CORONA VIRUS

Disusun oleh

I PUTU MERTA ARIKA

NIM: 201021030

PROGRAM STUDI FARMASI KLINIS

FAKULTAS ILMU-ILMU KESEHATAN

UNIVERSITAS BALI INTERNASIONAL

DENPASAR

2021
 Chapter I

Introduction

 What is Corona Virus?

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered

coronavirus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to
moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment.  Older people,
and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic
respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.

The best way to prevent and slow down transmission is to be well informed about the
COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it spreads. Protect yourself and others from
infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol based rub frequently and not touching
your face. 

The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose
when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it’s important that you also practice
respiratory etiquette (for example, by coughing into a flexed elbow)

Chapter II

The development of corona virus

 How does COVID – 19 spread?

COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which spreads between people, mainly when
an infected person is in close contact with another person.

The virus can spread from an infected person’s mouth or nose in small liquid particles when
they cough, sneeze, speak, sing or breathe heavily. These liquid particles are different sizes,
ranging from larger ‘respiratory droplets’ to smaller ‘aerosols’.

Other people can catch COVID-19 when the virus gets into their mouth, nose or eyes, which
is more likely to happen when people are in direct or close contact (less than 1 metre apart)
with an infected person.
Current evidence suggests that the main way the virus spreads is by respiratory droplets
among people who are in close contact with each other.

Aerosol transmission can occur in specific settings, particularly in indoor, crowded and
inadequately ventilated spaces, where infected person(s) spend long periods of time with
others, such as restaurants, choir practices, fitness classes, nightclubs, offices and/or places of
worship. More studies are underway to better understand the conditions in which aerosol
transmission is occurring outside of medical facilities where specific medical procedures,
called aerosol generating procedures, are conducted.

The virus can also spread after infected people sneeze, cough on, or touch surfaces, or
objects, such as tables, doorknobs and handrails. Other people may become infected by
touching these contaminated surfaces, then touching their eyes, noses or mouths without
having cleaned their hands first.

Find out more about the science about how the SARS-CoV-2 virus infects the body and how
our body’s immune system reacts by watching or reading this interview with WHO’s
technical lead for COVID-19, Dr Maria Van Kerkhove.

 How long it takes recover virus corona?

As the number of coronavirus cases continues to climb worldwide, so does another figure:
people who have recovered from COVID-19. About 80% of COVID-19 cases are mild and
don't require hospital care, health experts say. More than 467,000 people had recovered from
the virus worldwide as of Tuesday, according to data from Johns Hopkins University. About
44,000 of those cases were in the U.S.

Recovery numbers may be underestimated because of limited testing and varied reporting
methods from local health departments, health experts say.

But the numbers indicate most people are able to ride out the disease and make a full
recovery from the comfort of their homes.

But how long does it take to get over the virus, and when can you stop isolating yourself if
you're treating it at home? Here's what you need to know.
A virus attacks host cells in the body as it reproduces. Your immune system will start
producing antibodies to fight the disease. During the immune system's response to infection,
a substance called a pyrogen is released, which causes a fever and helps you fight infection.

The symptoms of a virus will continue until the immune system prevents it from reproducing
in your body.

Recovery from COVID-19 can be slow, health experts say, and there are varying reports of
how long people with the virus feel sick.

Lisa Maragakis, senior director of infection prevention at Johns Hopkins Medicine, says that
in mild cases, it can take people one to two weeks to recover, while serious cases can take six
weeks or more.

Some people have reported feeling sick for 10 days or more. Other health experts say people
are sick on average for seven days after symptoms begin.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released two sets of guidelines for when
people recovering at home can stop isolating, one based on testing and another based on the
time since the onset of illness and recovery.

The test-based guidelines say people can come out of isolation once they receive two
negative COVID-19 test results taken at least 24 hours apart. People also must show
improvements in other symptoms and no longer have a fever, without the use of fever-
reducing medication.

But because of the amount of time test results take to get back and the limited availability of
them, following those guidelines may not be feasible.

In Dallas County, for example, people can get tested at two drive-through centers only if they
have a fever, coughing or shortness of breath. A person who has recovered from the virus
would not be able to get tested there and probably would face a long wait for test results to
come back elsewhere.

Quest Diagnostics and LabCorp, for example, report a two- to four-day turnaround, but it can
be longer depending on demand.
The CDC's other guidelines, which are based on symptom onset, say people can end isolation
after three consecutive days without a fever—without using fever-reducing medicine—and
improvement in symptoms. Also, it needs to have been at least a week since the symptoms
first appeared.

