R-Stat Application for Spatial Modeling of Porosity Map

in Belanak Field, West Natuna Basin.

by:
Zuki Harahap *) , Djoko Wintolo **), I Wayan Warmada **).
*) ConocoPhillips Indonesia Inc.Ltd , Jakarta
**) Jurusan Teknik Geologi, Fakultas Teknik Universitas Gadjah Mada

Abstract
R-Stat is an open-source software which can be used for analysis in hydrocarbon
exploration. This research is an application of this software by using exploration data of
reservoir Arang-7 layer in Periok Field, West Natura Basin, that consist of 34 well data.
After evaluation and sorting, it is identified 29 wells data which meet the net sand
criteria and only 27 wells could be used in this research due to their porosity criteria. As
additional data this research used the full stack, near stack and far stack of seismic
amplitudes.
This research has done by some processes those are effective porosity validation by
evaluating log data input, statistical correlation, and the value of cut-off sand and
porosity. The general statistical analysis are then continued by such as histogram, mean,
median calculation and data analysis.
The kriging technique applied for search the regional trend which using first and second
order regression modeling. The experimental and theoretical variogram are used to find
the spatial dependencies. The analysis is then continued by constructing spatial models,
prediction in non-sampled points and quality verification of the predicted results,
therefore it were compared by geological model from the result of internal study of the
company.
The result of analysis indicates that the available seismic amplitude data agree with the
gross sand data of well and it is not suitable to use as supported data in subsurface
porosity mapping of this field. This result is little difference with that of company
internal study which using seismic as a principle data and it manually contoured.

Intisari
Program R-Stat yang bersifat open source, dapat digunakan untuk analisis kegiatan
eksplorasi hidrokarbon. Dalam penelitian ini, studi kasus dengan memakai data lapisan
reservoir Arang 7 yang berada di lapangan Belanak, cekungan Natuna Barat, terdiri dari
34 sumur. Setelah dilakukan pemilahan, diperoleh 29 sumur memenuhi kriteria net-sand,
dan hanya 27 sumur yang memenuhi kriteria porositas dan dapat digunakan dalam
penelitian ini. Sebagai data tambahan digunakan data amplitudo seismik, full stack, near
stack dan far stack.
Penelitian dikerjakan dengan melakukan validasi data porositas efektif dengan mengkaji
data masukan berupa log-log yang dipakai, korelasi yang dilakukan, angka cut-off sand
maupun porositas. Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan analisis statistik data secara umum
seperti pembuatan histogram, perhitungan nilai rerata, nilai median dan analisis data.
Analisis data untuk melihat kecenderungan regional, dengan menggunakan kriging,
memakai model regresi orde kesatu maupun orde kedua. Analisis ketergantungan spasial
lokal dengan menggunakan variogram teoritis maupun eksperimental. Kemudian
dilanjutkan dengan pembuatan model spasial, prediksi pada titik-titik tanpa sampel, dan

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verifikasi kualitas dari hasil prediksi, serta komparasi dengan model geologi dari hasil
studi internal perusahaan
Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa data amplitudo seismik yang tersedia hanya
berkesuaian dengan data gross sand dari sumur, sehingga tidak tepat digunakan sebagai
data tambahan untuk memetakan porositas lapangan ini. Hasil penelitian ini agak berbeda
dengan hasil studi internal perusahaan yang menggunakan data seismik sebagai data
utama dan dibantu oleh proses kontur secara manual.

INTRODUCTION
Background
Geostatistic development during the last 20 years leads to quantitative approaches in
petroleum geology. Using geostatistics, geologist can presented their geological model
quantitatively, to express heterogeneity of reservoir model [Srivastava, 1994]. As a tool,
geostatistics cannot change the data, however it can aid in interpretation and numerical
modeling. Geostatistics cannot also change the experience of geologist in formulate
character of model but it used to support to made this model.

In present years, geologists are commonly anxiety by geostatisticiant ideas which they
want to change deterministic models by using random variables. Reservoir engineers are
also afraid with those ideas. In their opinions, the accurate of model should be verified
and it also made a difficulty in running of fluid simulation software [Journel, 1994].

In industrial world, the development of computation technology and supported software,

the generate 3D subsurface geological modeling has become a reality. However, this
technological development sometimes is not supported by good knowledge about the
principle techniques of software. Computational usage and consumed time in several
modeling commonly ended by disorientation in aim of target, and what is the model that
will used in exploration

Aim of Research
The aim of this research is effective porosity mapping for Arang-7 reservoir layer using
well data, and we utilize R-Stat open source software. This to known the application of
this software capability in response to functional needs in hydrocarbon exploration. The
result will be compared with present result from commercial software.
From scientific point of view, this research can give a new perspective in exploitation
stage using geostatistical method for making effective porosity spatial modeling in
hydrocarbon field. It is hoped this can give an alternative solution about applied software
that can be used in geostatistical tasks, to complement application of commercial
software that need high cost in operation.

