MK TEKNOLOGI BIOPROSES

Refrigeration
Ahmad Zaki Mubarok
Department of Agricultural Product Technology
Brawijaya University
Introduction
The preservation of food by refrigeration
is based on a very general principle in
physical chemistry: molecular mobility is
depressed and consequently chemical
reactions and biological processes are
slowed down at low temperature.

In contrast to heat treatment, low temperature practically does not destroy

microorganisms or enzymes but merely depresses their activity.
Introduction
Therefore:
➢ Refrigeration retards spoilage but it cannot improve
the initial quality of the product, hence the importance
of assuring particularly high microbial quality in the
starting material.
➢ Unlike thermal sterilization, refrigeration is not a
method of ‘permanent preservation’. Refrigerated and
even frozen foods have a definite ‘shelf life’, the length
of which depends on the storage temperature.
➢ The preserving action of cold exists only as long as low
temperature is maintained, hence the importance of
maintaining a reliable ‘cold chain’ all along the
commercial life of the product.
➢ Refrigeration must often be combined with other
preservation processes (the ‘hurdle’ principle).
VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
• A refrigeration system allows transfer of heat from a cooling
chamber to a location where the heat can be easily
discarded.
• The transfer of heat is accomplished by using a refrigerant,
which can change its state from liquid to gas.
• However, unlike water the refrigerant has a much lower
boiling point.
COMPONENT OF A REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Major component of a vapor-compression
refrigeration system are shown in the following
diagram
CONDENSOR

EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE

EVAPORATOR
COMPONENT OF A REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

CONDENSOR

EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE

EVAPORATOR

Function as heat pumps and contain four

essential mechanical components.
A. Evaporator
(1) Where the liquid refrigerant vaporizes into a gas
(2) When this happens, heat from the stored food is "extracted“.
COMPONENT OF A REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
CONDENSOR
B. Compressor
Where the temperature and
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR pressure of the refrigerant
VALVE vapor is increased.

EVAPORATOR

C. Condensor
(1) Where the heat is transferred
from the refrigerant to another
medium (air or water)
(2) When this happens, the
refrigerant decreases in
temperature and condenses.
COMPONENT OF A REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

CONDENSOR

EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE

EVAPORATOR

D. Expansion valve
(1) Where the flow of liquid refrigerant is controlled
(2) When this happens, the evaporator receives a
constant supply of refrigerant.
 REFRIGERANT

• A fluid which, through phase changes

from liquid to gas and back to liquid,
facilitates heat transfer in a
refrigeration system.
• Refrigerants have much lower boiling
points than water and their boiling
points can be varied by changing the
pressure of the system.
• A good example of a common
refrigerant is ammonia (NH3).
VAPOR COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
• Ammonia boils at -33.3C, compared to 100oC for
water at atmospheric pressure.
• Similar to water, ammonia needs latent heat of
vaporization to change from liquid to vapor, and it
discharges latent heat of condensation to change from
vapor to liquid.
• The boiling point of a refrigerant can be varied by
changing the pressure.
• Thus, to increase boiling point of ammonia to 0oC, its
pressure must be raised to 428.5 kPa (62.1 psia).
SELECTION OF A REFRIGERANT
The following characteristics are important in the selection of a
refrigerant:
1) A high latent heat of vaporization is preferred.
2) Excessively high condensing pressures should be avoided.
3) The refrigerant must non-toxic, non-corrosive, and chemically
stable.
4) It should be easy to detect leaks.
5) Low cost refrigerant is preferred in industrial applications.
Table. Properties of refrigerants used in warehouse
refrigeration at -15oC evaporator temperature and 30oC
condenser temperature

Refrigerant Ammonia Freon 12

Evaporator pressure, kPa 236.5 182.7

Condenser pressure, kPa 1166.5 744.6
Latent heat of vaporization @ -
15 C, kj/kg 1314.2 161.7
Liquid refrigeration circulated
per ton of refrigeration, kg/s 31 x 10-2 2.8 x 10-2
Stability (Toxic products) no yes
Flammability yes no
Odor acrid ethereal
Evaporator temperature range -68 to -7 -73 to 10
SELECTION OF A REFRIGERANT
• Ammonia offers exceptionally high latent heat of
vaporization among all other refrigerants.

• Other commonly used refrigerants include, Freon 12 and

Freon 22.

• Due to the adverse effects of Freon 12 on the ozone layer,

the use of this refrigerant is now being seriously curtailed.