However, the CDC notes that this second set of guidelines comes with some risk.

"This recommendation will prevent most but cannot prevent all instances of secondary
spread," the CDC's website says. "The risk of transmission after recovery is likely
substantially less than that during illness; recovered persons will not be shedding large
amounts of virus by this point if they are shedding at all. Certain employers can choose to
apply more stringent criteria for certain returning workers where a higher threshold to prevent
transmission is warranted."

Some health experts recommend staying isolated for an additional three days after symptoms
disappear, because traces of the virus may remain in the body even if a person doesn't feel
sick.

For people who test positive but don't show symptoms, the CDC says they can stop isolating
after seven days from the test result, as long as they are still asymptomatic.

 The range of ages?

A total of 784 naso/oropharyngeal samples of patients with COVID-19 symptoms referring

to Imam-Khomeini, Shahid Fayaz-Bakhsh, and Modarres hospitals, Tehran, Iran were
evaluated. Using SARS-CoV-2 specific primers, the prevalence of COVID-19 in different
age groups was confirmed with RT-PCR. One sample was collected from each patient. The
number of suspected patients with COVID-19, number of confirmed cases, and number of
recovered patients are presented in. According to the results, the highest and the lowest
numbers of suspected COVID-19 cases were within the age range of 50–59 and 0–9 years,
respectively. Among 161 suspected cases within the age range of 50–59 years, 102 cases
were confirmed positive using RT-PCR, among which 16 (15.6%) died. Also, among 13
suspected cases within the range of 0–9 years, two cases were positive using RT-PCR and no
death was reported among them. The highest prevalence of positive COVID-19 cases were
among suspected cases within the age range of >80 years. In addition, the highest mortality
rate was within the age range of 70–79 years, among which 7 out of 24 (~30%) confirmed
cases died. The highest rate of recovery (65.2%) in COVID-19 patients was observed in those
within the age range of 30–39 years and overall, a high rate of recovery was indicated.
According to the statistical analysis, mortality rate was significantly high in the age range of
>60 years, indicating a significant relationship between mortality rate and old age. Also, all
age ranges showed a significantly high recovery rate.

 Cases of Corona Virus?

Health experts say that Indonesia is facing a surge in cases of the spread of the corona virus
or Covid-19 due to the slow response from the government. The government also seems to be
covering up the scale of the outbreak in a country of around 260 million, which is the fourth
most populous in the world. As of Tuesday (24/3), Indonesia has recorded 686 cases of
positive corona patients.

However, these data are considered to understate the scale of infection due to the low number
of tests in the field and the high mortality rate. Indonesia has reported 55 deaths, the highest
in Southeast Asia. (The latest data on Wednesday (25/3) shows the number of corona patients
has reached 790 cases with a death rate of 58 people).

Reported by Reuters, a study related to the Mathematical Modeling Center for Infectious
Diseases based in London, England, which was released on Monday (23/3) estimated that
only two percent of the total number of cases of corona infection in Indonesia have been
reported. That means the actual number of patients could be 34,300, or more than Iran. Other
models project that, in a worst-case scenario, the number of cases could increase to 5 million
infected people in Jakarta by the end of April.

"We have lost control. It has spread everywhere," said public health economist Ascobat Gani.
"Maybe we will follow Wuhan or Italy. I think we are in that range. "

Indonesia's health system is very poor compared to other countries affected by the corona
virus. According to data from the Ministry of Health (Kemenkes), Indonesia only has
321,544 hospital beds. That figure means about 12 beds per 10,000 people. Compare South
Korea (South Korea) which has 115 per 10 thousand people, according to the World Health
Organization (WHO).

In 2017, WHO also found that Indonesia only had four doctors per 10 thousand. That figure
is lower than Italy, which has 10 times as many or South Korea, which has six times as many
doctors per capita.

The government spokesman for the handling of Covid-19, Achmad Yurianto, denied the
results of a simulation study that showed the worst number of corona transmission. "We will
not end up like that," said Yuri referring to the comparison of the outbreaks that spread in
Italy and China. "What's important is that we mobilize people ... they have to keep their
distance."

Yuri said, with the right distance measures, there shouldn't be a need for an extra bed. In
addition, there are enough medical staff to deal with the corona outbreak.

However, an epidemiologist from the University of Indonesia (UI) Budi Waryanto said,
“Hospitals are not ready to support the cases that will arise. Treatment will be limited. "

 The dangerous of Corona Virus?