Previous Research
Study of Arang-7 reservoir has done by Novilova (2012). Effective porosity map is
constructed by kriging method using mean porosity data. This map supported by
corrected seismic attribute map with reservoir net pay in each well.

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Log interpretation indicated the reservoir is resulted from meandering fluvial depositional
system. Sandstone in this reservoir is laterally deposited in North-South direction and
made three sequences of point bars where the best porosity and permeability situated in
lowest depositional sequence with highest grain size and energy. In upward, grain size
become finer therefore porosity and permeability decreased.

REGIONAL GEOLOGY OF WEST NATUNA.

Tectonics and stratigraphy of West Natuna and Melayu Basin has investigate by Daines
(1985), Wongsosantiko and Wirojudo (1985). Figure 1 show location of West Natuna
Basin. Initial extension in Natuna began with extensional rift tectonics in Upper Eocene
until Early Oligocene (~ 42-30 my BP). This period resulted several half graben basins
which isolated in one to another as shown in Figure 2. In later periods these basins inter
connected and made several lacustrine basins in NE-SW direction, which are limited by
normal faults in NW direction..

Stratigraphically, the fulfilled sediments in basin also indicated strong tectonics

influences. This is showed by stratigraphic patterns which coincide with structural
patterns. In initial sedimentation, the basin fulfilled with coarse siliciclastics
conglomerate and shale. Variation in lithostratigraphy showed local sedimentations
which has variation in lateral direction according to environmental condition [Adrian et
al., 2005].

Hakim et.al. (2008) explained that relatively smooth tectonic periods occurred in Middle
Oligocene until Early Miocene which followed by decreasing of basin level and possibly
deposited Keras Formation sediments and Upper Gabus shale. After this period, tectonic
inversion occurred in Middle Miocene which it can be detected in unconformity between
West and Intra Arang Formations. This inversion dominantly worked in northern part of
West Natuna Basin and that is not clearly in main part of basin. This condition is
continued by slowly decreasing of basin level and Muda Formation is deposited.

Geology of Belanak Field

Belanak Field as shown in Figure 3 is found in 1975, situated in B-block of West Natuna
Basin, about 1,250 km north of Jakarta, in an area with depth of marine in average is 100
meters. This field has produced in 2004 with first development in Arang-3 reservoir.

Belanak structure is long inverse anticline, with length of 16 km and width about 4 km.
This zone divided in two area those are Main Belanak and South West Belanak .
Structure of Main Belanak is bilobate, specific in this area, to SE is bordered by basement
fault with high angle dipping and to NW with low angle dipping [Wijayanti et al., 2009].

Upper Arang Formation is important part of hydrocarbon system in West Natuna Basin
which produces hydrocarbon gas. This formation is dominated by fluvial deltaic
sediments as productive reservoir. Gas in this formation might be from biogenic of coal
seams. Flooding surface of sea level regularly formed intra formational traps in four

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directions closure form as the product of structural inversion in Miocene. [Maynard and
Murray, 2003].

PRINCIPLES OF GEOSTATISTICS
Data Modeling using Geostatistics
There are many researches by using geostatistics to made field porosity map, for example
by Chambers et.al (2000), Coburn et.al (2006), and McKinley et.al (2011). Most of
these used combination from well and seismic data. Research focused by using well data
are worked by Chopra et.al (1990), Caers et.al (2000), also by Sahin and Al-Salem
(2001).
According Yang and Henry (1995), there are four important points should be noted when
use seismic data in reservoir characteristic mapping, i.e. (a) depthness accuracy, (b)
appropriate frequency, (c) seismic data calibration to reservoir properties, and (d)
integrating method between calibrated well and seismic data for reservoir
characterization.

Journel (1989) explained that main portions of geostatistics are Data Analysis and Spatial
Continuity Modeling. Analysis data cannot be done without data knowledge included its
geological interpretation. Otherwise, the principal reason for Spatial Continuity Modeling
is to know uncertainty of spatial data.
Isaaks and Srivastava (1989) stated that spatial continuity occurred in most of earth’s
data. Two data in close distance one to another would have same value compared to that
in long distance. If these data expressed in a map therefore their values would not in
random pattern. Low data value will trend to close with that another and vice versa. The
low data which is closured by higher value data generally took attention.

