CE 448 – Water & Wastewater Treatment

Aid Sheet

Water chemistry

pH = – log [H+] pOH = – log [OH–] pH + pOH = 14

N1 × V1 = N2 × V2 (Reacting principle) Normality (eg/L) = Molarity (mol/L) * valence

g/L g/L
Molarity (mol/L) = Normality (eq/L) =
MW (g/mol) EW (g/eq)
(DO0 − DO5 ) × 300
BODt = BODL × (1 − 10−k×t ) BOD5 =
sample volume
coliform colonies counted
Coliform density (colony/100 mL) = × 100
mL Sample filterd

Coagulation, flocculation, and sedimentation

P
G=√ Velocity gradient (coagulation & flocculation)
Vμ

Q (m 3 /day)
Vo (m 3 /m 2 .day)  Overflow rate
A (m 2 )
Q (m 3 /s)
Vh (m/s)  Horizontal velocity
H  W (m 2 )
Q (m 3 /hr)
Weir loading 
L (m)

Membrane processes
QP
r(%) = × 100 Water recovery
QF
(CF − CP )
R(%) = × 100 Salt rejection
CF

Theoretical Chemical Reactions for Coagulants:

Al2(SO4)3 14.3H2O + 3Ca(HCO3)2  2Al(OH)3 ↓ + 3CaSO4 + 14.3H2O + 6CO2
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2  2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2
2FeCl3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2  2Fe(OH)3 + 3CaCl2 + 6CO2

Theoretical chemical reactions for lime-soda softening:

CO2 + Ca(OH)2  CaCO3 ↓ + H2O
Ca(HCO3) + Ca(OH)2  2 CaCO3 ↓ + H2O
Mg(HCO3)2 + 2 Ca(OH)2  2 CaCO3 ↓ + Mg(OH)2 ↓ + 2 H2O
MgSO4 + Ca(OH)2  Mg(OH)2 ↓+ CaSO4
CaSO4 + Na2CO3  CaCO3 ↓+ Na2SO4
MgCl2 + Ca(OH)2  Mg(OH)2 ↓+ CaCl2
CaCl2 + Na2CO3  CaCO3 ↓+ 2 NaCl
 Activated Sludge & Trickling Filtration
Q × BOD
BOD loading (kg⁄d ∙ m3 ) = Organic Loading
V × 1000
Q × BOD
F⁄M = Food-to-Microorganism-ratio
MLSS × V
V (mL⁄L) × 1000 Activated
SVI (mL⁄g) = Sludge volume index
MLSS (mg⁄L) Sludge
MLSS × V Solids retention time (SRT) or
SRT =
QW × SSr sludge age
MLSS × V Solids retention time (SRT) or
SRT = sludge age
BOD × Y
Qr MLSS
= Recirculation ratio
Q SSr − MLSS
R = QR / Q
Q + QR
Hydraulics load (m3 ⁄d ∙ m2 ) = Trickling Filtration
AS
Q × BOD
Organic load (g⁄d ∙ m3 ) =
V

Sludge treatment
Mp (g solid/day) = f × SS Mass of primary sludge produced
Where, SS in (g/day)
Ms (g solids/day) = K × BOD5 Mass of secondary sludge produced
Where, BOD in (g/day)
Ms (g solids/day) = 2 × K × BOD5 Mass of secondary sludge produced
Where, BOD in (g/day) without primary clarifier
M s (g/day)
V (m3 /day)  Volume of sludge
Solids conentration in sludge (g/m 3 )
For aeration without primary clarifiers, Ms = 2.0 K * BOD5
For trickling filter humus, K = 0.3 – 0.4