Hum

How to consider Major arts
1. Nag eexist na siya noon pa lang

2. Madaming nagprapractice
How to consider minor Arts

1. If konti pa lang ang nagpaparactice nito
2. Kakalalabas lang niya or kakaintroduce pa lang niga
Photography can’t be considered minor art anymore, it is already major arts
1.Plastics arts
•not a literal plastic
•anything that you can shape into three dimensions
2. Phonetic Arts
• it means sounds or words
3.Kinetic arts
•it talks about rhythmic movements
4.Pure arts
•not furnished
•you don’t have any reasons why you draw
5.Mixed arts
•combinations of two or more medias
•example: sculpture+painting+wood
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS
1. Space arts / visual arts
2. Auditory arts
Opera- Script intended to be sing
Theater- more on heavy lines, drama
How to present an art subject
1. Realism
•what you see is what you get
•object depicted in the message they normally appear
•kung ano nakita mo, yun na yon
2. Abstraction
•Magnifies one phase of of reality without repfesentational intentions
•Elongation
- pahabain, may mga part ng drawing na pinapahaba
- •Forshortening
-depth or focus
-•Distortion
- wala sa ayos yung subject
• Mangling
-severely destroyed the objects
• Cubism
3. Surrealism
•combination of realism and distortion
•beyond normal or strange
•surrealism in sentence, “hindi makapaniwala”
4. Dadaism
•it really means of “killing of the art”
•parang nonsense
5. Expressionism
•emphasis fhe subjective feeling rather than on description of the outer world.
•capturing the emotions and feelings of the artist not the appearance of the object.
6. Fauvism
•gumagamit ng makukulay na color
7. Futurism
•Captures the movement of and the dynamism of the modern world.
•may expiration siya kasi baka in the near future magkaroon na ng ganon.
8. Impressionism
•Shifting of the light and color effects
9. Symbolism
•the idea or quality which represents another thing
•opposite of expressionism
•the author leaves the viewer for the meaning of the art.
Arts
Spatial Arts (visual arts)

•painting, sculpture, architecture, photography
•Painting – the art of creating meaningful effect( subjective) on a flat surface.
•
MEDIA- materials that are used in paintings.
Common media used in paintings

1. Watercolor- “transparent color” thin with water not an oil.
BINDING MATERIAL/ Binder- hinahalo sa pigment. In water color it is water
-American crow (James audubon)
2. Fresco
• Canvass yung hinaluan ng pigment. Canvass yung basa
• painting on a moist plaster surface. It is executed upon freshly-laid (wet) lime plaster.
•- the Creation( MichaelAngelo)
3. Tempera
-consisting of colored pigments mixed with a water soluble.
-Binding mixture- glutinous materials such as egg yolk.(malapot)
-it is expected to last long
-Madonna and Child ( by Duccio)
4. Pastel
-an art medium in the form of a stick.
-Binding material- powder pigment
-kapag inapply sa canvass you can use your fingers
-self portrait by Jean-baptise-Simeon Chardin
5. Encaustic
-also called hot wax painting
-Binding materials- heat
-A 6th century encaustic icon from Saint Catherine’s Monastery.
-burning art
6. Oil painting
-binding material- oil
-superceded our tempera
-Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci
-you have to be mindful of where you get your oil
7. Acrylic
-most prepared by the contemporary painters
-synthetic paint is used
-Woman Portrait Acrylic Painting face by Celine Marcoz
8. Mosaic
-small pieces of something that needs to organize to make a pattern.
-used in decorations of wall and floors before.
-From Pompeii, Casa di Orfeo
9. Bistre (Bister pronunciation)
-brown pigment extracted from boiling the soot of the wood.
-[sex] Workers At rest by jeans-Honoré Fragonard.
10. Crayons
- pigments bind by the wax and crossed into painted sticks..
- Charles IX Of France by Francois Clouet
11. Charcoal
- obtained by burning wood or other substances in the absence of oxygen.
- all black
- Self portrait by Leon Kossoff
12. Relief
- elements remain attached to a solid background of the same materials
- Embossed
- The flower by Asp Arts
- originally used in sculpture
13. Stained glass
- made by combining small pieces of colored glasses which held by heavy irons.
- The Rose Window from Notre dame, France
ELEMENTS OF VISUAL ARTS

Elements- synonymous of ingredients or building blocks.
1.- Line( horizontal, vertical, diagonal and curved)
-2. Color
-property of light
-everything that you can see around you is a property of light.
-kaya nagkakakulay ang mga bagay because of the light.
-white, gray and blacks are the neutral colors
-ATTRBUTES OF COLOR
VALUE or BRIGHTNESS, LUMINANCE
-amount of light we have in our artwork
HUE
- how most of us perceived and name a color
-the name of the color
INTENSITY
-the dullness or sharpness of colors
-we try to saturate the colors.
PSYCHOLOGY OF COLORS AND SHADE

-black- despair
-blue- peace
-red- danger
-gray- Solid
-violet- sadness
-green- life
-white- purity
-orange- assertive
-yellow- joy
-pink- gratitude
-brown- wholesome
3. TEXTURE
-Characteristic of a surface.
-Visual( small or rough, soft or hard)
-tactile( matt or glossy)
4. PERSPECTIVE
-How we see an object
-the illusion of distance or depth
2 KINDS OF PERSPECTIVE
LINEAR
-Create illusion of of distance and depth
-illusion of continuous
-making use of lines and try to intersect them at the horizon
-means tuloy tuloy
-we follow lines.
AERIAL( atmospheric perspective)
--creating illusion of depth
-using the effect or condition of the atmosphere
-
INTRODUCTION
Since time immemorial, man has been puzzled about the meaning of his
existence. Man is always in constant search for answers regarding some fundamental
questions about himself. “Who am I?”, “What is the meaning of my life?” “What is it to
be truly human?” Many philosophers attempted to give an answer to these questions.
And yet, up to this point in time, there is no definite and core definition of who man is
or what man is.
The study of Humanities is very significant in understanding man as a whole and

his vital role as a member of a particular social system. Specifically, the important
concerns of humanities is about the expression of individual feelings and how he
expresses those feelings in different perspectives. It is about the reflection of what
man really is and his gradual development as a complete social being who is prepared
enough to discover his innate knowledge, talents, skills, and certain inclinations. An
individual who is ready to find the real essence of his existence, taking numerous
responsibilities within the fast changing world while exploring life to its fullest.
 ETYMOLOGY | Humanities came from the Latin word – HUMANUS which

means to be truly human.
 To be human is to be culturally enhanced and refined.
 Culture comes from the Latin terms: Cultus-Colere, which means to cultivate,
to develop. Culture is the general way of life of a society, including ways of
thinking, beliefs, customs, language, art and traditions. It is cumulative
creations of man, the totality of human heritage. It refers to all those things
which mean the refining and development of all man’s powers and natural
endowments.
 As regards its historical development, during the MEDIEVAL Period,
Humanities refers to anything that have something to do with the cultivation
of man’s spirituality. In the RENAISSANCE Period, it refers to a set of
disciplines being taught in colleges and universities. Lastly, in the MODERN
Period, Humanities is referred to as ARTS. Humanities is art itself.
 ETYMOLOGY & EVOLUTION of ART: Originally it comes from:

 Aryan root AR meaning “join”, or “put together”.
 Greek verbs:
a. Artizein – to prepare
b. Arkiskein – to put together
Macasaquit * Santos * Silvestre 1

 Latin ARS, ARTIS meaning everything that is artificially made or composed
of by man.
ARTS: ITS IMPORTANCE/IMPACT TO

HUMAN EXISTENCE:
The world of arts has a particular significance in human lives. We cannot deny
the fact that we are always aspiring to attain beauty in every dimensions of our daily
living. There are times that we encountered certain dilemma regarding the use of the
concept “ art “, that pertains to beauty, with the concept “ craft “, that refers to
anything that is being useful. Beautiful things can be useful and useful things on the
other hand can also be considered beautiful. The difference between the two is not that
important as long as we can easily express ourselves in the different ways in presenting
art subjects. According to Aristotle, “ Art is the right reason of making things “. This
implies that any kind of human activity that is directed to change or transform things
under the patterns of right reason can be considered as an art. In addition, the main
concerns of the arts regarding its importance may underlie to individual’s interest about
beauty and aesthetic response since all types of arts have their own purpose and
functions.
Art is very important in our lives and it is considered as a “ language of feeling “,

aside from the consideration that it is one of the oldest and most important means of
expression developed by man. Relating art to love which is considered as an ultimate
feeling and a blessed faculty given to us by God, there is a need for a clear and proper
communication of sensuous medium/media of expression ( acrylic, wood, marble,
musical sounds, letters, rhythmic movements, film, etc. ) to fully express our thoughts,
ideas, and feelings towards other people, objects, or even events and other social
phenomena. Such expression leads the way into another consideration that Art is a
formal expression of human experience that focuses on two distinct ideas: the FORM
(that pertains to expression);and SUBSTANCE ( referring to man’s experiences in life ).
Since arts served as records of our total experiences and aspirations, we are actually
affected in many ways. To fully understand man as a whole, our ability to understand
and appreciate its pieces is deemed so important and a remarkable life’s experience.

 Art is making or composing any object useful for human needs that is, for the
contemplation and enjoyment of its meaning or beauty.
 Art is concerned with objects and human expressions as beautiful or not
beautiful
 Art is the skillful arrangement or composition of some common qualities of
nature (colors, sounds, lines, movements, words, etc.) to express human
feelings, emotions, or thoughts, in a meaningful and enjoyable way.
 Therefore, ART IS THE SUBJECTIVE EXPRESSION OF MAN’S THOUGHTS
AND FEELINGS.
As to what extent man can use

his/her freedom of expression in
creating an art?
FUNCTIONS OF ART
PHYSICAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL
1. Utility 1. Influential media 1. Inspirational

2. Instructional 2. Interaction 2. Relaxation
3. Historical (communication) 3. Gratification
4. Representational

ART: ITS OTHER FUNCTIONS TO
HUMAN EXISTENCE
1. AESTHETIC FUNCTION – As man exerts efforts in attaining perfection, he must be

aware and conscious about the beauty of his environment through arts. He must be
receptive to the complex changes and learns how to use his different senses and at the
same time he should know how to project creative impulses through his symbols and
works. This enables man to fully achieved the aesthetic appeal in every art pieces as
well as the attainment of pleasure and satisfaction.
2. CULTURAL FUNCTION – The various production of numerous printed materials and

other various distributive networks like books, newspapers, magazines, comic strips,
and other related types paved the way in providing knowledge and new discoveries to
man. Through art, man has an ability to know more about his own self, becomes more
educated, civilized, and refined that makes his whole life more meaningful.
3. SOCIAL FUNCTION – The new learning and experiences of man and the creation of
civic and graphic arts stimulate inner feelings and emotions conveying positive values
where man learns to participate, empathize and cooperate as an active member of
society. The collective behaviour is greatly influenced by art and it is manifested by
every man in the level of his own thinking, feeling, and how man makes his decision.
The different techniques and methods in presenting art subjects served as a gateway in
showing social realities that will provide new perspectives and insights and may serve
as a catalyst of change in society.
4. UTILITARIAN FUNCTION – Art plays a significant role in man’s daily life. Through
this, man can acquire his basic needs such as food, shelter, clothing and other
necessities and conveniences. Art serves as an important means of discovering new
ideas and techniques and the invention of utensils, gadgets, machines and other useful
needs that help every man to find appropriate solutions to his problems and enable
man to survive.

AREAS OF THE ARTS
The diversity of arts enables various authors in classifying arts in different ways.
The following areas or in other words the different Branches of Learning that are
concerned to human thoughts, feelings, and relations will help us to have a full and
better understanding about each topic, their complexity, differences, and the
primary/sensuous medium or media of expression or in other words “ Symbolic
languages” with beauty of design and coherence of form.
VISUAL ARTS
These are types of arts that can be perceived by the sense of sight and can be
projected into 3-dimensional graphical forms. From these, we can say that we are all
surrounded by arts, objects from purely useful products and down to the materials that
are designed for their aesthetic appeal where we can derive real pleasure. This distinct
area of the arts served as an expression of an artist’s ideas, feelings, moods, hopes and
even fears of the time and place which the artist had lived. The medium used by an
artist may vary on the types of visual art that depends primarily on the different fields
and occasions.
( Water color / acrylic in painting; bricks and concrete for architecture; wood, stones
and metal for sculpture; plants and trees for landscaping; textiles and furnishings for
interior designing; etc. )
LITERATURE
Etymologically, it came from the Latin word “ litterae “, which means letters. As
an art, the combination of letters into words then words are use to form a complete
sentence, and sentences into paragraphs as another means of an artist’s expression of
personal ideas, feelings, values, beliefs and convictions, sentiments and even problems
in life. Furthermore, it is also related to a French phrase “ belles lettres “ as a part of
classical humanities which means “ beautiful writing “ in connection to the main goal of
every writer in the achievement of high sense of value in every literary piece.
It is also about a particular subject or period of time that greatly affects its
audience ( readers, listeners, viewers ) through various distributive networks such as
books, comic strips, radio, television, computer, e-mail, websites, and other types of
literary pieces with various experiences in terms animated sights, sounds, and colors.
Just to inform, educate while entertaining its audience. In a broader perspective, the
primary medium used in literature either in oral or written type is the use of language
covering varied aspects of man’s daily living.
DRAMA AND THEATER
Drama as a distinct type of art refers to an action played by a number of

characters in a particular type of story giving emphasis on the plot. A PLOT is a brief
sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed wherein the basis is the
conflict, struggle, or the problem within. The distinction between drama, theatre, and
opera vary in terms of the numbers of the characters portraying certain role endowed
with physical, emotional, and intellectual qualities given by the writer or by the director.
Another point of consideration is the combination of several types of arts like the used
of props/ backdrops and other furniture painted materials, costumes and make-up as
parts of visual arts, music that may set the mood of the story or may serve as a part of
the plot, the use of a script which is part of literature, and some rhythmic movements
as part of a dance as an art. On the other hand, OPERA is also a form of theatre
wherein a story is mostly expressed not only by a script but also through the use of
either one or two distinct types of musical instruments or the application of the whole
ensemble orchestra.
MUSIC
This is a combination of various sounds at varying pitch in order to produce

certain composition as an expression of the artist’s feelings and experiences. It can also
be considered as an example of PURE ART pertaining to the use of only one kind of
medium of expression and that is the use of musical sounds. As an art, the basis of its
appeal in the beauty of musical sounds coming from the different musical instruments
and other types of inputs. The attainment of its beauty depends upon its primary
function on how to entertain its audience. So when a particular music is out of tune, it
is in full blast, or it is unregulated, it fails to achieve its purpose of entertaining the
listeners. As a Pure Art, a typical type of music has its own INTENSITY that can affect
people directly since we are very receptive to the numerous stimulus that need certain
responses. It is one of the reasons why a “ great music specially radiates infectious
joy”.
DANCE
It is considered as the “ First art cultivated by man and the origin of all his
aesthetic beauty “. Wherein dance flows originally for man and its practice and it is
universally accepted in the different types of societies, from primitive type moving
onwards to a modern and complex type of communities regardless of its
transformational status of development. During the primitive times, dancing has a great
role for early people.

Dance is a part of many rituals and ceremonies and even burial practices as well
as during the time of courtship, planting and season of harvesting wherein people feel
liberated when their feelings are easily shared to others through distinct body
movements. As the “ Origin of the Arts “, dance served as the inspiration in conducting
different kinds of arts like painting, music, and literature. One of the evidences is the
numerous carvings in the walls of a cave during Neolithic period where women dancing
around a man whom they considered as an “IDOL”. From then on, dance is uniquely
able to intensify the feelings of us all through its various moods, fields, and occasions.
PURPOSES OF THE ARTS
1. Arts have moral, educational, social, cultural, and religious purposes.