Epidemiologists and statisticians use data to track the course of COVID-19, the disease
caused by coronavirus, and other communicable diseases and then project how quickly the
disease is likely to spread. This data also gives the federal and state governments the
information necessary to make public health recommendations to reduce the burden of the
disease on the health care system. 

National and international coronavirus statistics are updated daily. Below is a snapshot of
coronavirus by the numbers, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This data indicates how serious the
situation is, and reiterates how important it is to keep yourself and your family safe.
The Global Impact of Coronavirus

Coronavirus has impacted almost every country in the world, according to the WHO situation
reports on COVID-19 which are released every day during the pandemic. For a full list of
situation reports, including past reports and today’s report, visit the WHO website. 
Countries Most Impacted by Coronavirus
In their situation report on April 12, the WHO explained that as of that date:

 83,482 is the total number of confirmed cases in China, where this coronavirus
originated
 152,271 is the total number of confirmed coronavirus cases in Italy
 492,881 is the total number of confirmed coronavirus cases in the U.S.
 70,029 is the total number of confirmed coronavirus cases in Iran

How Fast COVID-19 Spreads in Communities 

According to the WHO Director-General, the data that we have now show that coronavirus is
spreading quickly. It took 67 days from the first reported case of coronavirus to reach the first
100,000 cases, and 11 days for coronavirus to reach 200,000 cases after the first 100,000
cases were reported.

Coronavirus Cases and Serious Illness

Reports from China to the CDC show that 16% of coronavirus cases result in serious illness.
The good news is that most cases are mild. According to the CDC, most people with
coronavirus can recover at home without seeking medical attention. 
Age Influences Risk of Serious Illness From COVID-19
Among the 4,226 cases of coronavirus reported to the CDC as of March 26, 2020, 80% of the
patients who died from coronavirus were 65 years of age and older, and the CDC reports that
the highest percentage of deaths were among adults 85 and older
It’s important to keep in mind that people of any age can get sick from coronavirus, typically
if they’re immunocompromised or have a chronic medical condition. If you’re a parent
or expecting a baby, these steps can help keep you and your family safe. 
COVID-19, the disease caused by coronavirus, can infect people of all ages. For example,
the CDC Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report from March 26, 2020 reported the
following figures. Among 508 patients in the U.S. known to have been hospitalized for
coronavirus as noted in as of March 26, 2020:

 9% of patients were 85 years of age and older

 36% of patients were ages 65 to 84
 17% of patients were 55 to 64
 18% of patients were 45 to 54
 20% of patients were 20 to 44
 Less than 1% of patients were 0 to 19 years old
While all attention is on COVID-19 at the moment, the seasonal flu is dangerous every year,
especially for children and older adults. Consider this data:

 38 to 54 million flu illnesses is the CDC’s estimated number of cases in the U.S., in

this flu season so far (October 2, 2019 to March 21, 2020)
 155 children have died from the flu so far this year 
 24,000 to 62,000 people have died from the flu in the U.S. this flu season

What Do the Numbers Tell Us About Coronavirus?

Pieces of data about coronavirus are valuable to understanding the pandemic puzzle.
Together, they reveal an emerging picture: COVID-19 is a highly contagious and dangerous
disease spreading quickly throughout the U.S. and the world. 

Like the flu virus, coronavirus can cause serious illness, especially in people age 65 and over,
and in those with underlying medical conditions. 

But the story of coronavirus — as told through data — has just begun. According to
the CDC, “In the coming months, most of the U.S. population will be exposed to this virus.”  

How to Keep Yourself and Your Family Safe From Coronavirus To stay safe, take these
seven steps recommended by the CDC to slow the spread of the disease as it becomes more
widespread.
Stay Home Stay home to reduce the chances of coming in contact with those who may be
infected with COVID-19. You can still go for a walk around your neighborhood and stay in
touch with friends and family by phone, video chat or social media. Limit your trips to the
store by stocking up on groceries and medication. 
You’ll especially want to commit to staying home if you’re at higher risk for serious illness
from coronavirus. According to the CDC, you’re at higher risk if:

