

The particles of solute in a solution cannot be seen by the naked

eye.

A solution does not allow beams of light to scatter.

A solution is stable.

The solute from a solution cannot be separated by filtration (or

mechanically).

It is composed of only one phase.

Type of Solution:
Example

Solute

Solvent

Gas dissolved in
gas: dry air

Oxygen

nitrogen

Gas dissolved
in liquid:
carbonated water

carbon dioxide

water

Liquid dissolved
in gas: moist air

water

air

Liquid dissolved in
liquid: vinegar

acetic acid

water

Solid dissolved in
liquid: sweet tea

sugar

tea

Quantitative Expressions of Concentration

There are a number of ways to express the relative amounts of
solute and solvent in a solution. Which one we choose to use
often depends on convenience. For example, it is sometimes
easier to measure the volume of a solution rather than the mass
of the solution.

A ruby is a gemstone comprised mostly of aluminum oxide. Its color

comes from the addition of chromium atoms to the crystal lattice.
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Mass percent or mass percent composition is a measurement of

concentration. It is a measure of the ratio of the mass of one part of a
molecule to the mass of the total molecule and expressed as a
percentage.

This example problem shows how to determine the mass percent

composition of each element of a molecule and determine which
element makes up most of the molecule by mass.

WHAT IS A COMPOUND MICROSCOPE?

A compound microscope is a high power (high magnification) microscope

that uses a compound lens system. A compound microscope has multiple
lenses: the objective lens (typically 4x, 10x, 40x or 100x) is compounded
(multiplied) by the eyepiece lens (typically 10x) to obtain a high
magnification of 40x, 100x, 400x and 1000x. Higher magnification is
achieved by using two lenses rather than just a single magnifying lens.
While the eyepieces and the objective lenses create high magnification, a
condenser beneath the stage focuses the light directly into the sample.

A compound microscope is an
upright microscope that uses two
sets of lenses (a compound lens
system) to obtain higher
magnification than a stereo
microscope. A compound
microscope provides a
two-dimensional image, while a
stereo microscope provides a
three-dimensional image.

Microscopes are used in

viewing the specimens that are
relatively very small in size, they
are used to view the cellular
structures of organs, germs, and
bacteria, They play a very
important role in the laboratory
for the tissues and organisms
which are too small to be seen
clearly with the naked eye.

Microscope Rules

Your microscope slide should be prepared with a coverslip

over the sample to protect the objective lenses if they touch
the slide.

Do not touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers. ...

Always keep your microscope covered when not in use.

Always carry a microscope with both hands.

Microscope Rules:

Always start focus with low power.

Always clean lens of microscope with lens paper.

Always carry the microscope with two hands: one hand on the
arm and the other supporting the base.

Always store the microscope with the lowest eye piece objective
in place and the stage in the lowest position.

Always use the fine adjustment knob to focus on high power,

never coarse.

Unicellular organisms are microscopic.

• Multicellular organisms can be seen by our naked eye.

• Eukaryotic cell has true nucleus while prokaryotic cell has no true

nucleus.

• Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have cell wall, cilia and
flagella,

lysosome, plasma membrane and chromosome.

• Both plant cell and animal cell have nucleus, cytoplasm,

mitochondria,

golgi vesicles, golgi bodies, nucleolus, cell membrane, endoplasmic

reticulum, vacuole and ribosome

Specific Vocabulary

• Network is any netlike combination of filaments, lines, veins,

passages and the like.

• Prokaryotic cell has no "true nucleus".

• Rigid means firmly fixed or set.

• Sac is a cavity, bag (pouch) or receptacle, usually containing fluid,

either closed or opening into another cavity to the exterior.

• Stack means to pile or arrange.

• Tubular having the form or shape of a tube.

• Unicellular organism is an organism made of single or only one cell.

What is a cell?
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the
basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all
known living organisms. A cell is the smallest unit of life
that can replicate independently, and cells are often called
the "building blocks of life". The study of cells is called
cell biology.

Types of Cells found in living things

Living things vary in terms of the number of cells they have.

Some living things are:

Multicellular- made up of many cells

ex.

Rabbit, Fish, Hibiscus, Hydra

Unicellular- made up of single cell

ex.

Paramecium, Amoeba, Bacteria, Yeast

Biotic components, or biotic factors, can be described as any living
component that affects another organism or shapes the ecosystem

CONCEPTS/GENERALIZATIONS

An abiotic factor is a non-living part of an ecosystem that shapes its

environment.

What is an ecosystem?

It is an area or place where organisms live in

and interact with each other.

Macroecosystems- large biomes that cover large geographical

areas. Examples are grasslands and forests.

Macroecosystems- large biomes that cover large geographical

areas. Examples are grasslands and forests.

Biotic Factors

Organisms- smallest unit of an organization.

Species- a group of similar individuals

Populations- formed when species group and interact with each other.

Society- a group where populations become closely organized.