2. Arts for art’s sake
3. Afford man moments of relaxation
4. Imagination is satisfied
5. Arts as outlet of our slumbering passion. We find meaning in the fictitious
representation of arts, the passions of drama, emotions of poetry, moods of
music, fancies of painting, and sordid life of novels.
6. Powerful means to reform or change man.
DIVISIONS OF ARTS
A. WITH RESPECT TO PURPOSE
a. Practical Arts – directed to produce artifacts and utensils which cope with
human needs.
b. Liberal Arts – intellectual efforts are considered; take for the cases of AB
Courses like Philosophy, Psychology, Social Sciences, Journalism.
c. Fine Arts – products of the human creativity in so far as they express beauty in
different ways and different media like drawing, painting.

d. Major Arts – characterized by their actual and potential expressiveness like
music, poetry, sculpture
e. Minor Arts – connected with practical uses and purposes like interior design,
landscape, porcelain making
B.WITH RESPECT TO MEDIA AND FORMS
a. Plastic arts –perceived by sense of sight like painting, sculpture, architecture

b. Phonetic arts – based on sounds and words like music, poetry, drama,
literature
c. Kinetic arts – rhythmic movement like the different kinds of dances
d. Pure arts – which only take one medium of expression as sound in music and
color in painting
e. Mixed arts – which use two or more media like opera is a combination of music,
poetry and drama.
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTS
1. Space arts – visual arts

 2 Dimensional (seen only in one angle)
- painting
- printing
- photography
- drawing/ sketching
 3 Dimensional (seen in several angle)
- sculpture
- architecture

2. Time arts – auditory arts
- music
- dance
- combination: Musical Theatre/ Opera
HIERARCHY OF ARTS
1. Immanuel Kant: Music is the lowest of all arts because it only gives sensible
pleasures.
2. Arthur Schopenhauer: Music is the greatest because it is capable of freeing
man from his fears and desires, from his anger and despair, and from other
passions and anxieties.
3. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Poetry has the best qualities like immediate
perception, creative imagination, development of thoughts and events.
4. Gottfried Leibnitz: The fusion of poetry and music is the highest art.
There is no final manner by which a hierarchy of the arts may be

established. Each art has its own value and each person has his/her own
preferences or opinions.
ARTS ACCORDING TO:
 PLATO
Art imitates nature. Art imitates life.
 ARISTOTLE
Art imitates men and nature in action.
 OSCAR WILDE
It is life that imitates art.
 HENRI-LOUIS BERGSON
It is not reason that enables us to imitate. Art is not imitation. Art is made
from intuition (immediate sensation and intense feeling).
 G.E. MOORE
Art is both imitation and intuition.
 SIGMUND FREUD
Art is a wish fulfillment, an excellent work of art results from frustration.
 JOSE ORTEGA Y GASSET
Art is a form of escape, escape from human negative elements.
 LEO TOLSTOY
Art is communication; it infects our feelings.
 BENEDETTO CROCE
Art is merely an expression regardless if it is understood or not.
 ALBERT CAMUS
Art is rebellion.
 JOHN DEWEY
Art is not limited in the gallery and museum.
 DANTE LEONCINI
When man beautifies himself, he becomes a human art.
 MARGARETTE MACDONALD
Art is esoteric. It is mysterious. It is indefinable. It is transintelligible. It is
only describable.
1. Is art an Imitation or Creation?

2. Are there any criteria to determine the excellence of
the work of art?
3. When do we say an art is BEAUTIFUL
WHERE DOES BEAUTY LIE?
 Beauty is out there; it is objective. It is a primary

quality that resides in the object.
 Beauty is not there, It is secondary quality that
resides in the perceiver. (John Locke)
 Beauty is neither primary nor secondary; it is
tertiary in nature. It depends on the appropriate
situational perspective.

Is everything in
nature and art
beautiful? Why certain
things are called
“ugly”?
Everything in nature and art is beautiful for everything is created perfect according to
its nature and form. All things are beautiful and perfect in themselves, BUT not in
relation to us. Some reasons are the following:
a. Objects that we see everyday lose their significance to us. People who have been
in the Banawe Rice Terraces for a long time will not see beauty of their
mountains as in the eyes of a tourist.
b. Certain things are dangerous to our lives like snake and other wild beasts.
c. Certain conditions in human life such as poverty and disease are referred to as
ugly but once painted in a canvass or described in a novel, they become
meaningful and beautiful.
“Hapag ng Pag-asa” by Joey Velasco

CATEGORIES OF BEAUTIFUL
1. The Sublime – enjoyment is aroused by astonishment and awe like looking at

the starry heavens, the majesty of mountain ranges, the heroic act of heroes and
saints.
2. The Nice – enjoyment is aroused by sympathy, love, benevolence, tenderness
and modesty like children, flowers, flower arrangement, artifacts
3. The Comic – enjoyment is aroused because it makes us laugh like satire and
irony, the exaggerated, the repetitious, the ridiculous, and the playful.
WAYS OF PRESENTING ART SUBJECTS
1. REALISM
Object depicted in the way they normally appear. What you see is what you get.
2. ABSTRACTION
In painting and sculpture, it magnifies one phase of
reality without representational intentions having little or
no resemblance to natural appearance. It does not show
the subject as a whole but only his idea or his feeling
about it. Kinds of abstraction are as follows:
a. Elongation – it refers to that which being

lengthened.
b. Shortening – it refers to that which being
shortened.
c. Distortion – dramatization of figure to create
emotional effects.
d. Mangling – showing of subjects or objects that
are cut, lacerated, mutilated, and hacked.
e. Cubism – originated by Picasso, which
transposed natural forms into overlapping
transparent planes.
3. SURREALISM (“Super-realism”)
It is the combination of realism and distortion. It
emphasized the omnipotence of the dream and the sub-
conscious mind. Indebted to Dadaism. It was founded by
poet-painter Andre Breton in 1924 in Paris, France.

4. DADAISM
In literature and painting, it literally means “the killing of
the arts.” Originated by Marcel Duchamp in 1916 in Zurich,
Switzerland. It is characterized to be “non-sensical”.
5. EXPRESSIONISM
The emphasis is on the “inner world” of subjective feeling
rather than on descriptions of the outer world.
6. FAUVISM
In painting, led by Henri Matisse in 1903-1907 in France,
this school showed distorted form and employed vivid
spontaneous color effects. Characterized by the used of
extremely bright colors in order to express joy, pleasure
and comfort.
7. FUTURISM
It attempts to capture the movement and the dynamism of
the modern world.
8. IMPRESSIONISM
It is a method in painting with small vibrant dots of color.
This gave rise to the later method called pointillism.
9. SYMBOLISM
It uses something invisible such as an idea or a quality to
represent another thing.
EXERCISES.
“WHO AM I?”. In an oslo paper, introduce yourself

through any representation/symbol. Who are you? What
best describes your personality? Group dynamics follow.

II. MEDIUMS OF THE VISUAL ARTS
PAINTING AND SCULPTURE
Visual arts are those arts that are perceived with our
eyes. The most common visual arts are painting,
sculpture, and architecture.
PAINTING
 Painting is the art of creating meaningful

effects on a flat surface by the use of
pigments. The materials of the painter are
pigments applied to wet plaster, canvas,
wood, or paper.
 Media used in Painting:

a. Watercolor- the most common yet the
most difficult medium. An opaque
watercolor is known as “gouache”.
b. Fresco – painting on a moist plaster
surface with color ground in water or a
limewater mixture. Example is Fresco at Sistine Chapel
Michaelangelo’s “The Creation of Adam” in
the Sistine Chapel ceiling.
c. Tempera – are mineral pigments mixed
with egg yolk or egg white and ore.
d. Pastel – this is a stick of dried paste
made of pigment round chalk and
compounded with gum water.
e. Encaustic – this is used by Ancient
Egyptians to painted portrait on mummy Tempera – Madonna
& Child
cases. This is done by painting with wax
colors fixed with heat.
f. Oil – pigments are mixed with linseed oil
and applied to the canvas. It can be
direct or indirect method of oil painting.
g. Acrylic – this synthetic paint is mixed
with acrylic emulsion as binder for coating
Encaustic
the surface of the artwork. Contemporary
painters use this medium a lot.

h. Mosaic – is a picture or decoration made
of small pieces of inlaid colored stones or
glass called “tesserae”, which most often
are cut into squares and glued on a
surface with plaster or cement. This art is Mosaic
an important feature of Byzantine
churches.
i. Stained Glass – this is made by
combining many small pieces of colored
glass which are held together by bands of
lead. In large windows, the lead is
reinforced by heavy iron bars. This is an
artwork in Gothic cathedrals and churches.
An example of this is Notre Dame Stained Glass at
Cathedral in France. Notre Dame, Paris
j. Bistre – is a brown pigment extracted
from the soot of wood, and often used in
pen and wash drawings.
k. Crayons – are pigments bound by wax
and compressed into painted sticks.
l. Charcoal – are carbonaceous materials
obtained by heating wood or other organic
substances in the absence of oxygen.
m. Relief – involves cutting away from a
block of wood or linoleum the parts of the
design that the artist wants to be seen,
leaving the portion of the third dimension.
Relief Painting
SCULPTURE
In the choice for the subject in sculpture, the

material is given utmost consideration. The materials
available are limitless and each of these materials presents
interesting motivation to challenge the sculptor’s creativity.
TWO MAJOR SCULPTURE PROCESSES:
1. SUBTRACTIVE- the unwanted material is cut away.

2. ADDITIVE- construction of a figure by putting
together bits of clay or by welding together parts of
metal.

TWO TYPES OF SCULPTURE:
1. RELIEF- figures which are attached to a ground.

2. FREE-STANDING- can be seen from all sides.
 Media used in Sculpture

a. Stone – is a hard and brittle substance
formed from mineral and earth material.
b. Jade – is a fine, colorful stone, usually
green and widely used in Ancient China.
c. Ivory – which comes from the main parts
of tusks of elephants.
d. Metals – gold, silver, copper, brass,
bronze, lead, aluminum
e. Plaster – is a composition of lime, sand
and water.
f. Clay – earthly material that has the
nature of plasticity when wet.
g. Glass- is hard, brittle, non-crystalline,
more or less transparent substances Ivory Sculpture
produced by fusion of dissolved silica and
silicates, soda and lime.
h. Wood- easier to carve than any other
mediums. It is cheap, readily available
and easy to cut.
i. Terra cotta – is the tenderest of
sculptural materials. Most oriental
sculpture deals in this medium. This is
used in vases, figurines, and in small
thins.
Terra Cotta Jade Sculpture

Bronze Sculpture in China

COOL FACTS in PAINTING and SCULPTURE…
 During his lifetime, artist Vincent Van Gough only
sold one of his paintings, i.e. “The Red Vineyard at
Arles”.
 Hens can distinguish between all the colors of the
rainbow.
 Leonardo da Vinci was dyslexic and he often wrote
backwards.
 Vincent Van Gough sliced part of his ear off in
madness.
 Blue and white are the most common school colors.
 Leonardo da Vinci never signed or dated his most
famous painting, the Mona Lisa.
 The Sphinx was carved from one piece of stone.
 At the age of 26, Michaelangelo began sculpting his
monumental statue of David. He finished it
seventeen months later, in January 1504.
 Roman statues were made with detachable heads so
that one head could be removed and replaced by
another.
 If a statue in the park of a person on a horse has
both front legs in the air, the person died in battle; if
the horse has one front leg in the air, the person
died as a result of wounds received in the battle; if
the horse has all four legs on the ground, the person
died of natural causes.
 Chief Crazy Horse is the tallest freestanding
sculpture in the world located in South Dakota, USA.
 French artist Michel Vienkot, uses cow dung as paint
when he creates his pictures.
 The Mona Lisa has no eyebrows. It was the fashion
in Renaissance Florence to shave them off.
EXERCISES.
 Yes it’s REAL-ism! The art subject is to be
presented by the teacher for a classroom activity.
 Coffee painting activity.
 Anything you SCULP. Each student will bring
something like a soap, clay, wood etc…for a
sculpture activity.

III. THE VISUAL ARTS
ELEMENTS AND ORGANIZATION
ELEMENTS OF THE VISUAL ARTS
 Whenever we see an art object, we cannot fail to notice several things:

shape or form, texture, space, and lines. These are called elements.
 Like medium, elements are present in every art form. All arts have
certain elements of their own.
 The building blocks or ingredients of art.
1. LINE
 Line is an important element at the disposal of every artist. Through the lines
of a painting or sculpture, the artist can make us know what the work is
about.
 Lines have always direction. They are always moving. Lines, as used in any
work of art, may be straight or curve.
 Horizontal lines are lines of repose and serenity. They express ideas of
calmness and quiescence.
 Vertical lines are lines poised for action. They are poised, balanced, forceful
and dynamic. Examples are person standing, a tall tree, statues of Saints and
heroes.
 Diagonal lines suggest action and movement. They give animation to any
composition in which they appear. The degree of action is shown by the
angle of the diagonal.
 Curved lines suggest grace, movement, flexibility, joyousness, and grace.

2. COLOR
 Delight in colors is a universal human characteristic.

 Colors are a property of light. When light goes out, color goes out with it.
Take for instance a prism being put under the light.
 The white light of the sun contains all the colors of the spectrum; violet,
indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red. White, gray, and black have no
color quantity. They are called neutral colors. Gray is due to the partial
reflection of the color rays.
 Color has three dimensions or attributes: hue, value and intensity.
 Hue is the dimension of color that gives color its name. When we are saying
the flower is yellow, we are naming its hue. Color names such as red, green,
violet, and yellow indicate the color characteristics called hue.
 Value refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It is a quality which
depends on the amount of light and dark in color. It is also known as
“chiaroscuro”.
 Tints are values above the normal and shades are values below the normal.
Pink is a tint of red, and maroon is a shade of red. Sky-blue is a tint, navy
blue is a shade.
 Intensity refers to the brightness or darkness of color. It gives color
strength. Colors differ in intensity. Intensity differences may be described as
full intensity, two-thirds intensity, two-thirds neutral and neutral. Two colors
may be both blue but one is more intense than the other.
 Color plays an important role in the work of an artist. Although painting is
known as the art of color, color is also important in architecture and
sculpture.
The Color Circle

Value Scale with Nine
Value Steps
Psychology of Colors
 Black – despair, gloom, death, and mourning.

 The darkest and dullest of the colors. It is only considered a color when
mixed with other colors.
 Blue – tranquility, calmness, and peace.
 It is the color of the sky and gives the impression of vastness and infinity.
 Red – fire, blood, danger, festivity, bravery. War. Passion, energy, and warmth.
 It is a basic color.
 Gray – weight, solidity, and neutrality.
 The combination of black and white or the three primary colors.
 Violet – shadows, mourning, penance, royalty, and power.
 A mixture of red and blue.
 Green – growth, freshness, and hope.
 The color of the still water and vegetation.
 White – simplicity, clarity, purity, and innocence.
 Orange – deliciousness and sweetness and being assertive.
 A combination of red and yellow.
 Yellow – life, joy, sunshine, cheerfulness, warmth, splendor, freedom and
hospitality.
 It is the color of light.
 Pink – sympathy and gratitude
 The combination of red and white.
 Brown – wholesomeness, stability, reliability, approachability, connection with
the earth.

DID YOU KNOW THAT…? “SAY IT WITH ROSES!”
____________rose – denotes secrecy; means “you are heavenly,” innocence and
purity, reverence and humility
____________ rose – convey gratitude and appreciation; thank you flower
____________ rose – express sympathy; also stand for grace and gentility
____________ rose – say “I love you”; also mean courage and fortitude
____________ rose – stand for freedom and joy
____________ rose – speak of enthusiasm and desire
 IF YOU WANT TO TELL YOUR SWEETHEART THAT YOU ARE READY TO

SETTLE DOWN, DO NOT SEND HER THE USUAL THREE ROSES. SEND HER
ONLY TWO BECAUSE THIS MEANS, IN THE LANGUAGE OF LOVE, THAT
YOU ARE NOW READY TO SETTLE
 A SINGLE ROSE, ON THE OTHER HAND, SIMPLY MEANS SIMPLICITY.
( Sarian, Zac B. Manila Bulletin, February 13, 1993)
3. TEXTURE
 Texture is the element that deals more directly with the sense of touch. It
has to do with the characteristic of surfaces which can be rough or smooth,
fine or coarse, shiny or dull, plain or irregular. Texture is best appreciated
when an object is felt with the hands.
 Texture is found in all visual arts.
 The aesthetic value of texture lies first of all in the fact that it makes the
gradation of color possible. Flat colors are never beautiful. Texture gives a
surface unevenness which causes the color of the surface to be broken into
gradation of light and shade, giving it a charm of its own.