• This led to their replacement with Hydrofluorocarbons

(HFCs) and Perfluorocarbons (PFCs), which are not-ozone
depleting, and have lesser global warming potentials.
MECHANISM
c
CONDENSOR

d b
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE
a

e EVAPORATOR

P (kPa)
P1 d b

P2 e a
Diagram P-H

H1 H2 H3
Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
MECHANISM
c
CONDENSOR
c

P (kPa)
P1 d b
d b
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE P2 e a
a

e EVAPORATOR
H1 H2 H3

Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)

Location a : - refrigerant gas enters compressor and

compressed to a high pressure
Location b : - superheated compressed gas exits
the compressor
MECHANISM
c
CONDENSOR
c

P (kPa)
P1 d b
d b
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE a P2 a
e

EVAPORATOR
e
H1 H2 H3
Location c :
Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
- compressed gas enters the condenser
- the condensing temperature must be higher than
that of an easily available heat sink, e.g., ambient
air, water, etc.
- the refrigerant gas discharges latent heat of
condensation to the heat sink and changes phase to
liquid.
 MECHANISM
CONDENSOR
c
c

P (kPa)
P1 d b
d b
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE a P2 e a

EVAPORATOR
e
H1 H2 H3
Location d : Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
- refrigerant in a saturated liquid state
- expansion valve separates high pressure as
refrigerant passes through the expansion valve the
sudden decrease in pressure causes some of the
refrigerant to change into gas
 MECHANISM

CONDENSOR
c
c

P (kPa)
P1 d b
d b
EXPANSION COMPRESSOR
VALVE a P2 e a

EVAPORATOR
e
H1 H2 H3

Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)

Location e : - the refrigerant absorbs heat,
equivalent to its latent heat of
vaporization, and completely converts
into gas
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS USEFUL IN THE
ANALYSIS OF VAPOR-COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION
COOLING LOAD:
• The cooling load is total heat energy that must be removed
from a given space in order to lower the temperature to a
desired level.
• A common unit of cooling load is “ton of refrigeration”
The refrigeration capacity is expressed in tons of refrigeration, the rate of heat
removal sufficient to freeze 1 ton (2000 lb) of water in 24 hours. Because the
heat of fusion of water is 144 BTU/lb, this rate of heat removal is equivalent to
12,000 BTU/h.

1 ton of refrigeration= 288,000 BTU/24 hr = 12,000 BTU/h

= 303,852 kJ/24 hr
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS USEFUL IN
THE ANALYSIS OF VAPOR-COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION
c

P (kPa)
P1 d b

P2 e a

REFRIGERANT FLOW RATE

H1 H2 H3

• The refrigerant flow rate depends upon the totalEnthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
cooling load on the system and the amount of heat
that refrigerant can absorb

Refrigerant flow rate = (Cooling Load) / (H2 - H1)

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS USEFUL IN THE
ANALYSIS OF VAPOR-COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION

COMPRESSOR

• The work done on the refrigerant during the compression step is

the product on the enthalpy increase of the refrigerant inside the
compressor and the refrigerant flow rate

P (kPa)
P1 d c b

rate of work done on the compressor P2 a

e
= (refrigerant flow rate) (H3 - H2)
H1 H2 H3
Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS USEFUL IN THE
ANALYSIS OF VAPOR-COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION

CONDENSER

• The heat rejected to the environment in the condenser depends

upon the refrigerant flow rate and the latent heat of condensation
of the refrigerant

P (kPa)
P1 d c b

heat rejected in the condenser

P2 e a
= (refrigerant flow rate) (H3 - H1)
H1 H2 H3
Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS USEFUL IN THE
ANALYSIS OF VAPOR-COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION

EVAPORATOR

• The heat absorbed by the evaporator depends upon the

refrigerant flow rate and the latent heat of evaporation of
the refrigerant.

P (kPa)
P1 d c b

heat absorbed by the evaporator P2 e a

= (refrigerant flow rate) (H2 - H1)
H1 H2 H3
Enthalpy (H; kJ/kg)
MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS USEFUL IN THE
ANALYSIS OF VAPOR-COMPRESSION
REFRIGERATION

COEFFICIENT PERFORMANCE

• The coefficient performance is a ratio between the heat

absorbed by the refrigerant as it flows through the
evaporator to the heat equivalent of the energy
supplied to the compressor.

COP = (H2 - H1) / (H3- H2)

Power requirement
(horsepower/ton refrigerant)

𝑯𝑷 𝟒. 𝟕𝟏𝟓
=
𝒕𝒐𝒏 𝒓 𝜸(𝑪𝑶𝑷ሻ

𝑪𝒑
𝜸=
𝑪𝒗

Cp : heat capacity at constant pressure

Cv : heat capacity at constant volume
EXAMPLE:

A refrigeration system is to be operated at an evaporator coil temperature of -30◦F

(-34.4◦C), and a condenser temperature of 100◦F (37.8◦C) for the liquid refrigerant
R12.
Determine:
a) The high side pressure,
b) The low side pressure,
c) Refrigeration capacity per unit weight of refrigerant,
d) The coefficient of performance,
e) The theoretical horsepower of compressor per ton of refrigeration,
f) The quantity of refrigerant circulated through the system per ton of
refrigeration.
133

12.3
Constant temp line
133

e a
12.3

32 74
 d b
133
Condenser

Expansion
valve
e a
12.3

32 74 94
 For Freon 12

133 d c
P1 b
P (psia)
T = -30oF (-34oC) → P= 12.3 psia (85 kPa)
T = 100oF (37.8oC) → P=133 psia (910 kPa)
12.3
P2 e a
H1 = 32 btu/lb (74 kJ/kg)
H2 = 74 btu/lb (172 kJ/kg)
H3 = 94 btu/lb (218 kJ/kg)
32 74 94