Chambers et.al (2000) explained that a map will become a bad model of reality if that
map cannot draw the spatial characters of reservoir importance properties. In this case,
geostatistics will provide a working facility between geosaintist and engineers by guard
for geologic model are shown in reservoir model construction. Furthermore, Chambers
et.al (2000) stated that basic elements of geostatistics consist of:
• Data mining
• Spatial Continuity analysis and modeling
• Search Ellipse design
• Model cross validation
• Kriging
• Conditional simulation
• Model uncertainty assessment

Variogram and Kriging

Variogram is geostatistical technique to describe and quantified rocks or reservoir in
spatial manner. Two measurement points in closely positions will give a similar sample
values and vice versa. In a given distance the difference between one to another cannot be
correlated. [Sepherd, 2009].

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If there is spatial distribution relationship in geologic phenomena, variogram can give
solution to predict reservoir characterization in any points among existing data
[Chambers and Hird, 2000]. Variogram construction in geostatistics generally as a
starting point to kriging process which is specifically designed to estimate geological
properties among the existing wells. [Sepherd, 2009]. Geological data should be
processed before it use in variogram construction.

Basic assumptions in variogram are mean and variance values for all reservoir character
in evaluated area which it is commonly named as stationarity. It is not all geological data
indicate stationarity properties, some of these can showed a trend line which influence to
all mean values. This situation is called drift [Sepherd, 2009]. At time variogram would
be used in estimation we must firstly to correcting drift values. [Olea, 1994].

Mathematically, variogram (or sometimes called semi-variogram) is sum of square

difference between sample points in a given distance (lag) and it divided by total number
of pair data in this lag [Chambers and Hird, 2000]. Experimental variogram is a curve of
relationship between lag and variogram value. If there is spatial relationship in data
therefore variogram value must increase in accordance with increasing of lag. This
situation indicated change in observed rock properties which that difference each other
consistence with increasing of lag distance. Finally the lag will reach a fixed point where
there is no increment in variogram values, and in ideal condition variogram curve become
horizontal. Variogram value associated with this position named sill and the lag distance
called range [Sepherd, 2009].

In plotting of variogram values sometimes these values are not across x-axis at initial
position and this will give positive value that named as nugget. This can be done due to
highly data variation or incorrect in measurement.

Direct application of experimental variogram in kriging might produce single matrix with
error in negative value in mean square [Isaaks and Srivastava, 1989]. The solution can be
done by changing tabulation system in experimental variogram by a function with unique
solution without error in negative mean square value. [Christakos, 1984].

There are three models or functions commonly are used in this situation i.e.: Spherical,
Exponential, and Gaussian models. These models have significance difference in initial
part of graph whereas this character will influence the resulted map by variogram values
[Sepherd, 2009].

Variogram has a given direction. Any variogram in direction which is perpendicular to

that of sedimentation will difference in graph if we compare it with variogram in parallel
direction to sedimentation. Variogram is possible in vertical direction. In hydrocarbon
field evaluation, vertical data such as well log have decimeter in scale whereas in
horizontal scale (for example distance between wells) are until hundred of meters.
Consequently, we can made vertical variogram more accurate than it in vertical.
[Sepherd, 2009]

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Experimental variogram must be analyzed in several directions, at least in four directions.
A variogram is called isotropic if there is no difference result in azimuth variation, and
anisotropic if there are highly difference [Olea, 1994]. We can use variogram in spatial
modeling of two types of data. Continuous data is set of data such as porosity in extended
area and it has locally difference values, otherwise it is discrete data such as lithofacies
where the value will be of 1 if there is its information and of 0 if none [Dubrule, 2003].

After variogram construction, estimation processes in locations without sample can be

estimated by kriging that is interpolation technique in geostatistics. Kriging is linear
weighted averaging method and it is based on spatial correlation model so that kriging
has been able to produce and to indicate anisotropic effects which are geologically
realistic [Chambers and Hird, 2000].

In area without influence of sample points, kriging will produce a smooth value to that of
existing samples. It will be obtained if variogram distribution is little than distance
between wells. The resulted maps are probably unsatisfied for geologist but those are
statistically valid. Map by kriging become sensitive to the used range value in variogram
modeling.

By using short distance, the produced map will unsatisfy due to agree with local mean
values. In otherwise, using long distance between sample points will give highly
influence radii and resulted map show good reason geologically.