4. PERSPECTIVE
 Perspective deals with the effect of distance upon the appearance of objects,
by means of which the eye judges spatial relationships.
 It enables us to perceive distance and to see the position of objects in space.
 There are two kinds of perspective: linear perspective and aerial
perspective.
 Linear perspective is the representation of an appearance of distance by
means of converging lines. It has to do with the direction of lines and with
the size of the objects.
 Aerial perspective is the representation of relative distances of objects by

gradation of tone and color.
5. SPACE
 In painting as in architecture, space is of great importance. The exterior of a

building is seen as it appears in space while the interior is seen by one who is
inside as enclosing space.
 Distance of area between, around, above, below or within shapes
 Usually related to showing foreground, middleground, and background on a
flat surface.

6. FORM/SHAPE
 Form applies to all the overall design of a work of art. It describes the
structure or shape of an object.
 All the visual arts are concerned with form. Sculpture and architecture deal
with three-dimensional forms.
7. VOLUME
 This refers to the amount of space occupied in three dimensions. It therefore

refers to solidity or thickness.
 It has width, height and depth.
 The sculptor is concerned also with volume because his figures actually
occupy space and can be observed from direction.
ORGANIZATION IN THE VISUAL ARTS
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
 The organization of the various elements of the visual arts is governed by

different principles of design.
 Design makes it easier for an artist to express his ideas in such a way that
the observer becomes interested in his work.
 The design of an art object makes it possible for an observer to tell its
function.
 The Principles are concepts used to organize or arrange the structural
elements of design. They are the objects to be arranged…
Making a design is like making a cake…The ELEMENTS are the ingredients…The

directions for mixing them together are the PRINCIPLES.
1. HARMONY
 Harmony is essential to beauty. In visual arts, it is achieved by

establishing a pleasing relationship between the
various elements.
 There is harmony if the various parts of a design
will give an appearance of belonging together. In
other words, there must be unity.
 Repetitions in angles and curves, shapes, lines,
and colors will give a harmonious effect. If
overdone, though, repetition may become

monotonous and it may fail to hold the attention and interest and
observers. To relieve monotony, there must be variety.
2. BALANCE
 A pleasing relationship between the various elements of a work of art is

not the only requirement for beauty. These elements must also be so
arranged that a feeling of balance and equilibrium exists between them.
 Balance gives a feeling of stability and rest.
 We see many examples of balance in nature. The human body for
example is well-balanced.
 Balance may be formal, informal and radial.
 Formal balance is also called symmetrical balance. This is achieved by

making both sides exactly alike.
 This balance gives an atmosphere of dignity and formality.
 Informal balance or asymmetrical is sometimes called occult balance. It
is more difficult to achieve than formal balance, however, the results are
more interesting.
 It is achieved when objects of unequal weights or unequal attractions are
placed at the correct distances.
 Informal balance is generally used when we want to attract the attention
of observers and set them thinking about the object under observation.
FORMAL BALANCE INFORMAL BALANCE

 Radial balance occurs when
elements are positioned around a
central point…
3. PROPORTION
 Proportion is determined by a
comparison of the size of different parts of an object or of an
arrangement.
 Harmonious proportion is achieved when one part of an object does not
seem too big or small for the other parts.
 In painting, the principle of good proportion is useful in combining colors
successfully and in determining
the margins for mounting.
 In sculpture, the comparative size
of the different size of the
different parts of the object should
be considered. The relation of the
size of the statue and the
background, space and
surrounding is also important.
4. RHYTHYM
 In the visual arts, rhythm is achieved by the

regular or harmonious recurrence of lines, forms
and colors.
 Rhythm is organized movement, a beat, a
repetition.
5. EMPHASIS/SUBORDINATION
 Emphasis is produced by the design or

form that catches our attention while the
rest are subordinated.
 It is important in all art forms. This is
most noticeable in the art of advertising.
The aim of advertising is to call attention
to a particular product or object.

 Emphasis is also important because it relieves monotony. It can also be
used to call attention to pleasing centers of interest.
6. MOVEMENT
 Visual flow through the composition…

 How we get around in a work of art.
 Suggestion of motion in a design as you move from object to object by
way of placement and position…
7. CONTRAST
 An effect created by placing or arranging very different things next to each other.
Learning the different media, elements and principles governing visual arts help the
students in knowing not only the rudiments of arts but also understanding these
concepts will enable them to appreciate more of these masterpieces.
IV. ARCHITECTURE
MEDIA AND ORGANIZATION
 Architecture, from latin, architectura, means builder or carpenter.
Architecture, also means:

a. A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures
b. The art and science of designing and erecting buildings and other physical
structures.
c. The style and method of design and construction of buildings and other physical
structures.
- In its strictest meaning, it is an art of designing a building and supervising its

construction.
- In its broader meaning, architecture is shelter to serve as protection to all activities of
men – recreation, work and sleep.

MEDIA IN ARCHITECTURE
a. Materials of Nature (direct product of nature)

- Stone
1. Lime stones
2. Granite
3. Marble
4. Sandstone
- Wood Copper
b. Materials Manufactured by Man Lime Stone

- Ceramic materials
1. Glass
- Metals
1. Bronze
2. Wrought iron
3. Copper Aluminum
4. Chrome-nickel steel
Granite
5. Aluminum
6. Monel metal
7. Nickel silvers
- Concrete materials
- Plastics
Sawali Abaca
c. Indigenous Materials
- sawali
- coco air
- bagasse – sugarcane waste used for
insulation or cement backing
- abaca
- bamboo
- palm frond stems
- mud bricks Mud Bricks

THREE TYPES OF ARCHITECTURAL CONSTRUCTION
1. POST-AND-LINTEL- it consists of two vertical posts for

support (post) and a horizontal one (lintel). Parthenon in
Athens, Greece and Stonehenge is an example.
2. ARCH- is an architectural form built from pieces of

wood called “voussoirs” with joints between them
and are arranged in a semi-circle. It is dominant in
Roman Architecture.
3. CANTILEVER- is any structural part projecting horizontally and anchored at one

end only. The cantilever is used in the construction of skyscrapers.
ORGANIZATION IN ARCHITECTURE
1. EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE
(4000-2280 B.C.)
• Art in Ancient Egypt continued strangely unchanged through the various phases
of foreign influence. The close connection between religious rites and
architecture is everywhere manifested, both of tombs and temples.
• Egyptian monumental architecture , which is essentially a columnar and
trabeated style, is expressed mainly in pyramids and in temples. Egyptian
temples approached by impressive avenues of sphinxes- mythical monsters, each
with the body of a lion and the head of a man, hawk, ram or woman.
• Egyptian architecture is impressive by its solemnity and gloom, as well as by its
solidity, which suggest that the buildings were intended to last eternally.

Temple of Horus Karnak Temple Sphinx of Giza
2. MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE
6th Century BC
• The story of Mesopotamian Architecture begins in South eastern Turkey, when
the first permanent structures were built, with the erection of large monoliths at
the site of Gobekli Tepe. It is overwhelmingly one of clay masonry and of
increasingly complex forms of stacked mudbrick.
• Mesopotamian Architecture is evident in its palaces and temples. The

distinguishing characteristic is the Ziggurat, or tower, built at successive levels
with ramps leading from one platform to the next. In many respects, the
Ziggurat is like the modern building with setbacks.
• Ziggurat- are massive structures built in the form of terraced step pyramid of
successively receding stories or levels.
• One best example of Mesopotamian Architecture is the Temple of Babylon built

by Nebuchadnezzar, where the stones where differently colored from bottom to
top. The effect may have been garish, but at the base, it was striking.

3. GREEK ARCHITECTURE
1100-100 B.C.
• Greek architecture in its most characteristic form is found in the temple, a low
building of post-and-lintel construction. In this type of construction, two upright
posts are surmounted by a horizontal piece, the lintel, long enough to reach one
to the other. A typical example of post-and-lintel construction is found in the
ruins of the Temple of Apollo at old Corinth.
Three Types of Greek Architecture
a. Doric
Is seen in the Temple of Apollo at old
Corinth, and in the Parthenon, one of the
greatest temples ever built. The Doric
column has no base; the bottom of the
column rests on the top step. The Doric
order can be identified by the low cushion-
like shape of part of its capital. The frieze
is divided into triglyphs and metopes.
b. Ionic
The ionic column is taller and more
slender than the Doric. It has a base, and a
the capital is ornamented with scrolls on
each side. The frieze is continuous instead
of being divided. The architecture below
the frieze is stepped; that is, it is divided
horizontally into three parts. Some features
of the Ionic order trace the ancestry to Asia
Minor.
c. Corinthian
The Corinthian column, with the base
and shaft resembling the Ionic, tended to
be much more slender. The distinctive
feature is the capital.

4. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
1000 B.C.E.-C.E. 4000
• The Romans adopted the Columnar and trabeated style of the Greeks and
developed also the arch and vault from the beginnings made by the Etruscans
(the early inhabitants of west-central Italy). The combined used of column,
beam, and arch is the keynote of the Roman style in the earliest stages.
• The Romans developed the stone arch of the Etruscans. Above all, the use of
concrete allowed the Romans to build vaults of a magnitude never equalled toll
the introduction of steel for buildings in the 19th century. The art of buttressing
was developed in the course of early engineering works, which frequently
required the retaining of masses of the earth.
The Pantheon The Colloseum

5. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE
C.E. 200-1453
• Byzantine take its name from Byzantium, later called Constantinople, and now
called Istanbul. Byzantine architecture is characterized by a great central dome
which had always been a traditional feature in the east. The grouping of small
domes or semi-domes round the large central dome was effective. One of the
characteristic features of the Byzantine churches was the forms of the vaults and
domes were visible externally, undisguised by any timbered roof; thus in the
byzantine style, the exterior closely corresponds with the interior.
Pammakaristos Church Hagia Sophia

6. WESTERN ARCHITECTURE IN THE MIDDLE AGES (C.E. 400-1500)
A. Western architecture passed through three stages of development during the

middle ages. These are the Early Christian, Romanesque, and Gothic. These
three styles developed one out of another: the Romanesque was an outgrowth
of the Early Christian, and the Gothic from the Romanesque.
B. Stages of Western Architecture

a. Early Christian (C.E 400-700)
 The early Christian Basilica has grown in part
from the Roman house where the earliest
Christians met for worship, and in part from
pagan basilicas.
 In the classic temples, the emphasis lay on the
exterior; in the Christian Church, on the inside.
A second form of building, known as the central
type, was designed around a central vertical
axis instead of a longitudinal one. The long,
internal lines of the basilica carried the eye of
the visitor from the door to the altar as their
ritualistic climax of the structure. The interiors
of early Christian churches were often
decorated with mosaics, as in St. Apollinare.
b. Romanesque Architecture (11th and 12th century)
 Romanesque architecture is an extension and development of the Early
Christian Basilica exemplified by St. Apollinare in Classe.
 Where the Early Christian style is structurally light, with a simple

lightweight, flat wooden roof, the Romanesque has very heavy walls with
small window openings and a heavy stone arched or vaulted roof inside.
In this respect, it resembles the Roman style.
Romanesque Church in Venice Notre Dame Church in France
c. Gothic Architecture (12th to 16th century)

 Gothic architecture is a style of architecture
that flourished during the high and late
medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque
architecture and was succeeded by
Renaissance architecture.
 Gothic architecture is most familiar as the

architecture of many of the great cathedrals,
abbeys and churches of Europe. It is also the
architecture of many castles, palaces, town halls, Reims Cathedral, France
guild halls, universities and to a less prominent
extent, private dwellings.
 It is in the great churches and cathedrals and

in a number of civic buildings that the Gothic
style was expressed most powerfully, its
characteristics lending themselves to appeal to
the emotions. A great number of ecclesiastical
Wroclaw Town Hall,
buildings remain from this period, of which even Poland
the smallest are often structures of architectural
distinction while many of the larger churches
are considered priceless works of art.
 In Gothic architecture, a unique combination

of existing technologies established the
emergence of a new building style. Those
technologies were the ogival or pointed arch,
the ribbed vault, and the flying buttress.
 The Gothic style, when applied to an

ecclesiastical building, emphasizes verticality
and light. This appearance was achieved by
the development of certain architectural
features, which together provided an
engineering solution. The structural parts of
the building ceased to be its solid walls, and
became a stone skeleton comprising clustered
columns, pointed ribbed vaults and flying
buttresses. Structure of a Gothic
Cathedral
d. Renaissance Architecture (15th and 16th century)
 In Renaissance architecture, the cathedral or temple is o longer the typical

building; secular architecture comes to the fore, as in Roman times.
Although Renaissance architecture is a return to the ideals of the Greeks
and Romans, it is not a slavish imitation, but rather a free use of materials
found in classic architecture.
 Renaissance style places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry

and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of
classical antiquity. Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels,
as well as the use of semicircular arches and
hemispherical domes replaced the more complex proportional systems
and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. Dome is also a mark of a
renaissance architecture.
 Developed first in Florence, with Filippo Brunelleschi as one of its

innovators, the Renaissance style quickly spread to other Italian cities.

Firenze Cathedral Basilica di San Pietro
Château de Chambord, France
e. Baroque Architecture (1600-1750)

 Baroque architecture flourished in the 17th century and in the opening
years of the 18th century. It is characterized primarily as a period of
elaborate sculptural ornamentation. The architectural framework
remained close to that of the Renaissance, although often it was more
spacious, but had a profusion of carved decoration.
 Some distinctive features of Baroque architecture:
1. In churches, broader naves and

sometimes given oval forms
2. Fragmentary or deliberately
incomplete architectural elements
3. dramatic use of light; either strong
light-and-shade contrasts
(chiaroscuro effects) as at the church
of Weltenburg Abbey, or uniform
lighting by means of several windows Cologne Cathedral, Germany

(e.g. church of Weingarten Abbey)
4. opulent use of colour and ornaments
(putti or figures made of wood (often
gilded), plaster or stucco, marble or
faux finishing)
5. large-scale ceiling frescoes
6. an external façade often
characterized by a dramatic central
projection
7. the interior is a shell for painting,
sculpture and stucco (especially in
the late Baroque)
8. illusory effects like trompe l'oeil(is an
art technique involving extremely
realistic imagery in order to create
the optical illusion that the depicted
objects appear in three dimensions.) Sagrada Familia Basilica, Madrid
and the blending of painting and
architecture
9. pear-shaped domes in the Bavarian, Czech, Polish and Ukrainian
Baroque
10. Marian and Holy Trinity columns erected in Catholic countries, often in
thanksgiving for ending a plague
7. The 19th Century Architecture
 The 19th century architecture is known as a period of Eclecticism. Eclecticism in

architecture implies freedom on the part of the architect or client to choose
among the styles of the past that seems to him most appropriate.
 Modern eclecticism was not only purer in style; it understood something out of
the flavor of the past as well as its forms. At best, modern eclecticism was
marked by scholarship, taste, and sympathy for the forms of the past and
remarkable ingenuity.

 The result, however, was the chaos of American suburb, where a single street
might show examples of Gothic half-timbered houses, French chateaux , colonial
cottages, Spanish patios and Renaissance palaces.
Palacio da Bolsa American Family’s House Lawton Hall
8. Modern Architecture
 Modern architecture is an attempt to interpret one’s purpose through building in

a style independent of fix symmetries. New materials came to be utilized –pre-
stressed steel in tension, high-pressure concrete, glass block, wood, metal,
chromium, plastics, copper, cork, steel, gympsum lumber, real and artificial
stone, and all varieties of synthetic and compressed materials, and the versatile
plywood.
 Strength is no longer synonymous with massiveness, for more efficient new

structural materials are used in varying forms, scientifically calculated to avoid
waste. The supporting function is created by a light, cage-like skeleton of steel
and reinforced Concrete, which is faster and easier to build.
 Characterized by simplification of form and creation of ornament from the

structure and theme of the building. It is a term applied to an overarching
movement, with its exact definition and scope varying widely. In a broader
sense, early modern architecture began at the turn of the 20th century with
efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid
technological advancement and the modernization of society. It would take the
form of numerous movements, schools of design, and architectural styles, some
in tension with one another, and often equally defying such classification.

Examples of Modern Architecture
Burj Khalifa (Tallest Building in the world) standing 829.8m with 163 floors.
Modern Houses
Sydney Opera House Crystal Cathedral, CA

COOL FACTS in ARCHITECTURE
 Alexandre Gustave Eiffel also designed the inner structure of the Statue of
Liberty in New York Harbour.
 Eiffel Tower has 1792 steps.
 The Great Pyramids used to be as white as snow because they were encased in
a bright limestone that has worn off over the years.
 Notre Dame Cathedral in Strasbourg started in 1015 and was completed in 1439.
 England’s Stonehenge is 1500 years older than Rome’s Colosseum.
 The great Gothic Cathedral of Milan started in 1386 and wasn’t completed until
1805.
 Eiffel Tower’s weight is approximately 9441 tons.
 There are more pyramids in Peru than in Egypt.