Enthalpy (H; btu/lb)

Note:
Refrigerant capacity (heat/kg refrigerant):
1 psia = 6.89 kPA
H2 – H1 = (172 – 74) kJ/kg = 98 kJ/kg = 98,000 J/kg
1 btu = 1.055 kJ
1 lb = 0.454 kg
 For Freon 12
COP = (H2-H1)/(H3-H2)
133 d c = (172 - 74)/(218 - 172)
P1 b
P (psia)

= 2.1

12.3
P2 e a HP per ton refrigerant:
 = Cp/Cv for R-12 = 1.14

HP/(ton) = 4.715/(COP)
32 74 94
= 4.715/(1.14)(2.1) = 1.97
Enthalpy (H; btu/lb)
The refrigeration capacity is expressed in tons of refrigeration, the rate of heat removal
sufficient to freeze 1 ton (2000 lb) of water in 24 hours. Because the heat of fusion of
water is 144 BTU/lb, this rate of heat removal is equivalent to 12,000 BTU/h.

One ton of refrigeration is equivalent to 12,000 BTU/h or 3517 J/s.

Cooling capacity or ton of refrigerantion

Weight =
Cooling capacity per unit weight of refrigerant

3517 J/s
= = 0.0359 kg/s
98000 J/kg

= 129 kg refrigerant/hour
Freezing time
 Freezing time: time required to lower the temperature of a food
from an initial value to a predetermined final temperature at the
thermal center.
 Freezing time depends on:
 Size and shape of the product
 Thermal conductivity of the food material
 Area of the food available for heat transfer
 Surface heat transfer coefficient of the medium
 Temperature difference between the food and freezing medium
 Type of packaging film in the case of packaged foods
 PERHITUNGAN WAKTU PEMBEKUAN

• Panas laten adalah energi utama yang hrs diperhitungkan

pada proses pembekuan
• ~ 75% total energi pd proses pembekuan
Panas laten peleburan air = 333.3 kJ/kg air
= 144 BTU/lb air
• Terjadi perubahan sifat fisik bahan selama proses
pembekuan ~ f (T,m)
 Plank’s Method (for infinite slab)

x Ti = suhu ruang freezer

Ts = suhu permukaan produk
frozen unfrozen frozen
Tf = suhu pembekuan
L = panjang produk
q = energi yang dibebaskan
Tf Tf
x = bagian produk yang telah
membeku
Ts Ts

Ti Ti

q q

L
 GENERAL PLANCK'S EQUATION

rf l f  RL 2
PL 
=  + 
( f - i ) f
tf
T T k h 
Where:
Infinite slab Sphere Infinite cylinder Cube
P 1/2 1/6 1/4 1/8
R 1/8 1/24 1/6 1/24
L Thickness Diameter Diameter Edge

l f = latent heat of fusion [=] kJ

kg
kJ
l water = 333.22 = 144 BTU
kg lb
tf = freezing time (s)
 GENERAL PLANK'S EQUATION

P dan R untuk bentuk balok

a : dimensi terpendek
c : dimensi terpanjang
b c 2 = c/a
a 1 = b/a

Lihat chart/diagram :
dengan diketahui nilai 2 dan 1 maka
dapat dibaca nilai P dan R
P dan R untuk digunakan dalam persamaan
Plank untuk produk berbentuk balok (brick-
shape)
Contoh Soal

Daging sapi berbentuk balok dibekukan pada freezer tipe konveksi

bersuhu -30oC. Suhu awal bahan 5oC dan dimensi ukuran produk
= 1 m x 0.25 m x 0.6 m.
Tentukan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk membekukan produk
dengan menggunakan persamaan Plank.
Diketahui: =1050 kg/m3, l = 248,25 kJ/kg, k = 1108 w/moK,
hc = 30 W/m2.K, Tf = -1.75oC.
Jawaban
Nilai P dan R dapat diperoleh dari Gambar hubungan
1 dan 2.

 Dari grafik diperoleh:

1 = Dimensi terkecil kedua = 0.6/0.25 = 2.4
Dimensi terkecil
2 = Dimensi terbesar = 1/0.25 = 4
Dimensi terkecil
Dari grafik diperoleh : P =0.3, R = 0.085
 rf l f  2
PL 
Jawaban tf = 
RL
(T f - T i ) k f + 
h 

1050 kg/m3 248.25 kJ/kg 0.3 (0.25 m) + 0.085 (0.25 m)2

30 W/m2. oC) 1108 W/m. oC)
tf =
-1.75oC – (-30oC)

= 9226.99 kJ/m3oC 0.0025 m3. oC/W + 0.0000048 m3. oC/W

= 23.11 kJ/W
= 23110 s
= 6.4 h

Note: Watt (W) = J/s

Question….?