A map from kriging process only contents low frequency information. These are resulted
from use of limited data points in map construction so that produced map become too
smoothly than possibly forms. Without more and more data, there is no appropriate
method to estimate the possible local variations in reality for reservoir.

In this case, algorithm function is responsible in simulation and it is design to make a

coarse grid texture to obtain local variation with high frequency. Whereas, map-made by
kriging is useful to investigate trend value and it can aid to identify data anomalies
[Hirsche et al., 1998].

Application of R-Stat.

R-Stat is open source software; it can be used by anyone without charge. Initial code is
open which anyone can contribute to develop this program. This application can be
compiled therefore it can be run in most computer system such as UNIX, Windows,
Solaris as well as MacOS-X. R-Stat is a product of collaboration from statistician and
world class programmers, Chamber-Bell Laboratories, the development group whose
creates C program language and UNIX operation system.

As applied program, R-Stat can work any statistical analysis and its visualization. R-Stat
has completely technical documents that included some tutorial for users. Some
textbooks in education also used R-Stat in explain statistical subjects. Computational
steps and recorded visualization can be saved or repeated as research or working

6
documentations. And the important thing, this application support scientific thinking in
statistical solution, which it is not only push the button. [Rossiter, 2012].

DATA AND METHOD OF RESEARCH.

The used main data in this research are formation layer thickness which included gross
sand, net sand and porosity from 34 wells in this field. Before we used these data, it is
prepared in appropriate format so that can easy run in R-Stat software.
As a supported data we used seismic amplitude data, which consist of full stack, near
stack and far stack. The specific packages used in spatial data analysis are geoR, Lattice,
and Calibrate module. For co-kriging processes we need Gstat module (Ribeiro et.al,
2003)

First step in validation of effective porosity data has done by studying input data such as
the well logs, correlation data, cut-off level for sand and porosity, etc. It is continued by
general statistical analysis by using histogram, mean, median and others. To search
regional trend we applied kriging technique by using first and second order regression
models. Analysis of local spatial dependency is used experimental and theoretical
variogram. Then it continued by spatial model, prediction in any unsampling points and
quality verification of prediction yields and then it compared with geological model from
internal study by our enterprises.

RESULTS OF ANALYSIS

In 34 wells of this location has made petrophysical analysis. Data separation worked by
cut-off shale for 15% (gross to net sand) and cut-off porosity is 10% (netsand to
porosity). The separation yields to eliminate part of data due to not agree with cut-off
criteria. From 34 wells, there are 24 wells appropriate with netsand criteria, and only 27
wells data are agree with porosity criteria and it can be used for this research. The gross
sand, netsand, and porosity correlations can be seen in Figure 5.1….. In this picture is
seen good correlation between netsand and porosity.

As shown in this figure, there is hole effect pattern in empirical variogram. According to
Sarma (2009) the hole effect might be caused by lack in available data and it is used in
given distance in variogram calculation. Other possibility is due to natural condition
which indicates fluctuation properties (Veeken, 2007). In Figure 5.4….. really showed a
hole condition in spatial data distribution. GeoR module in R-Stat application is then used
in these data modeling. Several theoretical and experimental variogram models have been
tried as shown in Figure 5.6…..

By ignoring hole effect, the appropriate theoretical variogram is that with red color line
which have model information as follows:
Parameter model is estimated by WLS (weighted least squares): covariance model is
exponential with fixed value for tausq = 0 ; estimated parameter sigmasq phi 161.7767;

7
Practical Range 469.8645 with correlation = 0.05 for asymptotic range: 1407.588;
Minimized weighted sum of squares = 12.042

Final process is to draw Effective Porosity Distribution Map by using Simple Kriging and
input data is values from theoretical variogram. The result is shown in Figure 5.7

Well Distribution Pattern

Arang-7 reservoir in Belanak Field can be divided in three distributions. The first is well
area where it is not agree with cut-off criteria. Second distribution is wells with porosity
after cut-off have sand thickness of 0 – 25 feet. Third distribution is wells with porosity
after cut-off have sand thickness of 25-62 feet. All three distributions are presented in
Figure 6.1.

From this picture we have some configurations:

 All distribution trend to NE-SW direction
 First distribution forced into corner of SW, whereas second and third distributions
are in NE direction.
 This distribution indicates porosity distribution patterns from low to high; it is
started from SW to NE direction.

It also indicated changing of sedimentary location and that in porosity during period of
sedimentation. This situation appropriate with general references about bimodal
distribution, i.e. by McKillup and Dyar (2010), as well as previous study in this field and
its reservoir where indicated depositional environment in this zone is meandering
fluviatil.