 There are approximately 10 million bricks in the Empire State Building.
 Adolf Hitler wanted to be an architect but he failed the entrance exam at the
architectural school in Vienna.
 The Great Pyramid at Gizza in Egypt holds a constant temperature of 68⁰F.

 Taj Mahal took 20 years and 20,000 men to finish.
 St. Peter’s Basilica began in 1506 and reaching completion in 1612.
 Eiffel Tower is 984 ft. high.

 There are 403 steps from the foundation to the top of the torch in the Statue of
Liberty.
 The Pantheon is the largest building from ancient Rome that survives intact.
 The Great Wall of China is 1,400 miles long.
 The designer of Statue of Liberty, French sculptor Frederic-Auguste Bartholdi,

used his wife as the model for the body and his mother as the model for the
face.

V. LITERATURE
ELEMENTS and TECHNIQUES
 Literature is from Latin “litterae” (Pl) which means letters. The term literature
literally means “things made from letter.”
 Literature is the art of written work.
 Literature is commonly classified as having two major forms – fiction and non-
fiction – and two major techniques – poetry and prose.
 Fiction – is the form of any narrative or informative work that deals, in part or in
whole, with information or events that are not factual, but rather, imaginary and
theoretical—that is, invented by the author.
 Non-Fiction – is the form of any narrative, account, or other communicative work
whose assertions and descriptions are understood to be factual. This presentation
may be accurate or not—that is, it can give either a true or a false account of the
subject in question—however, it is generally assumed that authors of such accounts
believe them to be truthful at the time of their composition or, at least, pose them
to their audience as historically or empirically true.
ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
1. Emotional Impact
 It is attained when the reader reached a point of emotionally moved after
reading a certain article or piece of literature.
 Emotion is being targeted because psychologically speaking it goes down to
the human side of the person having been touched or related himself with
what he read.
Desiderata
Go placidly amid the noise and the haste,  and remember what peace
there may be in silence.
As far as possible, without surrender,  be on good terms with all

persons.  Speak your truth quietly and clearly;  and listen to others,
  even to the dull and the ignorant;  they too have their story.  Avoid loud
and aggressive persons;  they are vexatious to the spirit.

If you compare yourself with others,  you may become vain or bitter,
  for always there will be greater and lesser persons than yourself.
  Enjoy your achievements as well as your plans.  Keep interested in
your own career, however humble;  it is a real possession in the
changing fortunes of time.
Exercise caution in your business affairs,  for the world is full of

trickery.  But let this not blind you to what virtue there is;  many
persons strive for high ideals,  and everywhere life is full of heroism.
  Be yourself. Especially do not feign affection.  Neither be cynical about
love,  for in the face of all aridity and disenchantment,  it is as perennial
as the grass.
Take kindly the counsel of the years,  gracefully surrendering the

things of youth.  Nurture strength of spirit to shield you in sudden
misfortune.  But do not distress yourself with dark imaginings.  Many
fears are born of fatigue and loneliness.
Beyond a wholesome discipline,  be gentle with yourself.  You are a

child of the universe  no less than the trees and the stars;  you have a
right to be here.  And whether or not it is clear to you,  no doubt the
universe is unfolding as it should.
Therefore be at peace with God,  whatever you conceive Him to be.

  And whatever your labors and aspirations,  in the noisy confusion of
life,  keep peace in your soul.
With all its sham, drudgery, and broken dreams,  it is still a beautiful
world.  Be cheerful. Strive to be happy.
By: Max Erman (1927)
2. Intellectual Impact
 This element aims to give knowledge, information and reminder to the reader
on certain things he has forgotten.
 Speeches on important events, books, newspapers, magazines are common
examples.

3. Humanistic Value
 This is attained when a literary work aims for the betterment of a certain
individual by having a deeper and wider perspective and invitation for an
introspection.
 The aim of this element is to give a lesson or impart a moral value to the
reader.
 The parables in the bible are very good example of giving a humanistic value
to the reader.
Parable of the Sower (Matthew 13:3-9)
3
Then He spoke many things to them in parables, saying: “Behold, a
sower went out to sow. 4 And as he sowed, some seed fell by the
wayside; and the birds came and devoured them. 5 Some fell on
stony places, where they did not have much earth; they immediately
sprang up because they had no depth of earth. 6 But when the sun
was up they were scorched, and because they had no root they
withered away. 7 And some fell among thorns, and the thorns sprang
up and choked them. 8 But others fell on good ground and yielded a
crop, some a hundredfold, some sixty, some thirty. 9 He who has
ears to hear, let him hear.”
PROSE
 Prose is ordinary language that people use in writing such as poetry, stories,
editorials, books, etc.
 The ordinary language of men in speaking or writing; language not cast in
poetical measure or rhythm; - contradistinguished from verse, or metrical
composition.
 The word prose is derived from the Latin word 'prosa' meaning straightforward.
Elements of Prose
1. Theme – the over all idea of what is the story all about
2. Setting – refers to the place and time
3. Plot – arrangement of events in the story
a. Introduction
b. Conflict
c. Climax
d. Falling action
e. Resolution

Types of Plot
a. Circular – flashback
b. Linear – foreshadowing
c. In medias res – in the middle of the things
4. Characters - actors and actresses.
5. Conflict – man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. society, man vs. himself
6. Point of View – 1st person, 3rd person
Types of Prose
1. Short Story – is a prose narrative of limited length.

 Short stories may contain description, dialogue or commentary.
 The most crucial feature is that they have a compact concentrated narrative
with detailed character drawing.
 Elements of a Short Story
a. Setting - refers to the time and place that the event(s) in the story take
place.
b. Conflict - refers to the tension, the fight or the struggle between the
various characters or forces in the story.
2. Novel - is a prose narrative on a large scale.
 The novel defies accurate definition both because it includes so many
different types and possibilities and because of the essential but unfixable
elements of length.
 Elements of a Novel
a. Theme - underlying comment or idea about life
b. Plot - the pattern of related incidents or episodes
c. Characterization - authors development of characters.
d. Setting - place and time
e. Style - the unique way in which an author writes
f. Literal and Figurative Language - the author's use of language
3. Fable - is a short allegorical tale conveying a moral or a principle of
behavior.
 The characters are usually animals talking like human beings, but keeping
their animal traits.
 Often the moral is appended in a form of a proverb. The fable itself might be
called an acted- out proverb.
4. Parable - is a brief narrative (especially in the Bible) designed to illustrate a
religious truth or teach a lesson.
5. Tale - is a story that sets forth strange and wonderful events in more or less
bare summary, without detailed character drawing.
6. Fairy Tale - is a short story in which there occurs some supernatural or magical
event.

 The characters, who are neither individualized nor localized, are often not
even given names, being called merely “a king”, “a queen”, or “a princess”,
or “a poor farmer”.
 Fairy tales are about fortunes and misfortunes of a hero or heroine who,
having experienced adventures of more or less supernatural kind, lives
happily ever after.
 Magic, charms, disguise and spells are some of the major ingredients of such
stories.
 The fairy tale always has a happy ending: virtue is rewarded.
7. Essay - a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point
of view
 Types of Essay
1. Formal - The formal essay is a serious written discussion through
which a writer conveys a viewpoint on a designated subject. The purpose
of the formal essay is to write about a significant subject by focusing on
the ideas.
2. Informal - The informal essay is a lighter approach to a selection of
writing on topical ideas or issues. The purpose of an informal essay is to
engage and involve the reader by writing in a casual, entertaining manner
about a subject. The informal essay, such as an article or personal
discussion of a subject, may be light-hearted or serious in tone. The
content tends to address a topical or contemporary issue, often personal.
 The table on the next page shows the difference between formal essay and
informal essay.
Characteristic Informal Essay Formal Essay
Author’s Viewpoint Usually uses first person; Usually uses third-person
Directly addresses the pronoun
reader
Subject/Content: Sources Frequently drawn from life More commonly drawn
of Evidence of the writer and everyday from shared historical
events events or literature or other
forms of knowledge
Tone Frequently more personal Tends to be removed from

and subjective; may be the subject and appears to
ironic, amusing, thoughtful, be objective; tends to hold
angry, or serious; emotions in check and
Conversational and casual. express concerns through
strong arguments and
powerful rhetorical devices;
Academic and often
Instructional.
Structure Appears to be more loosely Follow a fairly rigid

structured. structure that focuses on
the development of one
clear argument at a time to
support a clearly stated
thesis.
Location of Thesis May appear anywhere in Usually stated explicitly,

the essay; may not be generally located in the first
explicitly stated. or second paragraph of the
Essay.
Vocabulary Everyday words; Slang Technical words according

and colloquialisms; to subject; No slang or
Contractions; Uses “you” contractions; Avoids “you”
and “I” and “I”
Purpose Entertainment; gentle Provokes thought and
reflection sometimes action
8. Biography - a detailed description or account of someone's life. It entails more

than basic facts (education, work, relationships, and death), a biography also
portrays a subject's experience of these events.
9. News - a report of daily events in society, government, or n science, and
industry.
10. Play - a piece of created work presented on stage. It is usually divided into acts.
11. Legends - a traditional or undocumented story about famous people, commonly
religious in character and frequently posing problems of authenticity
12. Anecdote - a short and amusing or interesting account, which may depict a real
incident or person.
POETRY
 Poetry is piece of literature written by a poet in meter or verse expressing

various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of techniques
including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia.

 The art of apprehending and interpreting ideas by the faculty of imagination; the
art of idealizing in thought and in expression.
 The emphasis on the aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as
repetition, meter and rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish poetry
from prose.
 Basic Elements of Poetry
a. Rhythm - music made by the statements of the poem, which includes the
syllables in the lines.
b. Meter - basic structural make-up of the poem
c. Stanza - defined as a smaller unit or group of lines or a paragraph in a
poem. A particular stanza has a specific meter, rhyme scheme, etc.
d. Rhyme - the last words or sounds of the lines match with each other in
some form.
e. Rhyme Scheme – the pattern of rhyme.
f. Alliteration - also used in several poems for sound effect
g. Simile - method of comparison using the words 'like' or 'as'
h. Metaphor - method of comparison where the words 'like' and 'as' are not
used.
i. Theme - what the poem is all about
j. Symbolism - Often poems will convey ideas and thoughts using symbols. A
symbol can stand for many things at one time and leads the reader out of a
systematic and structured method of looking at things.
k. Imagery - used by the poet for readers to create an image in their
imagination. Imagery appeals to all the five senses.
l. Form
m. Denotation/ Connotation - Denotation is the actual meaning of a word
derived from the dictionary. Connotation is the related or allied meaning of a
word.
n. Meaning and Idea - the experience it expresses
 Basic Types of Poetry
a. Lyric Poetry - does not attempt to tell a story but instead is of a more
personal nature. Poems in this genre tend to be shorter, melodic, and
contemplative.

b. Simple Lyric - This embraces a wide variety of poems and is characterized
by subjectivity, imagination, melody, and emotion.
c. Song - a short lyric poem which has a specific melodious quality and is
intended to be sung and can be set easily to music. It can either be religious
or secular.
d. Sonnet - poem of fourteen lines following a set rhyme scheme and logical
structure
e. Elegy - a mournful, melancholy or plaintive poem, especially a lament for the
dead or a funeral song.
f. Ode - a type of lyrical verse. A classic ode is structured in three major parts:
the strophe, the antistrophe, and the epode.
g. Haiku - popular form of unrhymed Japanese poetry, which evolved in the
17th century from the hokku, or opening verse of a renku.
h. Soliloquy - Dramatic monologue that gives the illusion of being a series of
unspoken reflections
i. Verse drama and dramatic verse - any drama written as verse to be
spoken; another possible general term is poetic drama.
j. Narrative Poetry - a genre of poetry that tells a story.
k. Ballad - a form of verse, often a narrative set to music
l. Metrical Romance - a narrative poem which is written in verse and can be
classified either as a ballad or a metrical romance.
m. Epic - a genre of poetry, and a major form of narrative literature. This genre
is often defined as lengthy poems concerning events of a heroic or important
nature to the culture of the time.

DRAMA AND THEATER
Drama is an elaborative and descriptive detailing of events, scenes and acts of a
particular type of story that can be either in terms of prose or poetry, fictitious and
mostly based from real life situations. It is written primarily to be performed wherein
the dramatization of human experience, the actors present the words and the deeds of
the characters to create an impression in which a distinct type of story is taking place
before an audience.
DRAMA AND ITS DEVELOPMENT
Drama originated in the art of dance and found in different forms in almost every
society, primitive and civilized and served as a variety of functions in the community as
a reflection of many phases of human life. In the macro setting, drama existed during
the time of the savage tribes simply as a manifestation of their daily activities and plays
a large part in their religious festivals and ceremonies through mimetic actions.
During the ancient time particularly the time of the Egyptians in 2000 BC, similar
in the case of the savage tribes, it plays a very significant role in their religious activities
and worship to their numerous Gods and Goddesses and of those is OSIRIS. It started
through songs and dances with certain limitations in the presentation of its varied types
like tragedy and comedy specifically the time of DIONYSUS on 5th and 6th centuries BC.
During the time of the Greeks, it is the introduction of the earliest Greek
Dramatic action on record when PISISTRATUS introduced it and became a source of
entertainment. This leads the way in the adoption of drama into the lives of the Greeks
when THESPIS of ICARIA won in a particular competition that provides another distinct
type which was expressed through the use of chorus and solo performance in
presenting tragedy drama. It is also the time when the Greeks had reached the highest
peak in the plays wherein there is the application of several characters like AESCHYLUS
( a character of being heroic and superhuman), SOPHOCLES ( a character of being
idealistic but true to life), and EURIPIDES ( sentimental type of character).

In its gradual development, the time of feudalism or Medieval era provided
another set of variations like MYSTERY PLAY which is based from Holy Scriptures or
Bible Stories which is different from a MIRACLE PLAY that depicts life of a saint or
typically presenting a story about the miracles of the virgin which is applied in France.
But in England, these forms were termed as “miracles”. Another distinct form is the
MORALITY PLAY where the tone is generally philosophical in nature and the chief
characters represented abstract qualities such as vices, mankind, good side, evil, and
death, etc. From these, the confinement of drama from the churchyard was further
developed into the ordinary streets, marketplaces that gave rise to the use of realism
type. At this point, there is now the use of ordinary set of characters beyond the icons
of the church.
The rediscovery of classical literature such as Greek and Roman types as well as
the spread of Humanism in Europe particularly in France, Germany and England gave
rise in the field of drama as the main source of entertainment during Renaissance
Period or the “Age of Enlightenment”. A well-known drama existed in the form of
COMEDIA del ARTE which is original and life-like, unwritten and impromptu, the use of
appropriate masks and costumes and the use of platforms on streets by the strolling
players.
In the 17th and 18th centuries, the presentation of drama from tragedies turned
into the comedies and carnival plays that provides a new set of enthusiasm and
excitement to the public. But as time moves on, diversity paved its way in terms of
drama presentations like the application of idealistic and sentimental type of characters
that gave certain identity to the ROMANTIC DRAMAS of the 19 th century. In Italy and
Russia, newer set were introduced to the people and this is the presentation of
FANTASY PLAY that enables every writer to captivates the feelings and interests of the
audience through the presentation of a new taste which is about the use of imaginative
plane and a depiction of a higher type of reality.
In the late 19th century and the introduction of the 20th century, a distinct person
in the name of IBSEN, a Norwegian dramatist enhances the development of drama
through further variations and trends in society like romances, symbolism, and
expressionism types.