Biotic community- all the different populations living together in am area.

The living factors are grouped into two distinct categories.

Autotrophs

Heterotrophs

Make their own

food so they are
called producers

Get their food from

another source so
they are called
consumers.

Photosynthetic autotrophs- are the chlorophyll-bearing

organisms. Mostly plants.

Chemosynthetic autotrophs- the archaebacteria that can

extract inorganic molecules converting them into high energy organic
nutrients. Calling the process chemosynthesis.

Herbivores- plant eating animals.

Carnivores- meat eating animals.

Omnivores- consumers of both plant and meat.

Decomposers- feed on dead remains of plants and animals.

MUTUALISM-
INTERACTION WHERE BOTH
ORGANISMS BENEFIT FROM
THEIR ASSOCIATION.

One example is a carabao and

heron. The carabao gives the

Heron a free ride while the heron eats off

any pests in the carabaos fur.

Commensalism- one organism

benefits called a commensal while the other
organism isn't harmed nor benefitted.

One example is an orchid and a tree trunk. The

orchid has space and security from the tree
trunk to grow and receives water as well while
the tree doesn't benefit from the association.

Parasitism- one organism benefits while the other is

harmed. The harming organism is called a parasite. The other
organism is called the host. A killing parasite is called a
parasitoid.

One example is tick on the dog’s fur. The tick pillages the
blood of a dog while bringing either sickness of=r death to its
host.

Amensalism- is a relationship where

one organism is inhibited or killed while The
other organism is unaffected. The harming
organism secretes a toxic material that harms
other organisms in an interaction called
allelopathy.

One example is the black walnut tree also

KNOWN AS JUGLANS NIGRA
SECRETES THE CHEMICAL JUGLONE
THAT INHIBITS THE GROWTH OF
NEARBY PLANTS IN ITS ROOT ZONE.

PREDATION- A RELATIONSHIP
WHERE ONE ORGANISM BENEFITS
WHILE THE OTHER IS HARMED. THE
ONE THAT BENEFITS IS CALLED THE
PREDATOR WHILE THE PREY IS THE
ONE HARMED.

EXAMPLES ARE RABBITS EATING A

CARROT AND BIRDS EATING
EARTHWORMS.

Competition- is an interaction
between species where the survival of one
participating organism is lowered by the
presence of another.

One example are deer fighting for food or

for partners to mate with. They clash with
their antlers and ultimately deciding the
dominant one.

Coexistence- involves sharing of limited

resources to avoid actual fighting and excessive
elimination. And it can be divided into 2
methods.

Character displacement- involves a change of

behavior of species and resource specialization.

Resource partitioning- involves splitting up the

niches between 2 competing species.

Cellular Level

The cell is the smallest unit of

biological organization that biologists

consider alive.

All true cells are surrounded by a

plasma (cell) membrane, carry out

complex chemical reactions, and are at least

potentially capable of self reproduction.

Tissue Level

A tissue is a group of distinct

and similar cells that carry out a

specific set of functions.

Organ Level

Organs are groups of tissues

organized together to carry out

a particular set of functions.

Organs typically have several

kinds of tissue.

Organ System Level

Multicellular organisms, especially animals typically

are organized into organ systems, groups of organs

that function together to carry out broad sets of

functions. For instance an organ system in humans

is the digestive system.

Some of the organs in the digestive system are the

stomach, liver, small intestine, pancreas.

Organism Level

The organism or individual is that level

of biological organization that has its

own distinct existence as a complex,

self reproducing unit.

We are multi-cellular organisms in that

we are made of many highly specialized

cells which cannot exist independently

of other cells in the organism

Population Level

A population is group of freely interacting

and breeding individuals of the same

species. For example, all the bull frogs in

a pond can be considered a population of

bullfrogs. Typically populations are

subdivided into

smaller groups: a pack of wolves, pride

of lions, colony of ants.

A pack of wolves

Community Level

 A community is all the populations of

different species living and interacting together

in a distinct area. (e.g: all the species in a

pond)

Ecosystems (Biomes)

 Ecosystems are distinguishable

groups of species and the abiotic

(non-living) components of the

environment with which the living

creatures interact. Examples of

ecosystems include forests, prairies,

deserts.
Biosphere

 The biosphere is the region on, below,

and above the Earth's surface where life

exists. Living things can be found well

into the atmosphere, the deepest parts of

the ocean, and at least in some areas,

microbes live in rock several kilometers

below the surface of the earth.

Motion the action or process of moving or being moved.

Distance the length of the space between two points.

The word displacement implies that an object has moved, or has been displaced. Displacement
is defined to be the change in position of an object.

Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving." Speed can be thought of
as the rate at which an object covers distance. A fast-moving object has a high speed and covers
a relatively large distance in a short amount of time. ... An object with no movement at all has a
zero speed.