This interpretation also agrees with internal interpretation by enterprise. Navilova and
Kurniawan (2013) explained about these distribution sets as shown in Figure 6.2 and they
recommended drilling location in zone II (in this research is third distribution) and zone
III (second distribution). Thus these three distributions appropriate with internal study by
enterprise whereas this research only used limited well data.

Hole effect
Variogram analysis for third distribution shown fluctuation and hole effect patterns.
Sarma (2009) stated that hole effect might be caused by lack of data in experimental
variogram calculation or it is due to natural fluctuation properties in variogram. This
condition appropriates with character of fluvial deposits which can change their direction
during depositional time. Furthermore we concluded that red variogram in Figure 5.8 is
appropriate to be used in these filed and zone.

Synthesis of Seismic Data

Evaluation of seismic data indicated that there is no good correlation between porosity
and seismic amplitudes values. Thus, in advanced analysis we used other correlation
using gross sand versus seismic amplitude. The result shown in Figure 6.3

8
Linier correlation value between gross sand and amplitude is R2= 0.5606 and this
adjusted value is R2 = 0.5207. These values are more reliable than linier correlation
between porosity versus amplitude that gave value about R 2= 0.1586 and its adjusted
value is R2 = 0.074.
Furthermore for linier correlation between near stack amplitude and gross sand are
obtained value R2 = 0.2254 and its adjusted value is R 2 = 0.155. For gross sand versus far
stack amplitude correlation have result of R2 = 0.404 and adjusted value of R2 = 0.3498
From these values we can make conclusions as follows:
 The seismic amplitudes are more reliable to be used in gross sand distribution
mapping in research area.
 The petrophysical data are sufficiently accurate and appropriate with seismic data
 For porosity mapping we need another seismic attributes which have capability to
identify grain interstitial space in sandstone

Porosity Map
Based on the above synthesis we conclude that yielded porosity map from available data
of Arang-7 reservoir is porosity map as shown in Figure 5.9……

Capability of R-Stat application

R-Stat software is sufficiently complete application which the functions in this
application is based on command line interface (CLI), therefore it is rather difficult to
run. One should know and uses it in daily activities to get maximum result in utilize this
application. As open source application, R-Stat is completely supported by some
documentation which is randomly distributed in internet. Help facility in this application
give explanation for functions but it is rarely in examples.

CONCLUSIONS
From this research we can make some conclusions as follow:
Porosity map of Arang-7 reservoir obtained by this research, using some wells data,
provide appropriate patterns to subsurface geologic properties in this field. It is needed
supporting data in this mapping to aid estimation in locations without well data.
Available seismic amplitude data agree with well gross sand data, furthermore it cannot
be used as supporting data for porosity mapping.
This result is rather different with that in enterprise internal study using seismic data as
principal data and supported by manually contouring process. Additional attribute
seismic data which appropriate to well porosity data are very useful in estimating of non
well locations.
Utilization of R-Stat will support statistical thinking for researcher such as to obtain
repeating patterns of well data and to present data correlation between gross sand and
seismic amplitudes.

ACKNOWLEDMENTS

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The writers wish to express their thankfulness to Conoco Phillips management, for their
support in financial and data utility for this research, also to staff of Department of
Geological Engineering, Gadjah Mada University during the process of graduate study.

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11
Figure … Tectonic situation of Natuna Basin in Early to Middle Miocene which
indicates its relationship (Wongsosantiko and Wirojudo, 1984)

Figure ... Location map of Belanak Field (Adrian et.al., 2005).

12
Figure … Gross Sand, Net Sand, and Porosity correlations

Figure … Spatial distribution of porosity data where Y-axis indicates porosity data in
percentage.

13
 Figure … Theoretical variogram

Figure … Theoritical Variogram used in this research, those are without hole effect (red
color) and with hole effect (blackk color)

Figure … Porosity distribution map with Hole Effect (left) and without hole effect
(kanan)

14
Figure … Situation of three distributions. First distribution is wells where not agree with
cutt-off. Second distribution is well with porosity value after cut-off process that has sand
thickness of 0-25 ft. Third distribution is wells with porosity value after cut-off process
that has sand thickness of 25-62 ft.

Figure …. Depositional environment of Arang-7, according to Novilova and Kurniawan

(2013)

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Gambar …. Hasil crossplot antara gross sand versus amplitudo seismik.
Figure ….. Cross plot between gross sand versus seismic amplitude.

Gambar … Peta porositas reservoar Arang-7, lapangan Belanak

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Porosity map af Arang-7 reservoir, in Periok Field.

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