TYPES OF DRAMA
1. TRAGEDY – one of the literature’s “Greatest Dramatic Art Forms” because of the
serious nature of the characters, composed of sad scenes, full of sufferings and
sacrifices with a disastrous ending.
2. MELODRAMA – it gives more emphasis on the action rather than on the character
which is very sensational, romantic, with a happy ending.
3. COMEDY – all plays/dramas with happy endings.
3.1. ROMANTIC COMEDY – it is a light and amusing tale of lovers in some

dilemma which is finally solved happily.
3.2. FARCE – it is a light and humorous play that is composed of jokes,

humorous physical actions, ludicrous situations and improbable characters ( Characters
which are not likely to be true ).
3.3. COMEDY OF MANNERS – considered as “ Drawing Room Comedy”

wherein the characters are usually high society types, used of witty, sophisticated,
satirical and sarcastic dialogue depicting real life situations.
4. MISCELLANEOUS :
4.1. TRAGICOMEDY – a combination or blend of tragic and comic

elements but still it ends happily.
4.2. MIRACLE/MYSTERY PLAYS – based from Holy Scriptures, Bible

Stories, or lives of saints.
4.3. MORALITY PLAY-character represents specific vices and virtues.
4.4. PIANO DRAMA- confined in the interpretation of music through piano

works as well as the recitation of poetry.
4.5. MUSICAL PLAY – a drama confined with the use of music, song and
even dance performances with limited dialogue of the characters.
4.6. CLOSET DRAMA – a term used to designate dramas or plays written

for reading rather than for staging. ( E.g. Pocketbooks )

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA/THEATER
1. PLOT – the brief sequencing of events and incidents of which a story is composed
wherein the basis could be either the conflict, struggle, or the problem within.
2. CHARACTERS – the participants/ artist/ actors in the story that portray certain role
endowed to them by the writer and the director with physical, emotional, and
intellectual qualities.
TYPES OF CHARACTERS
A. PROTAGONIST – the main character/s in the story that is being surrounded with
problems and issues depending upon the type of drama or story.
B. ANTAGONIST – the so –called “villain” that opposed the actions and decisions
conducted by the protagonist.
C. CONFIDANT – a character that is closely related to the main character with similar
ideas, actions, and decisions.
D. FOIL – a character that is also closely related to the protagonist but his actions are in
contrast to the main character.
3. THOUGHT – it is compose of the main idea/s and emotions telling the entirety of a
story.
4. LANGUAGE – it is composed of the dialogue or the conversation of the characters in

the story that can be either in prose or in poetry type.
TYPES OF DIALOGUE
A. NATURALISTIC DIALOGUE – refers to the actual way that people talk or the
normal/usual/ daily conversation of individuals.
B. RHETORICAL DIALOGUE – it is high flown, florid and oratorical
C. VERSE DIALOGUE – it makes use of certain conventions of poetry with
Certain rhyme and meter.
5. THEME – it is the meaning of the story that is either directly or indirectly stated. The
Stated Theme is considered as the “heart of the play”.
6. CLIMAX and DENOUEMENT – it refers to the highest peak of the story that is
composed of intense feelings and emotions while denouement is the “unravelling” of

the plot that is about the success or failure of the decisions conducted by the characters
in the story.
7. MUSIC and SPECTACLE – it serve as the background music or usually the original
sound track of the drama or the “theme song”, while spectacle serves as distinct
sound/s for every speech and movements of the characters to heighten the atmosphere
of the story and intensifies emotions whether it is vitality, terror, happiness,
melancholy, or sorrow.
8. COSTUMES and MAKE-UP – composed of appropriate dresses, wardrobes, apparels

and other accessories of all types and facial coloring depending upon the character or
role in the story that enhances the moods and interests of both characters and the
audience.
9. SCENERY and LIGHTING – includes realistic view of furniture-painted backdrops,

large props and other effects. Lighting devices provide certain mood and emotion in the
drama or to make emphasis about the details of the story. ( E.G. Bright Colors are pink,
yellow, white/Dull Colors are blue and green emphasizing “cold effect”/Red and Purple
may produce mysterious effect).
COOL FACTS in
LITERATURE
 Indian epic “Mahabharata”
contains almost 3 million words.
 Greek poet Aeschylus was killed
when a bird flying overhead
dropped a tortoise and struck
him.
 “ALMOST” is the shortest word in the English language with all its letters in
alphabetical order.
 GOOGLEPLEX is the highest counted number.
 In literature, the average length of a sentence is around 35 words.
 Women who are romance novel readers are reported to make love 74% more
often with their partners than women who do not read romance novels.
 The word ‘ASSASSINATION” was invented by William Shakespeare.
 LETHOLOGICA is the state of not remembering the word you want to say.
 A poem written to celebrate a wedding is called EPITHALAMIUM.
 Mark Twain didn’t even make it through elementary school.
 RHYTHMS is the longest word with no vowels.
 TYPEWRITER is the longest word that can be made using the letters only on one
row of the keyboard.
 YKK zipper brand stands for Yoshida Kogyo Kabushibibaisha.
 William Shakespeare used a vocabulary of 29,066 different words. An average
person uses 8,000 words.
 A lung disease called
PNEAUMONAULTRAMICROSCOPICSILICOVOLCANOCONIOSIS is the longest word
in English language.
 The ball on top of a flagpole is called a TRUCK.
 TIPS given to restaurants stands for “To Insure Prompt Service”
 A pregnant goldfish is called a “TWIT”.
 The dot on top of letter “i” is called a TITTLE.
 5 YEARS is equivalent to a “QUINQUENNIUM”.
 # is a symbol known as OCTOTHORPE.
 The plastic tips on shoelaces are known as AGLETS.
 GOOGLE got its name from “GOOGOL” which refers to the number one with a
hundred zeros after it.
 “&” is a symbol known as “AMPERSAND”.
 ∞ (infinity sign) is called as “LEMNISCATE”.
 A “moment” is said to be “1 ½ minutes”.
 In the original version of Cinderella, the slipper was made out of fur, not glass.
 American novelist Mark Twain was the first known author to submit a typed
manuscript.
 A PANAGRAM is a sentence that contains all 26 letters of the English alphabet.
For example: PACK MY RED BOX WITH FIVE DOZEN QUALITY JUGS.
 The word HOUSEKEEPING was invented by William Shakespeare.
 Arabic numerals were not invented by the Arabs, but were invented in India by
the Hindus.
 If you are having problems remembering the planets in their correct order, just
remember this sentence: My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles :
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto.
 The name for the middle part of the nose (the part that separates the nostrils) is
called a CHAFFANUE.
 “SIXTH SICK SHEIK’S SIXTH SHEEP’S SICK” is said to be the toughest tongue
twister in the English language.

VI. PHOTOGRAPHY
BASIC AND KEY CONCEPTS
 This is a chemical-mechanical process by which images are produced on

sensitized surfaces by action of light.
 Photography is an expansive art form that includes more than just
portraiture, landscape or glamour photography.
TEN REASONS TO LEARN TO TAKE GOOD PHOTOS

by Nancy Hill
1. Photographs are personal. Only you know how to take the world. Everyone
views the world differently. Your perspective is unique.
2. Photographs provide a historical record. Having photos of how things are now
will give you a record when things are no longer what they used to be.
3. Taking photographs will kick your brain into a creative mode. In photography
your creativity will come out. It’s a wonderful part of you. Let it play.
4. Photography is a great therapy. If you are upset, grab your camera and go out
looking for beauty instead of dwelling on the reason of your bad day.
5. Photography is a great way to make new friends. Photographers love to talk
about photography. You will never lack for company
6. Photography is a way to share your life with others. Sharing your photographs
with the people you love is a good way to break through barriers, to show
someone what’s important in your life.
7. Photography is a gift you can give others.Cards with your photograph in there
are a good gift. The more personalized your gift is, the better it is appreciated.
8. Photography will improve you website and/or your blog. Your words alone are
not enough to keep people on your website for long, so you need to include
graphics.
9. Photography brings accolades. Your images might not make you famous, but
being known as someone who takes good pictures is a real self-esteem builder.
Praise is good. None of us can get enough of it.
10. Photography can bring in money. It is true. Take good pictures. Be known for it.
People will seek after you during their important days in life.

KINDS OF PHOTOGRAPHY
a. Photojournalism
Shots maintain the integrity of the original scene. No
alteration should be done. The strong images engage
the viewer on the news story. This is used in
newspapers, magazines and books.
b. Documentary Photography
It tells story with the photograph. The difference with
photojournalism is documentary photographs are for
historical documents of a political or social era.
c. Action Photography
The subject is an object in motion or action. Examples
are pictures of a basketball player jumping, a plane
during take-off, a running tiger.
d. Macrophotography
It describes the field of photography in which picture is
taken at a close range. The subjects may be insect,
flower, texture of a woven cloth, or any object where
close-up photography reveals interesting details.
e. Microphotography
Microphotography uses specialized cameras and
microscopes to capture images of extremely small
subjects. Most applications of microphotography are
best suited for the scientific world. For example,
microphotography is used in disciplines as diverse as
astronomy, biology and medicine.
f. Glamour Photography
Glamour photography seeks to capture its subject in
suggestive poses that emphasize curves and shadows.
As the name implies, the goal of glamour photography
is to depict the model in a glamorous light.
Consequently, many glamour shots carry mysterious
and playful tones.
g. Aerial Photography
An aerial photographer specializes in taking photos from
the air. Photos may be used for surveying or
construction, to capture birds or weather on film or for
military purposes. Aerial photographers have used
planes, ultralights, parachutes, balloons and remote
controlled aircraft to take pictures from the air.

h. Underwater Photography
Underwater photography is usually employed by scuba
divers or snorkelers. However, the cost of scuba diving,
coupled with often expensive and unwieldy underwater
photography equipment, makes this one of the less
common types of photography.
i. Portraiture
Portraiture is one of the oldest types of photography.
Whether the subject is your family or your pet, the goal
of portraiture is to capture the personality of the subject
of portraiture is to capture the personality of the subject
or group of subjects on film.
j. Wedding Photography
Wedding photography is a blend of different types of
photography. Although the wedding album is a
documentary of the wedding day, wedding photos can
be retouched and edited to produce a variety of effects.
In addition, a wedding photographer must have portrait
and glamour photography skills.
k. Advertising Photography
The need for unique and eye-catching advertising copy
means the photographer may work with multiple types
of photography, including macrophotography and
glamour photography. Photos taken are usually in the
ads and billboards.
l. Travel Photography
Travel photography may span several categories of
photography, including advertising, documentary or
vernacular photography that depicts a particularly local
or historical flavor. A travel photographer can capture
the feel of a location with both landscapes and
portraiture

BASIC PHOTOGRAPHY CONCEPTS
1. Lighting and Exposure

 How the lighting of a scene affects the exposure of the film is one of the
most basic photography concepts. The more light within the scene, the more
the film will be exposed. Conversely, the less light a scene has, the less the
film will be exposed.
 Understanding how to manipulate lighting will help a photographer properly
expose his film. In any given scene a subject can be fully lit with direct light,
fully lit with indirect light or partially lit with backlighting or ambient lighting.
2. Composition and Camera Angles

 Composition is the technique of setting up the subject within the camera’s
frame. The proper composition of a shot is directly related to the angle at
which the photographer takes the picture. With a particular camera angle and
a planned composition, a photo can draw in the viewer’s eye, add meaning to
the image or add a sense of movement and dynamism to the scene.
3. Aperture
 Aperture refers to the lens diaphragm on a camera that controls the amount
of light that touches the film when the shutter opens. Settings for an
aperture opening are measured in f-numbers, also known as the F-Stop. F-
numbers are calculated by dividing the length of the lens’ diameter by
the focal length. Aperture settings are generally located or adjusted on the
outer edge of a camera’s lens.
 Larger aperture settings, ranging from around f3.0 to f5.5, allow more light to
enter through the lens. Consequently, if a photographer sets his aperture to a
higher number, a single object will become the photo’s central feature,
significantly minimizing any figures in the pictures background. Larger
apertures are commonly used for portraits or
close-ups.
 Alternatively, smaller apertures, ranging from
f16 to f32, include more figures in the
foreground, as well as the background. In
such pictures, more elements are clearly
defined than a single central object. As a
result, photos taken with narrower apertures
lend more perspective to a scene.
Landscapes and cityscapes are the usual
subjects of pictures taken with smaller apertures.

 If a photographer is taking a picture that doesn’t require an extreme close-up
nor a broad scope, an aperture setting from f8 to about f11 tends to yield
well-defined images
4. Shutter Speed
 Shutter Speed, measured in seconds, refers to the length of time that the
camera’s shutter remains open to let light in through the lens to record a
given image onto the film. The standard shutter speed that a photographer
generally uses on a sunny day is 1/125th of a second. A photographer will
adjust the shutter speed according to a few of the following factors:
a. aperture opening
b. available light in the scene
c. desired effect
 The shutter speed setting affects both the light exposure to the film and the
way movement is rendered in the resulting photo. Shorter shutter speeds
(meaning the shutter opens and closes at a faster rate) are typically used for
fast moving objects to quickly freeze them within the frame. Conversely,
longer shutter speeds tend to be used in scenes of low lighting, still objects
or if the photographer wants to create an artistic blur.
 A rule of thumb for knowing how to set shutter speeds is that the larger
the aperture setting, the faster the shutter speed should be set to affect the
same level of light exposure.
5. Depth of Field
 Depth of Field refers to the distance around an object that appears in focus
in the frame or photograph. The depth of field that a photographer chooses
to enhance a given picture is an entirely subjective choice, depending on the
aspects he wishes to enhance within the given frame.
 Three factors play a hand in determining or affecting depth of field: the
lens aperture (how open the lens is), the length of lens being used and the
object’s size (the later includes the distance the object is away from the
photographer).
 The closer an object is to the lens, the less depth of
field will appear in the resulting photograph.
Conversely, placing the camera at a distance from the
object being photographed will create a greater depth
of field. For example, landscape shots tend to have
greater depths of field while portraits have minimal
depths of field.
 Similarly, smaller lens apertures (lens with smaller diameters) and shorter
lens lengths both create more broad depths of field.

 When looking at a picture, you can recognize its depth of field by noticing
where the photo becomes blurry and unfocused. The outer fuzzy edges
pinpoint where the picture loses its depth of field.
6. Angle of View
 Angle of View is the amount of a scene a photograph captures and can be
measured vertically, horizontally or diagonally. Also known as angle of
coverage or field of view, angle of view changes given the type of lens a
photographer uses to take a picture.
COOL FACTS in PHOTOGRAPHY

 The word “PIXEL” is a contraction of either “picture cell” or “picture
element”.
 In 1839, the term “photography” was coined by Sir John Frederick William
Herschel, a British mathematician and astronomer. He also coined the
terms “positive” and “negative” in the context of photography, and also
the vernacular “snapshot”.
 In 1839, Robert Cornelius, a Dutch chemist who immigrated to

Philadelphia, took a daguerreotype portrait of himself outside of his
family’s store and made history: he made the world’s first human
photograph!
EXERCISES.
 CLICK! Divide the class into 4-5 groups and be ready for a Photoshoot. Choices
of themes are:
- “It’s More Fun in Tarlac!”

- “Levitation Photography”
- “Selfie”
- “Boom! Panes!”
- “Throwback Thursday!” (Before and After)
- “Cello-tape Seflies” (Cellofies)
 Create a group page and post the photos in Facebook. The group with more
“Likes” wins the competition.

VII. MUSIC
BASIC AND KEY CONCEPTS
 Music is an art form whose medium is sound and silence. Its common
elements are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its
associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the
sonic qualities of timbre and texture.
 Music came from Greek μουσική (mousike) which means art of the muses.
 The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music
vary according to culture and social context.

 Within the arts, music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art,
and auditory art. It may also be divided among art music and folk music.
MEDIA OF THE MUSIC

MUSIC
 Music is an art and culture is reflected in art. The more music a person
knows, the more cultured he becomes.
 Basically, music deals with sound. The mediums of music are the sound
produced by man (vocal music) and the sound produced by an instrument
(instrumental music).
A. The Vocal Music

 It is the oldest and natural form of music.
 Resonators: lungs, esophagus, head and mouth cavities.
 Correct position of the body, head and mouth will enable the air to vibrate
freely.
 Correct posture – standing correctly, one foot forward, if seated keep you
back away from the chair in a rising position.

 Correct breathing – the quality and
volume depends on the breathing.
Diaphragmatic breathing is advisable.
 Correct placement of the voice – To
develop good tone quality, never force
out the voice to prevent throating
singing, Project the voice upward
towards the head to produce a good
tonal quality.
 Correct diction – it includes correct
pronunciation, clean enunciation, and
distinct articulation.
 Correct interpretation – to interpret the song properly, the vocalist should
make the message clear as it is sung.
DO THIS….
1. Open your mouth and put your left palm in front of it. Feel the
warm air as you exhale. Do it again as you put the right palm
in the location of your diaphragm. You feel your diaphragm
muscles are receding. Repeat. Now, you sing “Ah,” with the
pitch of A. When you sing “Ah” you are exhaling.
2. Sing “Ah” as in no. 1. Sustain it for 10 counts. Observe what
happens when you stop singing. You observe that the
diaphragm muscles expand to give room for the incoming air.
This is the proper way of inhaling when singing.
Voice Classification
Voice differs considerably according to timbre (quality) and
range. As to timbre they are classified into: women’s voices and
men’s voices
a. Women’s voices:
1. Soprano – tone is lighter in character, less somber and
frequently more flexible.
1.1. coloratura soprano – highest and lightest of all voices.
1.2. mezzo-soprano – it is medium high in tonal quality
1.3. lyric soprano – is less high and flute-like
2. Alto or contralto – the tone is richer and fuller.