An object is travelling at a steady or constant speed when its instantaneous speed has the same
value throughout its journey. For example, if a car is travelling at a constant speed the reading
on the car's speedometer does not change.

Average speed is defined as the total distance travelled by the time taken whereas average
velocity is defined as the displacement by the time taken. Since speed is a scalar quantity, the
average speed is also considered as a scalar quantity while velocity is a vector quantity.

The speedometer gives the record of speed for each instant of time. This gives the illustration of
instantaneous speed. Instantaneous speed is the speed of a particle in the movement at any
desired instant of time.

The velocity of an object is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of
reference, and is a function of time. ... Velocity is a physical vector quantity; both magnitude and
direction are needed to define it.
The average velocity of an object is its total displacement divided by the total time taken. In
other words, it is the rate at which an object changes its position from one place to another.
Average velocity is a vector quantity.

In general, heat transfer describes the flow of heat (thermal energy) due to temperature
differences and the subsequent temperature distribution and changes. The study of transport
phenomena concerns the exchange of momentum, energy, and mass in the form of conduction,
convection, and radiation.

Heat is transferred via solid material (conduction), liquids and gases (convection), and
electromagnetically waves (radiation). Heat is usually transferred in a combination of these
three types and seldom occurs on its own.\

Transparent (of a material or article) allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be
distinctly seen.

"transparent blue water"

The definition of translucent is allowing light to pass through but not showing the distinct
images on the other side. An example of translucent is a frosted glass vase. ... Frosted glass, for
example, is translucent to visible light.

Opaque not able to be seen through; not transparent.

an instance of reflecting especially : the return of light or sound waves from a surface. 2 : the
production of an image by or as if by a mirror. 3a : the action of bending or folding back. b : a
reflected part : fold.

deflection from a straight path undergone by a light ray or energy wave in passing obliquely
from one medium (such as air) into another (such as glass) in which its velocity is different.

Latitude the angular distance of a place north or south of the earth's equator, or of the equator
of a celestial object, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.

Longitude the angular distance of a place east or west of the Greenwich meridian, or west of the
standard meridian of a celestial object, usually expressed in degrees and minutes.

Map projection is the method of transferring the graticule of latitude and longitude on a plane
surface. It can also be defined as the transformation of spherical network of parallels and
meridians on a plane surface. As you know that, the earth on which we live in is not flat. It is
geoid in shape like a sphere.

Global Positioning System

Answer. The Global Positioning System (GPS) tells you where you are on Earth. GPS III Satellite
The atmosphere is the blanket of gases which surrounds Earth. It is held near the surface of the
planet by Earth's gravitational attraction. Without the atmosphere there could be no life on
Earth. The atmosphere: ... keeps the climate on Earth moderate compared to that of other
planets.

The Troposphere

This is the lowest part of the atmosphere - the part we live in. It contains most of our weather -
clouds, rain, snow. In this part of the atmosphere the temperature gets colder as the distance
above the earth increases, by about 6.5°C per kilometre. The actual change of temperature with
height varies from day to day, depending on the weather.

The Stratosphere

This extends upwards from the tropopause to about 50 km. It contains much of the ozone in the
atmosphere. The increase in temperature with height occurs because of absorption of
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun by this ozone. Temperatures in the stratosphere are
highest over the summer pole, and lowest over the winter pole.

The Mesosphere

The region above the stratosphere is called the mesosphere. Here the temperature again
decreases with height, reaching a minimum of about -90°C at the "mesopause".

The Thermosphere and Ionosphere

The thermosphere lies above the mesopause, and is a region in which temperatures again
increase with height. This temperature increase is caused by the absorption of energetic
ultraviolet and X-Ray radiation from the sun.

The Exosphere

The region above about 500 km is called the exosphere. It contains mainly oxygen and hydrogen
atoms, but there are so few of them that they rarely collide - they follow "ballistic" trajectories
under the influence of gravity, and some of them escape right out into space.

The Magnetosphere

The earth behaves like a huge magnet. It traps electrons (negative charge) and protons
(positive), concentrating them in two bands about 3,000 and 16,000 km above the globe - the
Van Allen "radiation" belts. This outer region surrounding the earth, where charged particles
spiral along the magnetic field lines, is called the magnetosphere.

Earth spins around its axis, just as a top spins around its spindle. This spinning movement is
called Earth's rotation. At the same time that the Earth spins on its axis, it also orbits, or revolves
around the Sun. This movement is called revolution.

A satellite is a moon, planet or machine that orbits a planet or star. For example, Earth is a
satellite because it orbits the sun. ... Usually, the word "satellite" refers to a machine that is
launched into space and moves around Earth or another body in space. Earth and the moon are
examples of natural satellites.

Force of gravity is 1/6 that f earths in the moon

The precise strength of Earth's gravity varies depending on location. The nominal "average"
value at the Earth's surface, known as standard gravity is, by definition, 9.80665 m/s2 (about
32.1740 ft/s2).