 You’re 65 or older
 You live in a nursing home or long-term care facility
 You have a chronic lung disease or moderate to severe asthma
 You have a serious heart condition
 Your immune system is compromised because of cancer treatment, HIV or prolonged
use of corticosteroids
 You’re severely obese, defined as a body mass index (BMI) over 40
 You have an underlying medical condition that’s not well controlled, such as diabetes,
renal failure or liver disease Practice Good Hand Hygiene
Wash your hands often, especially after sneezing, blowing your nose, coughing or
being in a public place. Always wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20
seconds. Avoid touching your face, especially your mouth, nose and eyes. Stay 6 Feet
Away From People Who Are Sick As coronavirus continues to infect people in the
U.S., chances are you will know someone who becomes infected. If that person is a
family member you live with, the CDC recommends home isolation. This involves
designating a specific sick room and having the ill person stay in that room and away
from others. If possible, the sick person should use a separate bathroom, too. 
Clean High-Touch Surfaces in Your Home Often Clean and disinfect key spots in your home
often, such as tables, doorknobs, sinks, faucets, desks, toilets, switches, handles and trash
cans.  If you do go out, don’t touch surfaces in public places, such as handrails, door handles
and elevator buttons. Use your sleeve or a tissue to cover your hand before touching these
areas. If you touch a public surface, wash your hands as soon as possible afterward.
If Your Symptoms Are Serious, Make a Telemedicine Appointment With a Doctor
Call your provider and stay home if you feel sick. If you begin to feel sick and experience
coronavirus symptoms, such as fever, coughing and difficulty breathing, the best thing to do
first is to call your provider.
Call your provider or make an appointment for a virtual visit using the secure AdventHealth
app and a computer or mobile device, such as a tablet or cell phone. 
You can find the AdventHealth app in the Google Play Store or the Apple App Store. A
phone call or virtual visit can provide your provider with the details needed to make an
informed medical decision about any care you may need. 
If your symptoms get worse and you feel it’s a medical emergency, call 911. Tell the
dispatcher that you may have coronavirus. This information can also help you know what to
do if you don’t feel well. Get the Data on Coronavirus To stay current on the latest corona
virus statistics and follow the path of the pandemic, visit the CDC’s Cases in U.S. The CDC
updates this page daily at noon Monday through Friday. Numbers close out at 4 pm the day
before reporting. 
The WHO also issues a daily Coronavirus Disease 2019 Situation Report, which tracks key
statistics related to coronavirus. Data is reported to the WHO by 10 am, Central European
Time.  For the latest information on coronavirus, visit our Coronavirus Resource Hub. We’re
continually updating this site with important news that can help you stay healthy and
informed. 

Chapter III

Conclusion

 The bad and good effect on corona virus?

According to ABRELPE, it is estimated that, because of the adopted quarantine, isolation and
social distancing it can have a relevant increase in the generated quantity of domestic solid
waste (15-25%) and a considerable growing in the generation of hospital waste in health care
units (10 to 20 times).

For situations correspondent to the hospital waste generation in health care units the
orientations are very specific and follow the current rules. The waste must be packaged in a
red bag, that must be substituted when they reach 2/3 of its capacity or at least once each 48
hours, identified by the symbol of infective substance; the bags with these waste must have
specialized collection and transportation by the Health Service Waste (Resíduos de Serviços
de Saúde – RSS, in Portuguese) and submitted to licensed treatment processes, before its final
disposal.

People that were confirmed positive to COVID-19 or that are in quarantine (symptoms or
suspect) must stop separating the domestic trash to the selective collect; all the waste
generated in the house must be discarded on the same recipient (common trash); the
packaging must be done with the use of two resistant plastic bags (one inside the other),
certifying that both are properly closed (ties or seals); present the bags to the collection on the
day and time determined in your localization; maintain the pets away from the disposable
materials.

The factories and trade closing, besides the traveling restrictions to deal with the virus
dissemination resulted on a reduction of pollutant emissions in the atmosphere.

With quarantine since March 24th, as a way to stop the new Coronavirus, the indexes of
atmospheric pollution in the city of São Paulo reduced about 50% in only one week. It can be
seen in the comparison of atmospheric data released by the Environmental Company in São
Paulo State (Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo – CETESB, in Portuguese)
between March 15th to 21st and March 22nd to 28th.

In Europe it was not different, cities like Brussels, Paris, Madrid, Milan and Frankfurt had a
decrease on the medium levels of nitrogen dioxide between March 5 th and 25th in comparison
with the same period last year.

Data from the European Environmental Agency (EEA) revealed that in Madrid, the medium
levels of nitrogen dioxide retreated 56% in the weekly comparison after the Spanish
government prohibited not essential trips after March 14th.

In Milan, the concentration of nitrogen dioxide polluting gas decreased 24% in the previous
four weeks to March 24th, according to EEA.

Although temporary, the changes can cause a positive effect in the pollutant emission annual
balance on these cities.
 Refrences

 https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus

 https://meuresiduo.com/en/blog-en/the-positive-and-negative-impacts-of-coronavirus-
pandemic-in-the-environment/