- Classification of Vocal Music
a. Long Vocal Forms
1. Opera – drama set to music with action, costume and scenery.
2. Cantata – a story told in music; no action.
3. Oratorio – a form of dramatic music also consisting of an
overture, recitatives, and ensembles based on biblical stories.
4. Moro-Moro – a Philippine drama set to music that depicts
Christian and non-Christian conflicts.
5. Zarzuela – a Philippine drama set to music that is similar to
opera
b. Short Vocal Forms
1. folk songs 7. motet
2. art songs 8. madrigal
3. kundiman 9. ballad
4. balitaw 10. chorale
5. donza-habanera 11. round/cannon
6. anthem 12. Area
b. Men’s voices
1. Tenor – the highest type in men’s voice
2. Baritone – the voice is between tenor and bass
3. Bass – lowest and deepest voice quality
B. The Instrumental Music
 Musical instruments are the second medium in music.

 Forms of instrumental music are classified into:
1. sonata – a long composition for solo instrument, consisting of large
sections called movements. This movements are the allegro, andante,
and rondo. An example is Sonata in C Major by Wolfgang Mozart.
2. suite – a series of musical pieces that tells a story. Example is the
“Nutcracker Suite” composed by Peter Tchaikowsky.
3. symphony – an elaborate musical composition for full orchestra,
typically in four movements, at least one of which is traditionally in
sonata form.. Ludwig Van Beethoven is famous for his symphony.
4. concerto – a musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments
accompanied by an orchestra, esp. one conceived on a relatively large
scale.. Some of the greatest concerto musicians were Johann
Sebastian Bach and Vivladi.
5. chamber music – written for two solo instruments (violins and flute)
and basso continuo (low strings and keyboard) and usually in several
movements. Chamber music is classified into sonata da
camara(chamber sonata) and sonata da chiesa(church sonata).

The Different Musical Instruments
 Musical Instruments have always been a source of wonder to both the

player and the listener.
 Musical instruments are of three main types:
a. Instruments which are bowed or string instruments.

b. Instruments which are blown or brasses and the woodwinds
c. Instruments which are struck or percussion instruments.

Properties of Musical Sounds
 Pitch – the highness or lowness of a tone in a musical scale.

 Duration – the length of time over which vibration is maintained, tones
are not only high or low but also short or long.
 Volume – refers to force or percussive effects as a result of which tone
strikes us as being loud or soft. Forte means loud; piano means soft.
 Timbre or tone color – This is the individual quality of the sound
produced by other instruments.
ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
MUSICAL NOTATION
 Notation is a system of signs by means of which music is written down

a. Notation of Pitch | Musical notation is written on five horizontal lines
with four equal spaces called staff (pl. stave).
The clef is a letter sign placed on the staff in order to indicate the pitch of
the notes. There are two kinds of clef:
- G clef (or treble clef)

- F clef (or bass clef)

b. Notation of Duration | Also known as note values.
c. Key Signature | The group of flats or sharps appearing at the beginning

of a piece . It means that the tone is to be raised (if sharp) or lowered (if
flats) by a half tone throughout the entire duration unless it is temporarily
cancelled for the duration of the measure.

d. Time Signature
THE GRAND STAFF
KEYBOARD

GUITAR CHORDS

COOL FACTS in MUSIC
 Beethoven dipped his head in cold water before he composed.
 No one knows where Mozart is buried.
 Dogs have about 10 vocal sounds; cats, over 100.
 The first percussion instrument introduced to an orchestra was the Kettle
drums, then called the TIMPANI in the 1600’s.
 Music can help reduce chronic pain by more than 20% and can alleviate
depression by up to 25%.
 SFUMATO is known as the subtle blending of an outline by gradually
blending one tone into another.
 The word PIANO is the abbreviation for the word PIANOFORTE.
 Houseflies hum in the key of F.
 Classical music helps cows produce more milk.
 BAGPIPES were introduced to the British Isles by the Romans.
 The average medium size piano has about 230 strings.
 Elvis Presley was obsessed with brushing his teeth.
 Beethoven always counted 60 coffee beans each cup when he prepared
his brew.
 Giraffes have no vocal chords.
 Surgeons who listen to music during operations perform better than those
who don’t.
 The “Oriental Singers of Singapore” sang non-stop for 74 hours and 5
minutes.
 If the coils of a French Horn were straightened out, the instrument would
be 22 feet long.
 When they are in danger, kangaroos will beat the ground loudly with their
hind feet.
 Elvis Presley got a “C” in his eighth grade music class.

VIII. DANCE
ELEMENTS AND KEY CONCEPTS
 Dance involves a successive group of bodily motions and steps

rhythmically performed and timed to music.
 Dance is said to be the oldest of the arts.
 Dancing is both an art and a form of recreation. As an art, a dance may
tell a story, set a mood, or express an emotion. As a form of recreation,
dancing has long provided fun, relaxation, and companionship.
WHY PEOPLE DANCE?

 Worship
 Courtship
 Magical powers
 Companionship
 To bring victory
 Restore health
 Fun and entertainment
 To give beauty and inspiration
 Relieve the monotony of life
 Express joy
KINDS OF DANCING
A. Ethnological Dance

 This kind of dance is native to a special race or ethnic group.
 It includes folk dancing
 Folk dancing is a form of social dancing that has become part of the customs
and traditions of people.
Examples of folk dances are:
1. TINIKLING- the Philippine National Dance wherein there is the use of “balintawak”
for female dancers while “camiso and pajamas” for male dancers as costumes. It is
considered as a couple dance that originated in Leyte simply imitating the lively
movements of “tikling birds” in a clacking pair of bamboo poles.
2. ITIK-ITIK – a dance performed by the women of Lanuza, Surigao simply imitating

the movements of “ducks” or itiks wading in the the river.

3. SAYAW SA BANGKO – a dance orinated in Lingayen Pangasinan that needs agility
and skillful balance as the couples are dancing in the wooden benches or “ bangko”.
4. BINASUAN- is from Bayambang, Pangasinan. Binasuan means the use of “drinking

glasses “ that displays good balance and graceful movements.
5. PANDANGGO SA ILAW – a version from Mindoro where female dancers gracefully

and skilfully balances three “tinghay” or oil lamps.

6. PANDANGGO OASIWAS- It is a combination of two versions of dances that
descended from Spanish Pandanggo. This is pandanggo sa ilaw and oasiwas. Oasiwas
means “ swinging” from the Pangasinan dialect depicting fireflies or alitaptap.
7. CARINOSA- it means affectionate, lovable, and amiable. The distinct pattern of this
dance is the hide and seek movements of the dancers through flirting acts with tender
feelings.

8. KAPPA MALONG MALONG- “malong” is a tubular skirt worn by Muslim women with
colourful designs and prints. This dance simply portrayed the different uses of malong
as a headband or head gear, waist band, tapis, sash, etc.
9. SINGKIL- is a dance of royalty which was derived from the Maranao epic “Darangan”
wherein the prince fell in love with Princess Gandingan. The prince, princess and their
retinue where dancing in a complicated pattern of clacking bamboo poles that test the
agility and gracefulness of the princess caused by the diwatas or nymphs.
10. LA JOTA MONCADENA- the pride of Moncada Tarlac. It is a combination of Spanish

and Ilocano dance steps with the used of bamboo castanets to make it more lively. The
slow part of la Jota was derived from the “ Marcha Funebre” wherein according to
Ramon Obusan ( an acclaimed National Artist in the field of Ethnic Dances), which
means a bereaved family is accompanying their loved one during his burial ceremony.

11. MAGLALATIK – this a “ war dance” between Moros and Muslims over the Latik from
Loma and Zapote in Binan, Laguna.
12. BILAAN- It is beautifully portrayed by the tribal women of Cotabato depicting the
birds in flight.

13. IGOROT/BANGA DANCE- the used of claypots or banga that served as food and
water containers of Igorot women as they move up and down in the mountainous
regions of Mt.Province.
B. Social or Ballroom Dance
 Ballroom dancing is a popular type of dancing generally

performed by pairs.
 They include such forms as waltz, foxtrot, swing, and
the old favorites as the cha-cha, boogie, tango, as well
as contemporary dances.
 Ballroom dancing is regarded as a source of public
entertainment.
 It is also an effective exercise as prescribed by medical
practitioners to young professionals whose work is
sedentary in nature.

LATIN DANCES
1. Cha Cha Cha
Cha-cha-cha may be either danced to authentic Cuban music, or Latin

Pop or Latin Rock. The music for the international ballroom cha-cha-cha is energetic
and with a steady beat. The Cuban cha-cha-chá is more sensual and may involve
complex polyrhythms.
Styles of cha-cha-cha dance may differ in the place of the chasse in the
rhythmical structure. The original Cuban and the ballroom cha-cha-cha count is "two,
three, chachacha" or "four-and-one, two, three". The dance does not start on the first
beat of a bar, though it can start with a transfer of
weight to the lead's right.
Nevertheless, many social dancers count "one,
two, cha-cha-cha" and may find it difficult to make the
adjustment to the "correct" timing of the dance
Cha Cha is a lively, flirtatious ballroom dance

full of passion and energy. The classic "Cuban motion"
gives the Cha Cha its unique style. Partners work together to synchronize each
movement in perfect alignment.
2. Rumba
The Rumba is considered by many to be the most

romantic and sensual of all Latin ballroom dances. It is
often referred to as the "Grandfather of the Latin
dances."

3. Samba
Possibly the most popular of all Brazilian

ballroom dances, the Samba is popular with young
people as well as older generations. The Samba can be
performed solo or with a partner.
4. Paso Doble
The Paso Doble is one of the liveliest ballroom dances, originating in southern
France. It is modeled after the sound, drama, and movement of the Spanish bullfight.
5. Jive
Jive is a ballroom dance style that originated in the United States from African-
Americans. It is a lively form of Swing dance, and a variation of the Jitterbug.
6. Bolero is one of the five rhythm competition dances in American style ballroom
dance competition. The bolero is a close cousin of the Rumba, sharing the same
footwork timing and many similar figures. Bolero is the slowest rhythm dance. The
music tempo is only 96 beats per minute. As with rumba, the basic footwork timing is
slow-quick-quick. As with rumba, three steps are taken to four beats of music and the
music is written in 4/4 time. For spectators, it is often difficult to distinguish bolero from
rumba. It is also difficult to class music as either rumba or bolero. In competitions, the
“standard tempo” of rumba music is 104 beats per minute, which is slightly faster than
the “standard tempo” of Bolero music, which is 96 beats per minute. The Bolero is often
called the Cuban "Dance of Love", because of its slow and dreamy tempo, and it's
beautiful melodies.
7. Mambo is a Latin dance of Cuban origin that corresponds to mambo music.

Mambo music was invented during the 1930s in Havana by Cachao and his
contemporaries and made popular around the world by Perez Prado and Benny Moré.
Mambo music developed from Danzónand was heavily influenced by the Jazz
musicians that the Italian-American gangsters, who controlled Havana's casinos,
brought to entertain their American customers.
8. East Coast Swing (ECS) is a form of social partner dance. It belongs to the
group of swing dances. It is danced under fast swing music, including rock and
roll and boogie-woogie.
STANDARD DANCES
1. Foxtrot
The Foxtrot is a ballroom dance that is lots of fun and

simple to learn...an excellent dance for beginners. The
Foxtrot is a smooth dance in which dancers make long,
flowing movements across the floor.
2. Quickstep
The Quickstep is a quick version of the Foxtrot.

It is a ballroom dance comprised of extremely quick
stepping, syncopated feet rhythms, and runs of quick
steps. The Quickstep is exciting to watch, but among
the most difficult of all the ballroom dances.

3. Tango
The Tango is one of the most fascinating of all

ballroom dances. This sensual ballroom dance
originated in South America in the early twentieth
century.
4. Viennese Waltz
The Viennese Waltz is a quick rotating ballroom dance with a subtle rise and fall.
It is considered by most to be one of the most difficult dances to learn. The simple and
elegant rotational movement characterizes the Viennese Waltz.
5. Waltz
The Waltz is one of the smoothest ballroom dances. It is a progressive dance

marked by long, flowing movements, continuous turns, and "rise and fall." The dance is
so graceful and elegant, Waltz dancers appear to glide around the floor with almost no
effort.

Ballroom Dance Classifications
WDC( World Dance Council )- they define Competition Dances
Dance Music (IDSF Tempo Note

Regulation
Waltz 28–30 bars per minute, 3/4 also known as Slow Waltz or English
time Waltz depending on locality
Tango 31–33 bars per minute, 4/4

time
International
Standard
Viennese Waltz 58–60 bars per minute, 3/4 In some countries (for example, Austria)
time Viennese is known as the Waltz,
while Waltz is recognized as Slow Waltz.
Note this dance is not danced at
Blackpool
Foxtrot 28–30 bars per minute, 4/4

time
Quickstep 50–52 bars per minute, 4/4

time
Dance Music (IDSF Tempo Note

Regulation
Samba 50–52 bars per minute, 2/4

time
Cha-cha-cha 30–32 bars per minute, 4/4

time
International
Latin Rumba 25–27 bars per minute, 4/4
time
Paso Doble 60–62 bars per minute, 2/4

time
Jive 42–44 bars per minute, 4/4

time

C. Theatrical or Spectacular Dance
 It is performed for the entertainment of the spectators.
 Theatrical dancing includes the ballet, modern dance, musical comedy dances
and tap dancing.
1. Ballet
- is a formalized type of dance which has its
origin in the royal courts of the Middle Ages.
- The term ballet refers to a series of solo and
concerted dances in which poses and steps
are combined with light flowing figures,
accompanied by music and scenic accessories
expressive of a dramatic story, theme, or
atmosphere.
3 DISTINCT MOVEMENTS IN BALLET:
1. POINT WORKS
2. ELEVATION
3. PIVOT
2. Modern Dance
- is a dance form characterized as natural and
free. It does not stick to conventions, and
has varied style of movements, usually based
on current trends.
- Modern dances are sometimes called
contemporary or interpretative dances.
- Modern dance has dynamic tempo and is
vitally precise, spontaneous, free, and
natural.
- The modern dancer bases his movements of
the human body. He stretches, drops,
exaggerates, distorts, or intensifies such
movements for art’s sake. The human body
in turn, deals with skill and balance, tension
and relaxation.

- THREE CONSIDERATIONS OF MODERN
DANCE
a. EXPRESSIONAL- modern dance depends on the artist’s ideas and

feelings in order to create numerous variations of steps and
movements.
b. INTERPRETATIVE- modern dance is based from the themes of real

life.
c. CONTEMPORARY – modern dance depends on the flow of time or

current trends in society.
HIP HOP
Hip hop is a form of musical expression and artistic subculture that originated
in African-American and Hispanic-American communities during the 1970s in New York
City, specifically the Bronx. Since its emergence in the South Bronx, hip hop culture has
spread to both urban and suburban communities throughout the world. Hip hop music
first emerged with disc jockeys creating rhythmic beats by looping breaks (small
portions of songs emphasizing a percussive pattern) on two turntables, more commonly
referred to as sampling. This was later accompanied by "rap", a rhythmic style of
chanting or poetry presented in 16 bar measures or time frames, and beat boxing, a
vocal technique mainly used to imitate percussive elements of the music and various
technical effects of hip hop DJ's. An original form of dancing and particular styles of
dress arose among fans of this new music. These elements experienced considerable
refinement and development over the course of the history of the culture.
The relationship between graffiti and hip hop culture arises from the appearance
of new and increasingly elaborate and pervasive forms of the practice in areas where
other elements of hip hop were evolving as art forms, with a heavy overlap between
those who wrote graffiti and those who practiced other elements of the culture. Today,
graffiti remains part of hip hop, while crossing into the mainstream art world with
renowned exhibits in galleries throughout the world.
CREATIVE DANCE
Creative dance is an art form that provides potential for the expression of
personal and universal qualities. Through its use of nonverbal communication, dance

gives students the opportunity to participate in a way that is different from any other
area of learning. In a broad and balanced elementary school curriculum dance is an
important area of human experience that should not be neglected. Dance supports any
subject matter area. This paper describes creative movement ideas and activities that
would enhance the teaching of American history for grades 3 through 5.
The goal of creative dance is to communicate through movement. The
instrument is the human body. In creative dance there is no "right" or "wrong" way to
do things, no routines to learn. What is important is that the dancer draw on inner
resources to make a direct and clear statement. Granted, an increase in skill increases
ability to communicate, but in creative dance the statement comes before the
technique.
Great dancers can communicate depths of feeling through movement, by making
their craft and feeling one. But even great dancers must begin at the beginning.
INTERPRETATIVE DANCE
Interpretive dance is a family of dance styles that seeks to translate particular

feelings and emotions, human conditions, situations, or fantasies into movement and
dramatic expression combined. It can also translate major characteristics of any
traditional ethnic movements into more modern expressions through exploration of the
origins, cultural influences, rhythms, movements, emotional manifestations, and
intonations, as well as the stories inherent in the dances themselves.[1]
Likened to the higher form of arts, interpretive dance can be seen in
many Broadway musicals as well as in other forms of mainstream and non-mainstream
media. While it was—and most often, still is—thought of as a performing art,
interpretive dance does not have to be performed with music.
Often the style includes grand, eloquent movements, like wide swooshes of the
arms, spins, and drops to the floor. It is frequently enhanced by lavish costumes,
ribbons, or spandex body suits. Interpretive dance sometimes includes costumes as
many different characters.
CRAMPING
Partly it is cramping connected with for a long time known hip-hop. Revives in
him and such hip-hop - appearance, as fight of two commands {teams} after which
spectators choose the best. In many respects elements cramping are taken from dances
which his founder Thomas Johnson saw around of itself in Los Angeles, whether it be
so-called "G-dance" or subspecies break dance. Johnson's main achievement that he
has united in one dance of movement and technics {technical equipment} from

different directions, having managed to make result bright and remembered. Thanking
colouration the persons, transforming dancers in clowns, dance has got the unique
image and began "style".
Many styles cramping are gloomy and aggressive. In a counterbalance foolish
Clown Dancing, it was cramping created, that dancers could express anger or throw out
pent-up emotions by means of violent, amplify and dramatic movements. However by
today has cramping got also quieter, positive and ironic styles (for example, Goofy
style). And still any of styles cramping means presence of physical contact between the
dancers, reminding to the unsophisticated spectator fight, and work with weight of the
partner.
By virtue of the emotional originality it is cramping enough combined technically
and is based on the perfect performance of isolated movements, joltings, dumps and
inclinations of a backbone.
KRUMPING DANCE
Krumping, also spelled Krumpin, is a street dance popularized in the United

States that is characterized by free, expressive, exaggerated, and highly energetic
movement involving the arms, head, legs, chest, and feet. The youths who started
krumping saw the dance as a way for them to escape gang life[ and "to release anger,
aggression and frustration positively, in a non-violent way."
There are four primary moves in krump: jabs, arm swings, chest pops, and
stomps. Krumping is rarely choreographed; it is almost entirely freestyle
(improvisational) and is danced most frequently in battles or sessions rather than on a
stage. Krumping is different stylistically from other hip-hop dance styles such as b-
boying and turfing. Krumping is very aggressive and is danced upright to upbeat and
fast-paced music, whereas b-boying is more acrobatic and is danced on the floor
to break beats. The Oakland dance style turfing is a fusion of popping and mimeing that
incorporates storytelling and illusion. Krumping is less precise than these and more
freestyle. Thematically, all these dance styles share common ground including their
street origins, their freestyle nature, and the use of battling. These commonalities bring
them together under the umbrella of hip-hop dance.

MOSHING
Moshing is a style of dance whose participants push or slam into each other. It is
most associated with aggressive music genres, such as hardcore punk and heavy metal.
It is primarily done to live music, although it can be done to recorded music.
In the 2000s, many variations of moshing exist, such as thrashing, or the more extreme
Wall of Death, and are typically done in an area in front of the stage which is referred
to as the mosh pit or simply pit, though many mosh pits have been known to occur
elsewhere, most notably the middle. In Wall of Death, participants are directed away
from the center of the standing area by a member of the band until a large, rectangular
area is cleared, and, upon the band beginning the next song; the two sides
perpendicular to the stage sprint at each other and collide in the middle.
While moshing is seen as a form of positive feedback or expression of enjoyment, it

has also drawn criticism over its dangerous nature. Injuries and a few deaths have been
reported. However, it is generally agreed that moshers are not trying to harm one
another, and that they follow an unwritten "moshing etiquette".
D. MUSICAL COMEDY
A COMBINATION OF MODERN DANCE, TAP DANCE, BALLROOM DANCE AND

ACROBATICS THAT CAN BE PERFORMED EITHER BY A SOLOIST, GROUPS OR
CHORUSES FROM NIGHT CLUBS TO TELEVISION.

ELEMENTS OF THE DANCE
 Not every movement can be qualified as dance. A movement must have

certain elements to be considered dance.
 These are theme, design, step, gesture, dynamics, technique, music,
costume, and properties.
1. Theme
- It is the content or the main ingredient of the dance.
- It tells us what a dance is trying to tell or convey. It has something to
do with the message.
2. Design
- The planned organization or pattern of movement.
- Pattern in time, as provided by rhythm, groups the unaccented beats of
movements into measures.
- Pattern in space is created by floor pattern (the path traced by the
dancer’s traveling feet) and planes (the levels on which one moves).
3. Movement
- is the action of dancers as they use their bodies to create organized
pattern.
- Body movement can be divided into steps, gestures of arms and hands,
and facial expression.
4. Technique
- This is a skill in executing movement.
- A technically proficient dancer has complete control over his/her body.
5. Music
- It is closely related to dance. It is something melodic and harmonious
usually used as an accompaniment.
- It motivates the movements of the dancers.

6. Costume and Properties
- The visual elements of costumes and properties add impact to the
performance of the dancers.
- Proper costume and properties though is a must with the kind of dance
to be performed.
7. Choreography
- the sequence of steps and movements in dance, especially in a ballet
or other staged dance: the lively choreography reflects the themes of
the original play.
- The art or practice of designing such sequences.
- The written notation for such a sequence.
8. Scenery
It is the background establishing the place of action of any dance
IMPORTANCE OF DANCE

1. It serves as a part of our worship through rituals and ceremonies. ( E.g.
Sayaw ng Mambabarang, Fellowship songs, etc. )
2. It serves as a way for a man and a woman to be acquainted with each other
before the time of their marriage. ( Northern part of the Philippines/Ilocanos
traditional dance of “ Pasayaw” and “ Sabit-Sabit” )
3. It is a good form of exercise to restore health. (Calisthenics and Aerobics )
4. It is a great help in treating physically handicapped individuals. ( Dance

Therapy through modern dances offered by selected rehabilitation centers )
5. It is a good form of socialization.
6. It is a source of companionship.
7. It is a great form of communication. ( Body Language )
8. It is a good source of entertainment. ( It is the highest form of dancing as it

gives inspiration to others while entertaining its spectators ).
In the general context of dancing, a diversity of movements were

developed as products of man’s creative minds and passionate feelings.
But inspite of its diversity and multifarious examples, dance is divided into
two forms :
FORM - refers to the variations and styles of movements,
and
SUBSTANCE - deals with the idea/concept/story of what a distinct

dance is all about
COOL FACT in DANCE

 New York City’s nickname the Big Apple is named after an early swing-dance that
originated in a South Carolina club called the Big apple.

IX. MOTION PICTURE
ELEMENTS AND KEY CONCEPTS
 To talk about cinema is to talk about the medium of film, as well as the
various ways in which people who watch movies make sense of it in their
own lives.
 The medium of film captures image and sound. Shots are taken and then
stored in film.
 One of the most important principles involved
in film is the illusion of motion, of time passing
by. This means people who watch movies
allow themselves to believe they are actually
watching moving pictures.
 This movement is, however, just an illusion. It
is our eyes and mind that regard it as real.
 Film fascinated and enchanted people with its capacity to record reality
with faithfulness, on the other hand, and to dream of future worlds, on the
other hand.
PROCESS OF MAKING AND WATCHING MOVIES
1. Photography
- scenes are shot in an actual location.
- this is what we call “shooting”
- choosing the right place is essential since it will completely speak what
the movie wishes to convey.
2. Scenes are put together in studios and laboratory
- scenes are edited and sound is mixed in relation to image.
- The final product is prepared and copies are made.
3. Exhibition
- film is projected onscreen before a viewing public.
- film finally reaches its audience and circulates in different forms.
4. Preservation
- films are stored in archives.
- Any damage is found. They are then repaired and maintained, ensuring
the heritage of film is looked after for future generations to experience.

TYPES OF FILM
1. Live-action type
- It runs for around two hours. It develops a story around a conflict in
the plot and sets up primary characters who are made to represent
good and evil, positive and negative.
2. Documentary
- It takes up a particular aspect of social life (like crime or the
environment, the life of a person, or a historical event such as war)
and discusses it through interviews of people, report from the field,
and other forms of investigation and analysis.
- Unlike the live-action feature, the documentary is not a conventional
story with a beginning, middle, and end.
- It is largely a discussion that is meant to inform or argue.

3. Animation
- This is completed through a frame-by-frame depiction and may be
silent of with sound. It is not recorded live as is the case with the
feature or documentary.
- Voices are recorded together with the background music after
completing series of drawings, enhanced through computer and
technologies.
- At present, these types of films are freely combined to produce hybrids.

- And so, there might be live-action features that incorporate documentary
elements or animation
ELEMENTS OF THE MOTION PICTURE
1. Direction
- how the various aspects of filmmaking are coordinated.
- Film is a collaborative medium and the director guarantees this
collaboration comes together.
2. Screenplay
- refers to a particular kind of writing for film.
- The writer for films writes screenplays which include the story and
dialogues, in consideration of the unique codes of cinema.
3. Cinematography and visual design

- refer to how film visualizes its reality. The aspect of color, angle, point
of view, costume, make-up, décor, and so on form part of
cinematography and visual design.
4. Editing
- refers to how various shots taken during the photography phase are
put together by editors who compose the films.
- Editing defines the pace, tempo, and rhythm of the film.
5. Sound
- refers to all aspects in the film that are heard: music, incidental sound,
and sound effects
- Sound is a vital contribution to film in terms of the projection of the
voices of performers and the setting of ambiance or milieu.
6. Performance
- refers to the manner in which actors and actresses act out roles and
create characters that embody the values of the film.
-
erformers in film deal with the camera and therefore, relate with it as
their window to the audience.
X. INFLUENCES OF ART
ASIAN ART
 During ancient times, artist crafted fine objects and architects designed
monuments with distinctive religious and political associations.
 The oldest monumental building in the Near East are the Ziggurats of the
Sumerians.
EASTERN AND ISLAMIC ART
- In the early times of West Asia (the area of present-day Iran, Iraq, Syria,
Lebanon, Israel and Jordan), a number of civilization emerged, producing
impressively palace and temple structures and decorative art objects.
- Later, as segments of the population in many of these countries accepted
Islam, artists altered their techniques to reflect new religious concerns.

1. Indian Art
 The art of the Indian subcontinent can be traced

back as early as the Indus Valley Civilization
(3000-1500BC), an urban culture that grew up
around Harappa (Pakistan) and other sites in
Western India.
 The Aryans do not seem to have produced images
of gods or living creatures.
2. Hindu Art
 A religious tradition that came to be known as

Hinduism was associated to the Vedic texts and
Brahmanic practitioners.
 Hindu art is generally connected to the sculpture of their gods like Vishnu, the
preserver and Shiva, the destroyer.
 Most early Hindu architecture had been lost, probably owing to its being
constructed in wood.
3. Buddhist Art
 Buddhism is the second major religion in India that antedates Hindu Art, at least
in terms of what survives.
 The three basic forms of Buddhist architecture are the stupa (burial mound),
chaityn hall (nave with a stupa in the apse) and vihara(monastic cell and
refectory).
EAST ASIAN ART
1. China
 During the Neolithic phase (later part of Stone Age, Neolithic – New Stone Age),
5000-1766 BC, much pottery was made. Bronze ritual vessel are the most
impressive ancient Chinese art form.
 Zhou Dynasty (1045-256 BC)
a. ritual bronze wares
b. bronzes are usually simple in shape and inlaid with gold, silver and semi-
precious stone.
 Qin Dynasty (221-207 BC)

a. Great Wall was constructed.
b. With the introduction of Buddhism, artist began to stress the human form.
c. Initiated major temple-building campaigns.
 Tang Dynasty (618-906 BC)
a. Artist created many classical forms, notably figure painting.
b. Tang artists worked in naturalistic modes, producing vital but elegant
images.
c. Leading figure painter was Wu Daozu and the leading landscape painter was
Wang Wei.
2. Korea and Japan
 The various artists in Korea and Japan were strongly inspired by eminent cultural
models of Chinese artists and architects focused much energy on Buddhist
sculpture and temple construction.
 Korean art during the Neolithic phase, consists mainly of “comb pattern” pottery.
Bronze Age (600-100 BC) objects include bells, mirrors, and other ceremonial
objects found in tomb.
 Sculptors and painters of the Koryo dynasty (918-1392) concentrated on
Buddhist themes. It is in ceramic design that the skills of Koryo artists are
evident today.

NOTABLE ASIAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE
ANGKOR WAT ANCIENT CHINESE PAINTING
GREAT WALL OF CHINA TAJ MAHAL

XI. INFLUENCES OF ART
ARTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
PAINTING IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Spanish Period
- The first stone churches were built in Intramuros in the 17th century.
The churches were adorned with paintings. Example is the San Agustin
Church inside the Intramuros walls.
- 19th Century Master
a. Juan Luna – “Spoliarium”. He won gold medal. Prior to
Spolarium, he painted La Muerte de Cleopatra in 1881 in Rome, El
Pueblo y Los Reyes, Blood Compact, and Portrait of Legaspi.
b. Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo y Padilla – VirgenesCristianasExpuestas
Al Populacho, Barca de Aqueronte, Oediposand Antigone.
2. American Period
- Famous painters were Miguel Zaragoza, Rafael Enriquez, Fabian de la
Rosa, Teodoro Buenaventura, Jorge Pineda, Ramon Peralta and Isidro
Ancheta.
- Vicente Rivera y Mir won two first prizes with his oil El Sueno Dorado in
1903.
- Fabian de la Rosa – Marikina Road, canvas painting; Quiet Street, his
impressionistic pieces; Planting Rice, first genre paintings he
accomplished.

3. Modern Period
- With the destruction of Rizal Avenue, Escolta and parts of Azcarraga,
artists of the modern period used painting as a form of living. They
were being paid 5 dollars per drawing.
- Mabini street artists became known as “Mabini Painters.”
a. Romeo Enriquez – “Sonata”, won first prize.
b. Modern Painters – Fernando Zobel Jr., Victor Oteyza, Manuel
Rodriguez, Hugo Yonzon, Manansala, Luz, Bernardo Ocampo,
Legazpi, Estella and Tabuerna
SCULPTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Spanish Period
- Before the arrival of Spaniards in the early 16th
century, some forms of native sculpture, mostly idols
existed.
- The arrival of Christianity, the subject matter was
focused on images of Saints, crosses and other
religious objects.
- The well-carved images and ornamentations in the
Patio of San Agustin Church were of baroque art.
- 18th Century Images
a. Estaciones, bas-relief in the Church of Tanay
b. La Purisima Concepcion, Salcedo’s men
c. St. John and Christ, Morong Church
2. American Period
- After the revolution in 1896, monuments of Jose Rizal
were constructed in plazas all over the archipelago.
- Monument of Andres Bonifacio in the site of the Cry
of Balintawak – built in 1905 undertaken by Ramon
Martinez.
- At the turn of the second decade, an international
competition for the design of Rizal monument was
held. Carlos Noli, an Italian sculptor won first prize.
However, it was the entry of a Swiss National, which
won the second prize that was finally chosen to be
erected at Luneta. The first prize winner did not have
the money to post the required performance bond.
- In Naga City, monument of the fifteen martyrs
(Quince Martires)
- In Cebu City plaza, Rizal in a posture writing his “Last
Farewell.”
- Guill
ermo Tolentino sculptured the Rizal figure in Binan City, Laguna.
- Tole
ntino was commissioned to do the statue of the Oblation of the University of
the Philippines.
ARCHITECTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Pre-Spanish Period
 Filipino houses were made of light materials – bamboo, palm, vine, grass and
wood.
 Bahay kubo houses
2. Spanish Period
 Adobe stones were used as materials for construction.
 Churches were built on the eastern side of the plaza and Casa Real or Casa
Judicial on the opposite side.
3. Early Churches of Intramuros

a. San Agustin Church
- constructed with a true barrel vaulting that made the Chruch withstood
several earthquakes
b. Manila Cathedral
- destroyed by earthquake in 1863 and rebuilt under Fr. Urcioni
- It had three naves; huge octagonal tower and façade was in the
Renaissance style.

4. Early Churches in Northern Luzon
- The Vigan Cathedral is said to be the first
building in Ilocos Region to have a tile
roof. The façade of the cathedral is of the
classic order – Doric and Ionic capitals.
- Laoag Church, completed in the 19th century,

was built by the Augustinians. Its façade
was unique, the second story is triangular in
shape and the lower story is
- decorated with Romanesque-Byzantine

pillars. The tower is separated from the
Church and is now called “The Sinking
Tower”.
- Paoay Church stands as a rarity among the Churches in Luzon because of the
presence of 26 tapering buttresses. From a distance, the squat edifice looks like
a fort. The façade is very plain, the three-story bell tower is separated from the
Church. It is one of the UNESCO World Heritage sites. Another UNESCO World
Heritage site is Sta. Maria Church in Ilocos Sur.
5. Pampanga and Bulacan Churches

- Lubao Church suffered heavy damage in 1942 because of Japanese shelling. The
roof and the ceiling was damaged but the three-storey high “retablo” escaped
damage. It was also half-buried with lahar during Mt. Pinatubo eruption.
- Barasoain Church has a façade with a mixed features “compuesto style”. It is of
two stories crowned by curved pediment. The three-storey high bell tower is
octagonal. It was the site were the First Philippine Republic was inaugurated on
January 21, 1899.
6. Rizal Churches
- The Morong Church façade is of local Baroque architecture. The façade is three
stories high. The cornices and balustrades of the first and second stories fit into
the curved recession.
- Tanay Church, whose bell tower stands four stories, was built in 1873.
7. Early Churches in Laguna and Batangas

- The Paete Church façade is treated like a freeze, ornamented four- petalled
flowers and Byzantine-like pilasters. The “retablo” leans the Baroque order-
twisted in columns.
- The Pakil Church façade is of the composite (various materials) order. A stilted
arch rising from engaged composite columns frames the main altar.

8. Early Visayan Churches
- Miagao Church in Iloilo was constructed in the 18th century using stones
gathered by the townsfolk. The “tobriya” gathered from a far distance were
used for the structural parts while the other types of stones for ornamentation.
The façade has twin towers of unequal height with high relief stone carvings.
- Baclayon Church in Bohol was contructed in 1772. The church is made of corals
and egg white as the binding cement. It is an example of Neo-classical
architecture by using Roman arch.
9. Churches in Metro Manila

- The Binondo Church, built in 18th century, originally had the shape of truncated
cone. It was damaged by the 1863 earthquake. It was rebuilt earlier.
- The San Sebastian Church, damaged by the 1863 and 1880 earthquakes, was
changed into a new face. The Recollect Fathers built a new one that would
stand all disasters. The church was one of the prefabricated buildings in the
Philippines.

10. American Period
- During the early stage of American period, repair, rehabilitation and construction
of buildings and other structures were done principally by army engineers
employed by Governor Taft.
- Daniel Burnham, a Chicago architect was commissioned to design architectural
structures in Manila, Baguio and other places.
11. Concrete Buildings in Manila

- The Philippine Normal School (now Philippine
Normal University) and Philippine General
Hospital were the first big reinforced concrete
buildings in Manila. The PGH building was
under the supervision of Tomas Mapua.
12. The Classic Style of Juan Arellano and Antonio Toledo

- Both Juan Arellano and Antonio Toledo
designed some of the Philippine government
building – the Congress of the Philippines,
Post Office in 1926.
- Toledo designed the UP buildings in Ermita,
Manila. Arellano designed the Villamor Hall
in U.P.
13. Contemporary Architecture
- With the advent of this new architecture,
classical architecture lost ground. Architects
who travelled and learned about abroad
came back with their knowledge in art.
- Some of these buildings with contemporary
designs are: the Philippine National Bank,
Insular Life building, Ideal Theatre,
Metropolitan Theatre, Cebu Provincial
Capitol, Rizal Memorial Stadium, Quezon
Institute and some buildings in UP Diliman.
PHILIPPINE DRAMA: Its Historical Development
The Philippines has an old theatre tradition. According to Ma. Teresa Munoz, in a
comprehensive study of pre-Hispanic Philippines based on anthropological findings,
attests to the fact that even if it is difficult to ascertain the theatrical forms of the early
Filipinos, much of it being “ lost on contact with the new and more aggressive culture, “
the early Philippine drama stemmed more from historical sources, since “ that theatre
which had its roots in religion and religious practice was barely at the threshold of the
structure that constitutes that art.”
If, in essence, drama is the imitation of an action in the form of action as

Aristotle had prescribed it, then we had drama even many centuries before the
Spaniards set foot on Philippine shores in 1521. The many external manifestations of
this imitation of action – dance, pantomime, acting, song, chant, recitation – be they
performed solely on in combination, were found in numerous rituals observed by the
early Filipinos. From then on, theatre brought to life and re-enacted humanity’s
tensions, conflicts, and crises. Imitation and impersonation of different life’s processes
were evident in the drama of the early Filipinos. Life, death, fishing, hunting, weaving,
wars, and the elements of nature like birds, snakes, wind, waves of the sea, the
swaying of the branches of trees – these are all offered content and meaning to the
performances of the past. ( Rustico C. Carpio )
In understanding Philippine drama, it is better to have an overview in its macro

level as a part of “ SANGITA “ or Oriental Drama that includes three-fold art in the
process that involves music, dance, and poetry to appreciate Asian culture, heritage,
and civilization. Asian actors are mostly in favour of presenting abstraction and

symbolism rather than the use of realism type wherein the emphasis is on the
performance rather than the intellectual significance of the subject matter.
Before the Spanish period, there are early forms of Philippine dramas namely DUPLO
and KARAGATAN. These are very distinct in nature because these are poetical debates
which are conducted during the last night of the mourning period of the dead
conducted by trained men and women unlike the usual perception about drama per se.
The male participants were considered as “ Bellacos “ or the head of the debate. Both
duplo and karagatan were held at homes and the theme is confined about “ the ring
that fell into the sea “. A distinct point of difference between the two forms is that,
duplo is composed of professional debaters unlike karagatan, the game is composed of
amateur participants.
In 1598, the first recorded drama was staged in Cebu in the form of a COMEDIA
written by Vicente Puche in honor for Msgr. Pedro de Agusto which was the First bishop
of Cebu. After eleven years, in 1609, another stage play in the form of a Miracle drama
was performed in Bicol that presented the life of Sta.Barbara.
THREE DISTINCT PHILIPPINE DRAMAS ( During the Spanish

Period and the Introduction of American Regime)
1. CENAKULO – a very heavy drama and a “ Passion Play “ showing the life, sacrifices,
the death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ which is being presented during the months
of March or April depending the exact date of the Holy Week celebrating the Lenten
season. It is divided into several parts, wherein each part is intended for each night of
the holy week that is composed of nine (9) nights in totality. The performance lasts
from 3 to 4 hours that depends upon its version ( Tagalog, Iluko or Ilocano,
Kapampangan, Bicol, and Bisayan).
2 KINDS OF CENAKULO PRESENTATION
1. ABLADA – oral presentation of cenakulo.
2. KANTADA – cenakulo is presented in terms of a song.

2. MORO-MORO – a cloak-and-dagger play depicting the wars between Christians (
indios ) and Muslims ( moros ) with the Christians are always on the winning side.
1637 – the first staging of Moro-Moro in Manila written by Fr. Jeronimo Perez in
commemorating Gov.Gen. Consuera’s victory over the Muslims in Mindanao. Since then,
it became the favourite play of the people specially during town fiestas.
3. ZARZUELA – a melodrama consisting of 20 to 25 performers or more with songs

and dances that also includes a 3-in-1 act play. The main intention of this drama is to
make the mass or people to acquire certain feelings like love, fear, grief, sorrow, and
other emotional reactions. It also shows political and social conditions of a particular
community.
EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS ZARZUELAS:
1. JUNTO AL PASIG ( Beside the Pasig/ Sa Tabi ng Pasig ) written by Dr. Jose P. Rizal
2. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA ( Love for Native Land ) by Pascual Poblete
3. TANIKALANG GINTO ( Gold Chain) by Juan Abad
4. MALAYA ( Free ) by Tomas Remigio
5. KAHAPON,NGAYON, AT BUKAS ( Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow ) by Aurelio

Tolentino
6. WALANG SUGAT ( Not Wounded ) by Severino Reyes
These examples of zarzuelas are very nationalistic in theme and in plot and it is
the main reason why American authorities banned the presentation of this distinct play
and some of the zarzuela writers were put in jail.
1905 – 1930 – “ The Golden Age of Zarzuela in the Philippines “

Mid 1930’s – “ The Eclipse of Filipino Theater “ which is the zarzuela because of the
introduction of the “ HOLLYWOOD TALKIES “ or talking pictures and a great percentage
of Filipinos patronized American movies. From this, the ZARZUELA FOUNDATION of the
PHILIPPINES was organized by Mrs. Imelda R. Marcos and Mr. Teodoro F. Valencia to

revive and develop this particular Philippine Theater Art form by creating a mass based
of support all over the country.
As time moves on, the modern Philippine drama was rejuvenated upon the
creation and establishment of REPERTORY PHILIPPINES on June 1967 organized by
Zeneida “ Bibot “ Amador and Baby Barredo. It became the leading theatre company
within its 30 years of existence portraying real life situations.
Another distinct theatre group is the DULAANG UP which was the first recognized
and official performing theatre group and drama laboratory of the Department of
Speech Communication and Theater Arts at the University of the Philippines in Diliman.
Dr. Alexander Cortez one of its founders and its current artistic director makes available
a comprehensive history of the travails and achievements of the drama group in his
study : “ DULAANG UP ( 1976-2006 ): Theatre in the Academe in the Philippine
Setting”.
The Cortez study documents the productions of the said theatre group which is
no less than 200 productions over three decades. Based from his observations, Dulaang
UP is distinct from other academic theatre groups because of its seasonal
presentations( has at least 4 plays per season ); it has a very broad selection of plays
from classics to European drama to modern drama to contemporary to original Filipino
plays; an ideal training ground for students to learn the various facets of stage
production under the rigorous tutelage of the best directors, among them are Tony
Mabesa, Anton Juan, Alexander Cortez, Jose Estrella, and Dexter Santos. Furthermore,
what makes it very distinct is its nationalistic vision thus contributing to the growth of
Philippine literature and drama, and the Filipino language. Some western plays are
translated into Filipino and tweaked to respond to issues relevant to the Philippines.
As Dulaang UP turns 30 years, it can boast of the best in theatre. Well-known

directors such as Chito Rono, Aureaus Solito, Chris Millado, Joel Lamangan and Floy
Quintos just to name a few. Seasoned performers like Shamaine Centenera, Irma
Adlawan, including those who have crossed from stage to screen such as Eugene
Domingo, Candy Pangilinan and Frances Makil Ignacio. Also a good number now occupy
executive and managerial positions at the Cultural Center of the Philippines ( CCP ), and
theatre company such as the Philippine Educational Theater Association ( PETA ).
According to Dr.Cortez, everybody can relate to theatre, “ In everyday life, you

act. It’s theatre you are confronted with, you derive lessons from what you see. When
you go out after watching a play, you think, you analyze, you evaluate and become
conscious of the things around you.”
At present, there is a diversified presentation of topics and events in drama.
From the traditional melodrama and comedies, a new sets of presentations were
developed in “teleseryes” and in motion pictures such as social, economic, and political
issues, gender roles and issues and even environmental concerns.
During the introduction of the 21st century, a new trend in the Philippine Cinema
captivated the hearts of Filipino viewers and movie goers through the rise of the
Independent Films or “ Indie Films” which sprouted as early as 1970’s. The birth of this
type of movie presentations was a trend among the youth during those times as they
feel a need to revolt against adult institutions and establishments which is best
symbolized by the phenomenal Beatles and the “rock and roll” revolution. Thus, film as
a tool for self-expression was also used to satisfy this “rebelliousness”, conceiving new
films genres such as “teen love team” in replacement of the adults “Nida and Nestor” (
Nida Blanca and Nestor De Villa).
The indie films emerged behind the brains of the “BIG FOUR” studios namely
Lebran, Premiere Productions, Sampaguita, and LVN Pictures. In 1977, an infamous
filmmaker by the name KIDLAT TAHIMIK made a movie entitled “ Perfumed Nightmare”
which created a buzz in the film industry especially when it won the International
Critic’s Prize in Berlin Film Festival. This move by Kidlat Tahimik drew the line between
commercial and alternative cinema. Later on, many short film festivals were sponsored
by the University of the Philippines Film Center and the Experimental Cinema of the
Philippines have joined Kidlat Tahimik in the production of movies that gained attention
from the festivals abroad (Nick de Ocampo’s “Oliver” and Raymond Red’s “Ang
Magpakailanman”). It is an evidence that a new age of Philippine alternative cinema is
about to start. Filmmakers by then continue to search for a deeper meaning of cinemas
which is not only for pure entertainment but to define complexities of the interactions
between human souls and his environment.
Independent Films are now seen as art movements as evident in its

cinematographic styles, storylines, and contents. They present sensitive issues which
studios cannot invest on as they don’t see profitability in it, especially that the mass
market is looking for forms of escape from poverty and politics. But on the other hand a
great percentage of the viewers that is comprised of mainly students, young urban
professionals, and the academe would spend more on independent films due to a
certain intellectual hunger that needs to be fed. From the problems of production,
promotion, and marketing, some studios started to collaborate with each other to help
develop independent efforts of promoting and distributing films though only few gets to
be chosen.( E.G. Star Cinema’s “Ang Pagdadalaga ni Maximo Oliveros” and Magnifico).

HUMANITIES 1
Introduction to the Arts
(Experimental Copy)
RODEL P. MACASAQUIT, MA Ed.
MAR ANTHONY SANTOS
LOUIS ADONIS G. SILVESTRE, MDM


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1. Utility 1. Influential media 1. Inspirational

Macasaquit * Santos * Silvestre 3

1. AESTHETIC FUNCTION – As man exerts efforts in attaining perfection, he must be

2. CULTURAL FUNCTION – The various production of numerous printed materials and

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Drama as a distinct type of art refers to an action played by a number of

This is a combination of various sounds at varying pitch in order to produce

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PURPOSES OF THE ARTS

1. Arts have moral, educational, social, cultural, and religious purposes.

A. WITH RESPECT TO PURPOSE

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B.WITH RESPECT TO MEDIA AND FORMS

a. Plastic arts –perceived by sense of sight like painting, sculpture, architecture

1. Space arts – visual arts

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There is no final manner by which a hierarchy of the arts may be

ARTS ACCORDING TO:

1. Is art an Imitation or Creation?

WHERE DOES BEAUTY LIE?

 Beauty is out there; it is objective. It is a primary

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“Hapag ng Pag-asa” by Joey Velasco

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1. The Sublime – enjoyment is aroused by astonishment and awe like looking at

WAYS OF PRESENTING ART SUBJECTS

a. Elongation – it refers to that which being

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“WHO AM I?”. In an oslo paper, introduce yourself

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 Painting is the art of creating meaningful

 Media used in Painting:

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In the choice for the subject in sculpture, the

TWO MAJOR SCULPTURE PROCESSES:

1. SUBTRACTIVE- the unwanted material is cut away.

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1. RELIEF- figures which are attached to a ground.

 Media used in Sculpture

Terra Cotta Jade Sculpture

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ELEMENTS OF THE VISUAL ARTS

 Whenever we see an art object, we cannot fail to notice several things:

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 Delight in colors is a universal human characteristic.